Albrecht To last

Biography

Albrecht Dürer is the third child of Albrecht Dürer Old the, goldsmith originating in Hungary and made at Nuremberg in 1455. According to the family tradition, Albrecht is him also intended for the trade of goldsmith. At 13 years, he thus becomes the apprentice about it during 3 years and learns how to make use of the graver and the point. Seeing the gifts of his/her son for the drawing, Albrecht the old one gives him the permission to enter the workshop of a painter. Thus in 1486 he becomes the apprentice of Michael Wolgemut, with whom he learns how to handle the feather and the brush, to copy and draw according to nature, to carry out landscapes with the gouache and the watercolour and also to paint with oil. He also familiarizes himself with the technique of engraving on wood. He is very influenced by Martin Schongauer. In 1491, it undertakes a voyage to Colmar to return visit to the artist, but this one dies on February 2nd, 1491 whereas Albrecht is still on the way. It will arrive at Colmar only in 1492.

In 1494, it returns to Nuremberg to marry with Agnes Frey, according to the desire of the two families. After having carried out its turn of companion through the France and the Germany, it remains twice with Venice, in 1494 then in 1505. This stay marks it deeply. One then makes him the ordering of a retable for the furnace bridge of Notre-Dame, in the national church of the German colony with San Bartolommeo. In 1507, Dürer returns to Nuremberg and undertakes to study the languages and mathematics.

In 1512, it receives a pension of the emperor Maximilien de Habsbourg with titles of nobility while becoming the painter of the court. It makes the portrait of it. To its death, it enters to the service of Charles Quint. In 1526, it paints the Four Apostles .

He writes books among which “Rules of Painting” or the “Treaty of the proportions of the human body” published in 1525 and translated by Loys Meigret into 1557. He illustrates several works, such as “the Triumphal arch” and the “triumphal Tank of Maximilien”, “the Passion of J. - C”, “the Apocalypse”, “the History of the Virgin Mary”, and “the nave of insane” ( Das Narrenschiff ) of Sebastien Brant.

He had Barthel Beham, Hans Süss von Kulmbach, Hans Baldung like pupils.

To last, the engraver

He is probably the author of one of the first engravings on wood. The continuations of engraving which made its fame are two series of engravings on wood - a “Small Passion” made up of 37 engravings and a “Great Passion” of 15 engravings plus a sheet of title - and a “Passion” engraved on copper of 16 sheets. To that are added a “Life of Marie” of 19 engravings and a sheet of title and especially its “Apocalypse” gathering 15 engravings plus a sheet of title. His/her young brother, Hans, are painter at the court of Sigismond I {{er}}.

To last, the mathematician

Already achieved artist, Dürer goes to Italy in 1494 and meets Jacopo de' Barbari which initiates it with the role of mathematics in the proportions and the perspective . To last is plunged then in the Éléments of Euclide and the treaty Of structured of Vitruve. It is also informed in work of Alberti and Pacioli. It into practice puts its new knowledge in its artistic works. To build its engraving Adam and Eve , it prepares her work by a beam of right-hand sides and circles. It analyzes and develops the new theory of the prospect in particular in its illustration for the Life for the virgin . The taste Albrecht Dürer for mathematics is found in engraving Melancholia , table into which it slips a magic square , a Polyèdre made up of two equilateral triangles and six irregular pentagon S. It is also interested in the proportions (proportions of the horse and proportions of the human body).

It starts to gather documentation to write a great work on mathematics and its applications in Article This memory will never appear but the materials gathered will be useful to him for its other treaties. Its major mathematical work remains the Instructions for measurement with the rule and the compass (1538, De Symmetria… and Underweysung der Messung put dem Zirkel und Richtscheit ), which develops in four books principal geometrical constructions like the Spirale of Archimedes, the Spirale logarithmic curve, the Conchoïde, the epicycloid , the Limaçon of Pascal, the approximate construction S of the regular polygons with 5,7,9,11 or 13 sides and of the Trisection of the angle and the Quadrature of the circle, of constructions of geometrical solids (cylinder, solid of Plato. ), a theory of the shade and prospect. It will leave its name on a simple Perspectographe with eyepiece.

The descriptive Géométrie (at the origin of the Morphométrie) necessary to the representation of the bodies in space, initiated by Dürer will be taken again, two centuries later, by Gaspard Monge which will make a complete and artistic development of it.

List works

Paintings

the Virgin and the Child, Metropolitan Museum off Arts, New York
Albrecht To last Old the , 1490, Gallery of the Offices, Florence
Barbara Dürer, born Holper , C. 1490-1493, Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg
Self-portrait at the 22 years age or Autoportrait with the thistle , 1493, Musée of Louvre
Frederic Wise the , 1496, Staatliche Museen of Berlin
the father of the artist , 1497, National Gallery, London
Autoportrait at the 26 years age , 1498, Museum of Prado, Madrid
Oswald Krell , 1499, Alte Pinakothek, Munich
Elsbeth Tucher , 1499, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Kassel
the Deposition , C. 1500-1503, Alte Pinakothek, Munich
Self-portrait at the 28 years age or Self-portrait in the fur , 1500, Alte Pinakothek, Munich (carries this inscription: " Albertus Durerus Noricus ipsum me propriis sic effingebam coloribus œtatis XXVIII" year;)
Hercules killing the birds of the lake Stymphale , 1500, Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg
Furnace bridge of Baumgärtner , 1503, Alte Pinakothek, Munich
Worship of the magi , 1504, Gallery of the Offices, Florence
Portrait of a Venetian young woman , 1505, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
Burkard von Speyer , 1506, Windsor Castle
Christ among the doctors , 1506, Fundacion Coleccion Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid
Portrait of a Venetian young woman , C. 1506, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
Virgin of the festival of the rosary , national Gallery in Prague, 1506.
Adam and Eve , 1507, Gallery of the Offices, Florence
Portrait of man , 1512-1514, Szepmuveseti Muzeum, Budapest
the emperor Charlemagne and the emperor Sigismond , 1513, Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg
Michael Wolgemut , 1516, Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg
the Apostle Philippe , 1516, Gallery of the Offices, Florence (carries this inscription: " SANCTE PHILIPPE ORATE PRO NOBIS 1516")
Holy Anne and the virgin with the child , 1519, Metropolitan Museum off Art, New York
the emperor Maximilien I , 1519, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
Bernard von Reesen , 1521, Dresden Gallery, Dresden
Portrait of man , 1524, Museum of Prado, Madrid
Hieronymus Holzschuher , 1526, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
Jakob Muffel , 1526, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
Johannes Kleberger , 1526, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
Holy Jean the Evangelist and Saint Pierre and Saint Paul and Holy Marc , 1528, Alte Pinakothek, Munich (also known like the four apostles or the four temperaments )

Engravings

the Holy Family with the three rabbits , C. 1497
Holy Jean in front of the Virgin , C. 1511
the martyr of Jean saint the Evangelist , C. 1497-1498
vision of the seven candlesticks , C. 1497-1498
Holy Jean called with the skies , C. 1497-1498
the four riders , C. 1497-1498
the fall of the stars , C. 1497-1498
four retaining angels of the winds and the oiling of the elected officials , C. 1497-1498
seven ringings of trumpets of angels , C. 1497-1498
four angels of Euphrate , C. 1497-1498
Holy Jean devouring the book , C. 1497-1498
the woman vêtue of sun and the dragon with seven heads , C. 1497-1498
the combat of Michel saint against the dragon , C. 1497-1498
the dragon with seven heads and the animal with the horns of lamb , C. 1497-1498
worship of the lamb the canticle of the elected officials , C. 1497-1498
the large prostitute of Babylon , C. 1497-1498 Young
couples and death or the walk , C. 1497-1498
the marine Monster or the Removal of Amymoné , C. 1498
Némésis or great fortune , C. 1501
Saint Eustace , C. 1501
the Fall of the Man or Adam and Eve , 1504
the Nativity , 1504
the Worship of the magi , 1511
the veil of the Holy Face carried by two angels, 1513

Rhinocéros , 1515

the peasant and his wife , 1519

the cardinal Albrecht de Brandebourg , 1523

Willibald Pirckheimer , 1524

Frederic the Wise one, voter of Saxony , 1524

Erasme of Rotterdam , 1526 (carries this inscription: " Imago Erasmi Roterodami ab Alberto Durero AD vivam effigiem deliniata" and " ΤΗΝ ΚΡΕΙΤΤΩ ΤΑ ΣΥΓΓΡΑΜ ΜΑΤΑ ΔΙΞΕΙ " who can result in " Its writings give a better indication of the man than this portrait")

Drawings

Self-portrait at the age of 14 years , 1484, Albertina museum, Vienna (carries this inscription of its hand: " I made this portrait according to myself, by looking me in a mirror, the year 1484, when I was still a enfant.")
the green Passion , 1504, Albertina museum, Vienna (series of the twelve drawings, thus called because of the color of paper)

Gouaches

Young hare , 1502, Albertina museum, Vienna
Wing of rollier , 1512, Albertina museum, Vienna
the large grass tuft, 1503, Albertina museum

Writings

Vnderweysung DER messung put dem zirckel vnd richtscheyt Underweysung der Messung put dem Zirkel und Richtscheyt , 1525 and 1538 ( Instruction on the manner of measuring or Instruction for measurement with the rule and the compass ).
castellisque Arcibus condendis ac muniendis ration aliquot , 1527 ( Traité on the fortifications ).
Etliche vnderricht, zu befestigung der Stett, Schloß vnd Flecken , 1527 to check.
Hierinn sind begriffen vier bücher von menschlicher Proportion , the Latin 1528 and version De Symetria partium in rectis formis huanorum corporum , 1532 ( Treated proportions of the human body , published after its death).

translation in French

four books Albert Durer , ED. in 1557.

Gallery

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