Alexandre II of Russia

Alexandre II (Russian: Александр II Николаевич) (Moscow, April 29th 1818 - Saint-Pétersbourg, March 13rd 1881), emperor of Russia (March 2nd 1855 - March 13rd 1881), known as the Liberator . He is also Large-duke of Finland and King de Pologne until 1867, date on which Poland is annexed in the Russian empire.

Childhood

From his name of civil statue Alexandre Nicolaevitch Romanov (in Russian АлександрНиколаевичРоманов), the Alexandre large-duke of Russia is born the April 17th 1818 with Moscow. He is the oldest son of the Large-duke Nicolas Pavlovitch and the large-duchess Alexandra Feodorovna. To died of his/her uncle, Emperor Alexandre {{Ier}} of Russia on February 1st 1825, his/her father goes up on the throne and becomes emperor under the name of Nicolas {{Ier}}. The young Alexandre, then old of seven years and half, becomes the tsarévitch i.e. the crown prince (literally “wire of the tsar”).

As of its childhood, it is bathed convictions and reactionaries spirit which prevail in the Europe of its time. However, during the thirty years when he is the crown prince, the atmosphere of Saint-Pétersbourg is hardly favorable to the intellectual development nor with the political innovation. The government is based on the principle that freedom to think and the personal initiative are vigorously discouraged. The Censure is very present and the criticism of the authorities considered as a crime.

Under the supervision of the liberal poet Vassili Joukovski, it receives education that all the young Russians of good family receive: a solid general culture and especially a control of the principal European languages. Athletic and cultivated prince, with the liberal ideas and germanophiles, it however does not test any interest for the military businesses, with the great regret of his father.

Reign

To died of his/her father the March 2nd 1855, it goes up on the throne under the name of Alexandre II Nicolaevitch. After having put an end to the Crimean War in 1856, it tries to adapt Russian monarchy by making great reforms. In 1861, it signs and proclaims the law of emancipation of the serfs. In 1864, it creates a new legal administration taking as a starting point the model French, works out new a penal code and simplifies the civil procedures and criminal. It also reforms the education and gives a new rise to the economic life by developing the railway network. It gives to the rural districts and the big cities an autonomy being pressed on elected assemblies having a restricted right relating to taxation, and creates a rural and municipal new font under the direction of the ministry for the Interior. In 1874, it reorganizes the Armée and the Marine.

Become the ally of the Germany which helps it to repress the Polish revolt of 1863, it enters in war against the Ottoman Empire in 1877. Winner of the Othoman in 1878, but given up by Bismarck, it must sign the Traité of Berlin which limits the Russian ambitions. In parallel, it completes the Russian conquest in Central Asia.

However, the people ask better work conditions and for the minorities more freedoms. When the radicals are formed in secret societies, it takes severe repressive measures to face the revolutionary agitation which starts to gain the country and adopts an absolutist policy. But it finds the way of the reform before its death.

Assassination

He survives many attempted murders, in 1866, 1867, 1873, 1879 and 1880. But he succumbs, the March 13rd 1881, with Saint-Pétersbourg before to have been able to grant a constitution his people. He is touched by an artisanal grenade launched by Ignacy Hryniewiecki, a Polish revolutionist, and will die out a few hours later.

Marriage and children

Legitimate children

The April 28th 1841, it marries with Saint-Pétersbourg the princess Marie of Hesse-Darmstadt which, converted with the Orthodoxie, names from now on '' " Maria Alexandrovna" ''. It had eight children:
  • Large-duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna of Russia (1842 - 1849)
  • Tsesarévitch Nicolas Alexandrovitch of Russia (1843 - 1865)
  • Alexandre III Alexandrovitch, Emperor of Russia (1845 - 1894)
  • Large-duke Vladimir Alexandrovitch of Russia (1847 - 1909)
  • Large-duke Alexis Alexandrovitch of Russia (1850 - 1908)
  • Large-duchess Marie Alexandrovna of Russia (1853 - 1920) wife in 1874 Alfred Ier duke of Saxony-Cobourg-Gotha , wire of the queen Victoria Ière of the United Kingdom.
  • Large-duke Serge Alexandrovitch of Russia (1857 - 1905)
  • Large-duke Paul Alexandrovitch of Russia (1860 - 1919)

Legitimated children

Widower the June 8th 1880, it marries one month later the July 18th with Tsarskoïe Selo his mistress the princess Catherine Yourevska. On this occasion, it legitimates the three surviving children whom it had already had with her:

Illegitimate children

It also had other illegitimate children:
  • Prince Michel-Bogdan Oginski (1848 - 1909), with the countess Olga Kalinovska
  • Antoinette Bayer (1856 - 1948), with Wilhelmine Bayer
  • Joseph Raboxicz (1867 - 1907), with the princess Lubomirska

Internal bonds

Titles

  • 1818 - 1825: Its Imperial Highness the Large-Duke Alexandre Nicolaevitch of Russia
  • 1825 - 1855: Its Imperial Highness Tsesarévitch Alexandre Nicolaevitch of Russia
  • 1855 - 1881: Its Imperial Majesty the Emperor Alexandre II Nicolaevitch of Russia

Catalog of films

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