The Almoravides (in Arab Al-Murābitūn, المرابطون) are a Berber dynasty , coming from the the Sahara, which reigned on the the Sahara, part of the the Maghreb and most of the Iberian peninsula (Al-Andalus) (fine 11th century-beginning 12th century).

History

At the 11th century, Yahya Ibn Ibrahim, one of the Lamtūna chiefs (“veiled men”, Berber tribe Sanhadja), noting the lack of knowledge of its men as regards Islam, called upon the monk Abdallah Ibn Yasin, of obedience malékite and puritan. Its teaching was initially rejected. Also Abdallah Ibn Yasin based it a ribāt (military convent, from where the name Al-Murābitūn , “those of the ribāt”), probably on the island of Tidra in Mauritania. He preached before all obedience with the letter of the Coran and the importance of the discipline. First Almoravides quickly managed to impose by the force their religious doctrines in other Sanhadja, founded armies, and left to the conquest towards north like the south.

In the south, since 1054, Abu Bakr Ibn Omar (or Abou Bekr, Abou Bakr) attacked the Empire of Ghana and destroyed the town of Aoudaghost. Abdallah Ibn Yasin died in the combat towards 1059, by attacking the emirate of Barghwata, regarded as heretic by Almoravides.

Abu Bakr was its successor. Cumulating the military authority and religious, he is regarded as the first sovereign almoravide. He founded the town of Marrakech about 1070, then was constrained to go back to the Sahara in 1071 in order to calm quarrels between tribes Sanhadja. He entrusted the capacity to Morocco with his cousin Youssef Ibn Tachfin, who set up as a sovereign, preventing in fact the return of Abu Bakr in 1072. This one reigned then indeed only on the desert and the south. In 1076, it seized the capital Ghana, Koumbi Saleh, with the assistance of the kingdom of Tekrour, which caused the collapse of the empire during the following decades. It was killed with the Senegal in 1087, touched by a poisoned arrow, and Almoravides did not manage to maintain their control on Ghana.

Youssef Ibn Tachfin continued the conquests almoravides in north, fascinating Fès in 1075, and Tlemcen in 1080, and melting the Kingdom of Tlemcen, which included current Morocco and part of the Western Algérie until Béjaîa. Becoming Tlemcen, once again, the capital of a vast kingdom. In 1086, it was invited by the Arab princes of Spain, the kings of the Taifa, to help them against Alphonse VI of Castille. Unloaded on June 30th, Ibn Tāchfīn is joined by the kings of Seville, Grenade, Malaga and Badajoz, and inflicted the October 23rd a severe defeat with Alphonse VI with Sagrajas (Arab Zalaqa in ), not far from Badajoz. It returns then in Africa to regulate its own businesses, before being recalled in 1089. Indicator that the Arab kings plot against them and against him, supported by local religious dignities, it conquers for itself all the Pays of Al-Andalûs between 1090 and 1094. In spite of its failure relative vis-a-vis the Christian carried out by Cid, it is the apogee of Almoravides. Youssef Ibn Tachfin died in 1106, at the age, according to the tradition, 100 years.

Ali Ben Youssef succeeded to him. It increases and consolidated the empire Moor, but ran up against the resistance of the Christian princes and the agitation of the Almohades, adversaries of the Malékisme, which preached the holy war against Almoravides. In 1142, when Ali Ben Youssef died, agitation almohade was with its roof. In 1145, its successor Tachfin Ben Ali killed himself while falling into a chasm, in his escape after a defeat close to Oran. Two kings almoravides, Ibrahim Ben Tachfin and Ishaq Ben Ali followed one another then, but it was only symbolic system. The catch of Marrakech by Almohades in 1147 sounded the end of the empire of Almoravides.

List sultans almoravides

Dynasty of Almoravides

Sanhadja. - Goudala. - Ibrahim. - Lamtouna or Tifawat. - Abou Abdallah Mohamed emir of the Sanhadja S? - 1051 - Tachfin. - Youssouf sultan of Morocco 1061-1106, emir of Sanhadjas 1088-1106, caliph d' Espagne 1086-1106. marry: Zaïnab, 1 child and 1 wire naturalness: - Abu Bakr. - Wire naturalness: Ali sultan of Morocco emir of Sanhadjas 1106-1143. - Ishaq sultan of Morocco and emir of Sanhadjas 1145-1147, caliph d' Espagne 1146-1147 abdicates. - Tachfin sultan of Morocco and emir of Sanhadjas 1143-1145 abdicates, dead in 1149. - Ibrahim sultan of Morocco and emir of Sanhadjas 1145-1145. - Ibrahim. - Yahya El-Djoudali emir of Sanhadjas 1051-1055. (Founder of the dynasty 1042) - Omar. - Yahya emir of Sanhadjas 1055-1057. - Abou Bakr emir of Sanhadjas 1057-1087. marry: Zaïnab. - Massoufa.

Chronology of the empire almoravide (XIe-XIIe century)

  • 1035 : At the conclusion of its pilgrimage to the Mecque, Yahya Ibn Ibrahim, chief Berbère of the Djoudala tribe decide to convert its people with the precepts of the Islam.

  • 1037 : Abdallah Ibn Yasin, spiritual leader and ideologist, starts to sit the doctrinal bases of the Almoravide movement.
  • 1055 : Almoravides carried out by Abdallah Ibn Yassin, Berber the Lamtouna tribe, seize Sijilmassa (Morocco)
  • 1059 : Died of Abdallah Ibn Yasin, the religious community is on the way to convert itself into kingdom.
  • 1069 : Beginning of the capital foundation of Marrakech by Abu Bakr Ibn Omar of Almoravide movement.
  • 1071 : Abu Bekr Ibn Omar entrusts the capacity to north with his/her cousin Youssef Ibn Tachfin.
  • 1077 : The movement almoravide consolidated undertakes its projection towards the North-East of the Maghreb (Fès, Tlemcen, Oran, Algiers…).
  • 1080 : The Andalous, whose kingdoms of taifas are threatened by the projection of the Christian armies of Alphonse VI of Castille, request the intervention of the large emir almoravide Youssef Ibn Tachfin, founder of the dynasty almoravide.
  • 1084 : Almoravides seize Ceuta (city wedges in the north of Morocco).
  • 1085 : Alphonse VI of Castille conquers Tolède (Spanish city to 70 km in the south of Madrid).
  • 1086 : The emir almoravide Youssef Ibn Tachfin decides to intervene in the peninsula where it gains the battle of Zallaqa (Sagrajas) with Badajoz.
  • 1090 : Youssef Ibn Tachfin occupies the Taïfa de Grenade and undertakes the conquest of Al-Andalus.
  • 1091 : Almoravides seize Cordoue, Almeria, Badajoz and Seville and order the exile of the king sévillan Al-Mutamid Ibn Abbad. The expansion towards Raising is stopped by the presence of Cid with Valence.
  • 1094 : The army almoravide arrives until Lisbon.
  • 1098 : Youssef Ibn Tachfin is proclaimed Prince of the Moslems, Défenseur of the Faith and Envoyé of the Commander of the Believers.
  • 1102 : Almoravides conquer Valence and the septentrional part of Al-Andalus, arriving to the Valley of Ebre. Youssef Ibn Tachfin names for heir his son Ali Ben Youssef.
  • 1106 : Died of Youssef Ibn Tachfin. Ali Ben Youssef, his son is proclaimed emir. Almoravides occupy the Balearic Islands.
  • 1108 : Ali Ben Youssef beats the Christians with the Bataille of Uclès
  • 1110 : Almoravides occupy Taifa of Saragossa.
  • 1118 : Alphonse Ier d' Aragon takes Saragossa in Almoravides.

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