Alloxane
The alloxane or mésoxalylurée is a Composé organics based on a skeleton Pyrimidine Hétérocyclique.
The compound having a strong affinity for water, there exists mainly with the state mono Hydrate.
Discovered
The alloxane was discovered by Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler following the discovery of the Urée in 1828, and thus one of the organic compounds known in the past.
Etymology
The name is derived from the Allantoïne, a product of the Uric acid excreted by the Fœtus in l¨' Allantoïde and of the oxaluric Acide, derived from the Oxalic acid and the Urée, found in the Urine.
Synthesis
The original mode of preparation of the alloxane was the oxidation of the Uric acid by the nitric Acid . The uric acid had been extracted by Scheele starting from human, and called lithiases renal acid lithic. William Prout investiga the compound in 1818, by using the excrements of Boa constrictor, composed to ammonia urate 90%.In the chapter Nitrogen of the '' periodic Système '', Primo Levi precisely seeks to manufacture alloxane by this way, an owner of a factory of cosmetics having read that the alloxane caused a mucous erythema, and cash to use this property to produce a “natural red. ” It is however gotten rid of by the director of the zoo of Turin, which holds the excrements at more prestigious cosmetic firms.
The alloxane is a powerful oxidising agent and forms a Hémiacétal with its product of reaction reduced, the dialuric acid (in which a group Carbonyl is tiny room in a group Hydroxyle) which is called alloxantine .
Regular commercial practice
The alloxane is used as raw material in the production of Murexide, a purple pigment, discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1776. The murexide is produced by a complex reaction between the gas alloxantine and ammonia, being made in situ in several stages.Le murexide results from the condensation of the uninsulated intermediate uramyl with the alloxane, released during the reaction. Its name was invented by Liebig and Wöhler in reference to the Trunculus Murex, which is the source of the crimson of Tyr.
Impact on the cells beta of the pancreas
The alloxane exerting a selective toxicity on the producing pancreatic cells of Insulin, it is used in laboratory to induce a diabetes insulinoprive on animal models. This property is probably due to its ressembalnce structural with the Glucose like with the system effectiveness of collecting of glucose (GLUT2) by the cells beta of the pancreas of these animals.A article published on line in 2005 accused the use of alloxane like additive in the flour of corn in occurred of diabetes in the consumers and proposed the consumption of Vitamine E like antidote. However, no scientific study could establish this nutritional assertion, and the pancreatic toxicity of the alloxane is not shown at the human ones, even with high amounts, probably because of mechanism of collecting of glucose differing between the human ones and the rodents. The alloxane however has a hepatic toxicity and renal to such amounts.
References
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