Al-Anbar

Al-Anbâr or Anbâr before the arrival of Arabic, was an important city on left bank of the Euphrate. The ruins of the city are to 5 km in the North-West of Fallûja near the village of Have-Saqlâwîya. The city gives its name to the province of Al-Anbâr whose current capital and more big city are Ramâdî. The second provincial town is Fallûja.

History

In the Anbâr beginning was called Firuz Châpûr or Perisapora and was founded around 350 by the sassanide Châpûr II.

In 363, the city is taken and destroyed by the Roman Emperor Julien the Apostate. It beat the armies Persian in front of Ctésiphon (May 363). Not having been able to take this city, it made half turn and was killed during the combat at the time of an attack of its back keeps close to Samarra (June 26th, 364). Its successor Jovien made peace with Châpûr II. The price of this peace was the abandonment of all the conquests of Dioclétien on left bank of the Tigre. The town of Anbâr was well rebuilt.

Towards 571, the emperor sassanide Khosro II was in difficulty inside his kingdom. he persuaded the Roman Emperor Maurice I {{er|}} to send to him of the assistance against the promise of territorial advantages. Thus, Khosro II found the throne of king of the kings. This one coldly restored honoured its promises. Following that, the Roman Empire found its Eastern borders of 502.

In 634, Anbâr was become again Sassanide. Its surroundings accommodated good number of the Arab tribes in rebellion against the first Caliph Abû Bakr. Among this one one found of Banû Taghlib which had followed their prophetess to Al-Yamâma. Khâlid Ben Al-Walîd precipitated out of its residence with Al-Hira. The Arab stribus which was there clashed with the Moslem troops of Khâlid and was pushed back. The Persan governor seeing the runaways hastened to leave the city and to let the inhabitants there defend oneself as it will be able it. Khâlid was inflexible, it desired to admit that a rendering without concession. The permanent hostility of the Bedouin S Christians led Khâlid to take increasingly hard measures. The chiefs were decapitated in front of the walls of the city and all the men of the garrison were put at death. As-with the women and to the children they were given to the soldiers or to envoys to be sold like slaves.

There was a monastery where four young people had taken refuge. They were made pass for students receiving the instruction of the Gospels. The fate of these four men has interest only because they are, according to the tradition, the ancestors of some famous men like Ibn Ishaq the historian and Musa Ben Nusayr the conqueror of Spain.

After the battles of the camel in 656, “Ali went up the course of the Euphrate on more 1 200 km until Raqqa where took place the Bataille of Siffin. Anbâr had become the refuge of the Christian and Jewish Arab tribes of the area. When `Alî took it there was says one, 90 000 Jews (657).

In 749, Abu Al-Abbas have-Saffah the founder of the Abbasid dynasty suspecting some plot, left its residence of Koufa and settled in Anbâr; It made there build its residence called “Al-Hachimiya” of the name of its ascent Hachémite. With the advertisement of died of Have-Saffah in 754, his/her brother Abû Ja `far precipitating in Koufa to obtain the oath of allegiance there. It returned in Anbâr and taken the Al-Mansûr nickname.

Anbâr will remain the capital of the caliphate to the foundation of Baghdad in 762 by the Caliph Al-Mansur. The city nevertheless remained an important center for all the Abbasid period.

In January 1258, a column Mongolian E goes towards Anbâr. The city is taken and the few survivors will take refuge in the western district of Baghdad. Little time after Hulagu attacks Baghdad. The Caliph and his son ask for grace. The Vizier sent to discuss the terms of rendering is driven back. When the city is practically destroyed, Hulagu sends its secretary to decide suspension of the hostilities. It is the end of the Abbasid caliphate of Baghdad, Al-Anbar will not be concerned its ruins.

Anbâr at the origin of the Arab writing?

Several centuries before Mahomet, Arabic of Mecque was perfectly ignoramuses of the writing, which was not the case in other areas. Muramir ibn Murra d' Anbâr which lived a few years before Mahomet, was the inventor of the Arab characters. Bachar Kindian would have learned them from an inhabitant of Anbâr and would have introduced them with Mecque. I said to `Abd Allâh Ibn `Abbâs : " O Quraych, inform me about the Arab writing. You used, with its letters which bind or which do not bind between them, like the alif one, the lam, the min and the nun, before God sent Muhammad ? "
Ibn `Abbâs answered in the affirmative, and I repris : " And which had it to you apprise ? "
It me répondit : " Harb Ibn Umayya." I him demandai : " And of which Harb held it ? "
It me répliqua : " Of `Abd Allâh Ibn Jud `ân." I him redemandais : " And of which 'Abd Allâh Ibn Jud' ân held it ? "
It me répondit : " Al-Anbâr." inhabitants; I him demandai : " And of which them Al-Anbâr inhabitants held it ? "
It me répondit : " Of an Yemeni, who came one day at eux." I him demandai : " And of which this man held it ? "
It me répondit : " Of Al-Khullajân ibn Al-Qâsim, which put in writing the revelation made to the prophet Hûd and who disait :

"Is it necessary that each year you invent a new habit, and that you adopt an opinion that one must interpret différemment ? Admittedly, death is preferable with a life where we are insulted by Jurhum and Himyar."

The letters invented by Muramir were different from that of the Himyarite and they were very close to the Kufique. The first versions of Coran used the style kufic. As-with the very beautiful characters which one now uses under the name of kufic, they were created by Ibn Muklah, Visir under the caliphs Al-Muqtadir, Al-Qahir, and Ar-Radhî, which lived three hundred years after Mahomet. This style of writing was led to its degree of perfection by Ali Ibn Bawab.

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