Agencia de seguridad nacional

Speciality in Engineering, the plumbing indicates, the whole of the Technique S used, to make circulate Fluide S (Liquide or Gaz) using Tuyau X, tubes, Vanne S, Robinet S, Soupape S, Pompe S and materials at the various points of use of an installation. The word originates in the Latin term for Plomb ( plumbum ) and comes from the use of this malleable metal to carry out the installations of plumbing during the Siècle S precedents.

These techniques improved with the wire of time following the evolution of scientific knowledge and their application. The first systematic applications of plumbing were the startup of the Gravité and the first Pompes, in Agriculture, for the Irrigation by means of slopes and of ditches.

History and objective

Principles in America

The installation of plumbing is governed in North America by strict codes of installation of directing type and/or performance.

The directing codes oblige the fitter to do this or that. The code of performance describes the minimum output that the installation must meet. The tendency seems to go towards the code of performance as regards the new codes in preparation.

To obtain the right to work in his speciality, the craftsman obtains his chart of competence after having followed a more or less long course depend on the embraced speciality. Training courses come to supplement the studies: in 2007 the contractor must have his chart of competence for natural gas, for the vapor, the jets, the welding of pipeline it is according to the need.

To work in the institutional field, commercial or industrialist the plumber must know to read the plans, to know the security measures, to have experience of materials, their handling, of their installation and their resistance etc…

Water supply (curve of Hunter)

Late Dr. Roy B. Hunter of the Office (National The Office off Standard) in the United States of America developed tables to determine the loads of the requests for the apparatuses of plumbing. These curves based on the simultaneous probability of use of the apparatuses, made it possible to work out graphics of the request to avoid the oversizing of piping. This graph simple to use is recognized like reliable by the community of the originators and engineers. The curve of Hunter was built starting from the unit apparatus which is based on the water flow of the more small apparatus of plumbing, the tap of a wash-hand basin which is worth a unit apparatus.

It is about a tool to which the originator must add his judgment, because this curve cannot be used for a municipal network or a large building, like a building multi-residences. The public theaters, arenas, gathering places belong to the exceptions which leave the curve; for example: when there is part of one national sport on TV, between the periods of play everyone will urinate at the same time what distorts this curve of request.

Materials

Piping can be in Acier in Stainless steel in Cuivre, Laiton, Verre, Thermoplastique (PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene), in Ciment, asbestos-covered Ciment, Reinforced concrete, centrifuged Fonte, Ductile pig iron, Aluminum doubled of thermoplastic, in vitrified Glaise or other materials approved for a specific use.

Rain piping external with the buildings can be out of reinforced concrete. One especially finds it in the field of the genius civil.9 November 2007 with 05:40 (THIS)

Connection can be with mechanical Joints, Joints welded, Joints packing lead, Joints to compression, cemented], amalgamated Joints, etc.3 November 2007 with 04:58 (THIS)

The choice of the valves and fittings is important according to the product which is conveyed in piping and the function that one wants some to obtain. Thus to control gases a Valve needle will be used rather than a Gate valve. (It is it should be noted that a ball " tap; Bille" can advantageously replace the gate valve in the small diameters; certain types of skirt or globe valves are prètent better with the control of the flow. The gate valve is used to stop the passage of the fluid not controlling the flow of it.) November 7th, 2007 with 05:10 (THIS) Connections coppers/steel will have to be avoided by means of a connection of bronze or a dielectric joint to avoid galvanic corrosion.

Being given the great diversity of materials, the availability of those, the work of the final choice implies also the responsibility for the contractor fitter under the responsibility of the engineer. The representative of the company which sells and/or manufactures new materials on the market, makes known those with the engineer and the contractor. The experiment comes from the bad tests relating to nonthe respect of the guarantees or nonthe performance of the data published to the beginning. Some times it is a bad application of a good produit.4 May 2007 to 01:06 (CEST)

In the great projects, it is the Engineer in mechanical Engineering applied to the building which specifies materials to be used, prepares the plans and estimate, supervises the completion of the work, and/or assumes the responsibility for the installation and/or division this one in as much as all the code of practice was respected by the plombier.8 November 2007 with 04:28 (THIS)

Extended from plumbing

It is generally recognized that the work of the plumber stops with one meter of the wall external of the building. From there to the public sewer or with the septic tank, it is the sewer of building ². Work for the sewer of building is rather carried out by the general contractor just like the earthwork, paving etc

The plumbing term covers several trade associations. All aim to the practical application scientific principles (ingenery) like thermodynamics (see Sadi Carnot), the gravitation, the viscosity of the fluids, for comfort and healthiness. (biological and medical sciences are closely connected to the concept of comfort. - Comfort is connected to the fact that the human body is homéotherme; i.e. the interior temperature of the body must be constant. - Comfort is to dissipate our surplus of heat at the same speed which one manufactures it.

The scientific principles are applied in refrigeration (see Sadi Carnot) (with a gas, water), in heating with a coolant (water, glycol, vapor), in protection fire (by automatic systems of jets), the extinguishing systems sets fire to with the CO {{sub|2}}, systems of vacuum, the transport of oil or the medical Natural gas, compressed air, gases, petrochemical chemical industry and, food industry etc

Plumbing also nowadays covers the transport of water for various uses of which more usually domestic and residential applications.

It is known that for the treatment of waste water it is increasingly easier to purify water more close possible of its polluting source.

Among the new applications and materials more easily usable there is the PEX. ²

Sewer of building:

  • Combined: channel rain water, medical or industrial

  • Sanitaire: channel domestic waters exclusively
  • Pluvial: channel the rain water
exclusively

New applications

Plumbing became much more accessible to the handymen insofar as, it is not necessary any more to have all the Outillage and know-how, particularly for the Brasure S. One currently finds components in plastic which are assembled by simple joining (CPVC chloride polyvinile) or of the screwed connections allowing the connection of the various accessories (taps, etc) or with an old installation out of copper. There exist even flexible tubes like the PER (Réticulé Polyethylene high density) for the interior and the EP (Polyethylene low density) for outside (waterings, fountains, ponds…). It remains however with the handyman, namely to schematize its installation. In this line, there is also Duratec Système Airline which is dedicated to the compressed air and gases. This pipe of aluminuim is lined of plastic and is doubled inside by plastic. The connections are equipped with O rings. Also note that PER is called PEX or IPEX in the Saxon world anglo. " It is a registered trademark exactly like the system " sovent" is a registered trademark (trade mark) " .6 November 2007 with 00:58 (THIS)

Selon our knowledge current, this is an excellent application for the distribution of water in a residence one-family, duplex, prefabricated house or roulotte. It is a very economic application. A special tool must be used to carry out good connections and good joints. June 2nd, 2007 with 08:04 (CEST)

However for an application to multiple residences one should increase the piping of a diameter because of the joints and connections which have a diameter smaller than piping. This restriction creates a turbulence in the flow of the fluid, from where a loss of pressure which obliges with the increase in diameter of the tuyauterie.27 May 2007 to 21:08 (CEST)

Drainage

Pollution and Economy of water

To fight the pollution of our lakes and rivers by our waste water, of the precautions force themselves. The economy of drinking water is also necessary. It is also possible to re-use rain water, by storing them, and to use them for the watering of the lawns, the evacuation of the toilets,…

Types of “soiled” water

  • Water worn: are evacuated sinks, wash-hand basins, showers, bath-tubs, boilers, etc… They are qualified gray water and can be used with watering as grounds, lawns and gardens.
  • Water valves: come from the urinal and lavatories (WC). They must be evacuated by the services of sewers public or when the services public are non-existent, they must pass by septic tanks and filter fields before being returned in nature.
  • technical Waste water: come from the buildings of the industrial type rejecting of the products poison in their laboratories. This water must be reprocessed within the structure before being rejected in the water supply network worn.
  • surface Rain water and water: The surface water is evacuated in theory preferably via ditches and/or storm-water sewers. It is generally not necessary to treat this water in the factories of purification. One must note however that the first 15 minutes of a storm, generate black water following the washing which they made with the roofs and streets of the city.

In the case of the buildings with many users, a small factory of purification can be necessary when the services of sewers miss. (See factory of purification)

In theory it is always preferable and easier to carry out the withdrawal of the polluting subtances more close possible of the souce.

Notes and references of the article

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