Alexandre III (pope)

See also: Alexandre III

Elected official pope under the name of Alexandre III in 1159, “ Ex ansere custode ” in the Prophecy of Saint Malachie, Orlando Bandinelli was born about 1105 with His and deceased the August 3rd 1181 with Civita Castellana.

After studies of canonical Right to the University of Bologna, it taught then this matter initially with Bologna, then with Pisa. It composed the Stroma or Summa Magistri Rolandi, one of the first comments of the '' Décret '' of Gratien.

In October 1150, the pope Eugene III named it cardinal, deacon of saints Like and Damien; then he became cardinal-priest of Marc Saint. It at this period that it composed its Sentences , is probably based on the Introductio AD theologiam of Pierre Abélard. In 1153, he became chancellor of the Church, and was the leader of the cardinals opposed to the emperor Frederic Barberousse, elected in 1152, who wanted to extend his capacity on Italy.

The September 7th 1159, it was elected like successor of the pope Adrien IV; however, a minority of cardinals, pro-Germanic, the cardinal Octavien priest elects, who took, like antipape, the name of Victor IV. This last (like its successors Pascal III (1164-1168) and Calixte III (1168-1178)) accepted the support of the emperor. This one then joins together a council with Pavia, which recognized Victor IV, but the great catholic States (Iberian France, England, Sicily, and kingdoms) recognized Alexandre III like only legitimate pope. In 1160, Alexandre III excommunicated Barberousse.

It was the war. Alexandre III had to take refuge with Sens in France of 1162 until November 23rd, 1165. To this date, it went back to Rome, but it again had to flee under the pressure of the emperor come in 1166 in Rome to be made crown by the antipape Pascal III. It took refuge as from 1167, especially, with Gaète, Bénévent, Anagni and Venice and found supports in the north of Italy. The cities lombardes linked and formed the Ligue lombarde, which inflicted in Barberousse a severe defeat with Legnano. The emperor yielded and recognized Alexandre III like pope with the treaty of Venice in 1177, and the March 12th 1178 Alexandre III returned again to Rome

In March 1179, Alexandre III joins together the III {{E}} council of Lateran, a brilliant meeting recognized by the Roman Church like the eleventh ecumenical council; it succeeds in making adopt several of its proposals to improve the state of the Church, of which the rule, still into force, of the majority of two thirds for the election of a new pope.

This synod marked the apogee of the capacity of Alexandre III. In addition to to have made yield Barberousse, he humiliated Henri II of England in his confrontation with Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, he confirmed the right of Alphonse I {{er}} of the Portugal to the crown, and, fugitive, he enjoyed the favor and the protection of Louis VII of France. Nevertheless little time after the end of the synod, the Roman republic forced Alexandre III to leave the city where it never returned. The September 29th 1179, some noble reflect in place the antipape Innocent III. Using the capacity of finance judiciously, Alexandre III returned to the capacity. In 1181, it excommunicated Guillaume I {{er}} of Scotland and threw the prohibited on the Royaume of Scotland. -----

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