Al-Qadir

Abû Al “Abbâs Al-Qâdir Bi-llah Ahmad Ben Al-Muqtadir called Al-Qâdir was born in 947. It succeeded like Caliph Abbasside of Baghdad his cousin At-Ta' I `, constrained to abdicate by the viziers Bouyides in 991. He is the son of Al-Muttaqi and grandson of Al-Muqtadir, he coveted the place of caliph for a long time. He died in 1031 after a reign of almost forty years. It is his/her son Al-Qa' im which succeeded to him.

Biography

At the beginning of its reign Al-Qâdir seemed to satisfy the Bouyides while being the flexible caliph whom they wished to have. He even seemed to support the orientation Chiite of his tutors.

In 997, the emir Bouyide Fakhr AD-Dawla “Ali is deceased, which made it possible Bahâ” AD-Dawla Fîrûz to reinforce its position in the Fars with depend on wire of “Izz AD-Dawla Bakhtiyâr. Baha” AD-Dawla remained in Chiraz until the end of its reign. It controlled nothing any more but Baghdad and Wasit in Iraq. Al-Qâdir benefitted from the distance of its Bouyide tutor to take again his autonomy with supports Ghaznévides which showed allies. Thereafter the quarrels between Bouyides facilitated this catch of autonomy of the caliph.

Baha' AD-Dawla did not really defend its borders wearying its neighbors to nibble his territory. He died in 1012 leaving the capacity to his son Sultan AD-Dawla. This last completely lost the control of Iraq to the profit of other Bouyide Mucharrif AD-Dawla and remains confined in Fars (1021). Mucharrif AD-Dawla is quickly replaced by Jalâl AD-Dawla in 1024. It follows a quarrel of succession from there. The Turkish army ends up choosing Jalâl AD-Dawla like successor in June 1027.

Conquest of Sind by Ghaznévides

In 1001, the Ghaznévide Mahmûd begins a series of plundering campaigns in direction of the Sind. In 1008, Mahmûd crushes the army Indians and is delivered again to plundering. It annexes the Panjâb with its territory. With the spoils Mahmûd transforms Ghaznî into a great center of art and culture which accommodates a great number of scientists and artists, among which Ferdowsi and Al-Biruni. Mahmûd carries out its last forwarding in 1024 - 1026. It remained famous for the width of its destruction.

Fatimides in Palestine

The Shiite Caliphate fatimide threat empire in Syria and particularly in Palestine. In 1009, Al-Hakim made destroy the church of the the Holy Sepulchre to Jerusalem. He persecuted the Christians and the others Dhimmi S of Palestine. He caused conversions forced into Egypt. This destruction of the Holy Sepulchre was the pretext with the First crusade in 1096.

Restoration of Sunnisme

Although surrounded by threats Shiites on all the sides, Al-Qâdir had supports it Turks sunnites Ghaznévides in the East and later of the Seldjoukides in North.

In 1004, have-Qâdir refused to name large-cadi and chair court of the Habous, that which the “emir of the emirs” presented. In 1018, after having condemned the Fatimides ismaéliens, it made read out solemn profession of faith “”, called of its name the “Risâla Al-qâdiriya”, by which it made Hanbalisme the official doctrines. Thus he condemned the Chiites doctrines but also the Mutazilisme as well as the Acharisme.

Mohammed Arkoun (born in 1928) considers that these decrees announced the death of the philosophical thought in Islam. He considers that Ibn Rushd (Averroès, died with Marrakech in 1198, is the last consistent Moslem philosopher until the modern time.

End of the reign

In 1031 little before its death, Al-Qâdir completely escaping control from Bouyides, managed to designate his/her son Al-Qâ' im like successor.

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