Agnosticismo

The agriculture durable (or bearable, in translation of English sustainable ) is the application to the Agriculture principles of the Sustainable development or bearable as recognized by the international community in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992.
Il acts of a agricultural System of production which aims at ensuring a perennial production of Nourriture, of Bois and Fiber S by respecting the limits ecological S, economic S and Sociale S which ensures maintenance in the time of this production.

Agriculture durable must not to be confused with Agriculture reasoned which is pressed on charters and often requires only the respect of the law and a principle of economy (to use only the useful amount of Intrant, there and when it is useful), where bearable agriculture will seek the restoration of the agroécosystème.

The bearable term agriculture , sometimes met, is a better translation - although literal - Anglo-Saxon term sustainable agriculture , which was initially translated by " agriculture durable" even improperly by " agriculture soutenue" by the French-speaking people.

Aims in view

Durable agriculture aims at an improvement in the Soutenabilité of the system, by creating more perennial richnesses and employment per production unit, on a more equitable basis. These principles are based on the recognition owing to the fact that the Natural resources are not infinite and that they must be used in a judicious way to guarantee durably the economic Rentabilité , the social wellbeing, and the respect of the ecological balance (three pillars of the Sustainable development).

Concretely and in the ideal (nothing not ensuring that an agriculture respecting all these qualities simultaneously is possible):

  • durable agriculture aims at the use of the Natural resources local (use of the goods and abundant services by the Nature like functional Intrant S). For that, it uses the processes Naturel S and regenerators, like the nutritive cycles, the biological Fixation of the nitrogen, the reconstitution of the grounds and the natural enemies of the Ravageur S;

  • It also aims at reducing the production of Déchet S not re-used by creating interdependences with other economic activities, in an objective of greater total effectiveness, and supports the use of the by-products of the agricultural activity or any other activity (for example, use of human waste (protected Composté S or Méthanisé S, to see Toilette dries).

  • It uses practices limiting the erosion and the impoverishment of the soil, reduced the use of Intrant S to protect the water resources).

  • It does not carry not reached to the integrity of the people and the living beings. Durable agriculture limits the Usage of Pesticide S which can harm the health of the Agriculteur S and the Consommateur S (see biological Sûreté), it aims at protecting the Biodiversité.

Organization of durable agriculture

The principal concept is that of a Farm consisted a whole of subsystems functioning all in Interaction, a generating subsystem of the entries for the others, the system functioning in the ideal in Cycle closed.

Institutional organizations

Organization out of integrated die

See also: integrated Die

Durable agriculture must be integrated by all the Economic agents of the die, of the fork to the fork (of the producing to the Consommateur), by including the Recipients concerned with:

  • the limitation of the Harmful effect S olfactive and sound,
  • the limitation of the Pollution S of the Water, the Air and the ground (nitrogenized, plant health inputs), as well as genetic Pollution related to GMO…),
  • the limitation of the impoverishment of agricultural diversity related to the techniques of selection, sterile hybrids and brevetage.

The follow-up according to the pieces (Agriculture of precision) requires the use of Technologies the information, in particular of the geographical Information systems.

A die must be evaluated according to criteria Normé S commun runs with all the Economic agents of the die, in coherence with the normative framework of the National accountings.

Prevention of the Risks

* Standard of Risk S,
* Installations,
* Evaluation of the programs of levelling,
* Inventory S to be realized, procedures to be respected, Requirements,
* Classification of the buildings and the sites of work
* Actions to be made,
* Prevention,
* Organizations.

  • Followed to the farm of the plant health Produced .

Placed at the disposal of the farmers of english bonds of readings of Codes bars for recording and followed supplies in local store (order S, Inventory control, inputs/outputs…), with possibility of:
* Edition of Document S on the spot by Printing portable,
* Transfer of the Information S collected on Microcomputer for more elaborate treatment.

Types of action (actors):

  • Prevention of the industrial risks, École des Mines,
  • Formation with the council as regards prevention of risks (IPGP Jussieu),
  • lawful, normative Day before and legal,
  • Self-diagnosis.

Valorization of the biomass

See also: Biomass (ecology), Biomass (energy)

According to the principles of durable agriculture, the Valorisation of the biomass is not reserved exclusively for the human Alimentation. The agricultural produce, as well as the Waste S and residues of the agricultural activity, can have other uses:

Traceability

See also: Traceability

To ensure the public health of the food implies to set up a follow-up along all the food chain, “of the fork to the fork” .

Durable agriculture rests on Preuve S and a Traçabilité brought by Certification S créditables, made by independent certifiers.

The implementation of integrated Filières of Agriculture Durable brings into play the Interopérabilité of Système S heterogeneous, therefore coherence and the Qualité of the data (even them safety), which implies the use of a tallies normative total.

Standardization relating to the foodstuffs is consisted the series of Norme S ISO: 22000 on safety of the foodstuffs.

Durable agriculture and European Union

Rural development

The Common Agricultural policy of the European Union was the subject of revisions in 1999. The first pillar on the control of the markets was supplemented by a second pillar: the Rural development, which refers to the Sustainable development, on the forest die.

Rural development is described in the Payment of rural development (RDR) of the CAP which can finance agro-environmental Mesures via the États-membres .

In addition, the European Union enacted directives on the Sécurité of the foodstuffs ( Paquet hygiene ) which relates to all the agricultural and agroalimentary die ( “of the fork to the fork” ).

There exists also a series of international standards on the traceability of the foodstuffs: ISO 22000.

See also agroalimentary Traceability

Variation in the Member States

The European RDR is declined in each Member State by a national rural development plan (PDRN).

The law of agricultural orientation of July 9th 1999 defines a contractual framework innovating between Agriculteur S and public authorities, having to make it possible to answer new waitings of the Civil society in terms of multifonctionnality of the Agriculture and Sustainable development.

This framework is defined in the Territorial Contract of Exploitation (CTE). The CTE were modified by Contracts of Durable Agriculture (CAD): The goal is always to preserve the natural resources while fighting for the quality of the grounds, water, the biodiversity and the landscapes. (Cf decree 2003-675 of July 22nd, 2003

Measure environmental impacts

The Harmful effect S and Pollution S can be measured within the framework of measurements of Prévention of the Risque S.

There exists a model Macroéconomique, developed by the OECD, which is used as reference in Europe, for the measurement of these “environmental pressures”: the model Pressure-State-Answer (PER).

One can thus transform the measurements recorded on the ground into Indicateur S of model PER.

In addition, one can Agréger these measurements by economic sectors, according to the official Nomenclature S (NACE, institutional Secteurs…).

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