Aerospace

Introduction

There exist two categories in the attempts of the man aspiring to fly:

Those consistent with to plane while falling , i.e. to throw itself of a high point and “ planer ” before landing.
Those carried out with the objective to gain height .

The first were numerous since antiquity, and continued a little everywhere in the world. The seconds, carried out by those which succeeded in taking off in way Autonome, were maintained in the air and returned to be posed in a more or less controlled way, are most significant.

History

The first attempts known to make steal an apparatus heavier than the air go up with the Chinese Civilization whose kites and the fused of artifices will be used as model during two millenia.

In 1010, according to a chronicle written by William de Malmesbury, the English monk Eilmer de Malmesbury would have thrown successfully tower of the Abbaye of Malmesbury close to the river Avon in the Wiltshire, provided with rudimentary wings, before being crushed 200 meters further, breaking the two legs.

In 1678, a metal worker of Sablé (Maine) named Besnier inaugurates in France the list of those which one sometimes called the “ jumpers of tours ”. He springs of a roof with an apparatus including/understanding two sticks fixed in their medium on the shoulders and provided with two broad shutters with hinges which opened and were closed again alternatively by the resistance of the air. It is healthy and except. Toynard, which reports the event in the Journal of the Scientists , affirms: He does not claim to rise in the airs by his machine, but he ensures that, on the basis of a poorly raised place, he would pass a river easily. Construction in series of the wings of the metal worker is then announced. See Flying equipment of Besnier.

The March 19th 1742, Jean-François Boyvin de Bonnetot (1688-1786), marquis de Bacqueville, springs at 54 years of the roof of its hotel quay of Théâtins with Paris (today Voltaire quay). Provided with kinds of wings fixed at the arms and the legs, he traverses 300 meters in flight planed before being crushed, breaking a thigh, on same bank of the the Seine, against a boat wash-house.

In 1772, the Abbé Desforges produces a tank flying with wings beating, including/understanding feathers of bird, and with which it jumps of the top of the keep of Étampes, being wounded slightly. The Desforges abbot is imprisoned later to have written a work preaching the marriage of the priests

In 1801, the general angoumoisin Guillaume Resnier de Goué (1729-1811) flies on several occasions on a machine to wings beating of its invention. True pioneer and little known precursor, he springs at 72 years of the Ladent tower and achieves a flight of approximately 300 meters, before landing by breaking the leg.

In 1810, George Cayley (1773-1857) clearly poses the problem of a flight, establishing the need for the three entités : Thorough Bearing pressure, and Trailed. He proposes then a model of architecture of flying machine with Fuselage for the payload, wing S for lift and Empennage S for stability and control. He discovers the bearing pressure by depression on the wing and shaping to minimize the trail. He is known like the inventor of the Aérodynamique and the concept of Avion in general.

In 1775 publication of " art to sail in the airs" of the father Galien, and the " convertible volant" of Estandoux, or " the southern discovery by a flying man or the Français" Maze; (1781) of Restif of Breton the.

In 1781 Blanchard draws up the plans of a flying vessel including/understanding 6 wings of rise to valves, actuated by the arms and the legs of the " pilot aérien".

In 1783 rise of the Montgolfier of Pilatre de Rosier and Marquis d' Arlandes. The brothers Joseph and Etienne de Montgolfier, will open the era of the Aérostat S in 1783 with the invention which bears their name, the Montgolfière, finally allowing the man to rise in the airs.

In 1784 Launoy and Bienvenu present to the Academy of Science the small-scale model of the first Hélicoptère. The project will not have a continuation.

In 1812 Jacob Degen clock making Viennese came to Paris but its formed apparatus of large wings parachutes could not rise. It failed to be lynched.

June 29th 1884 in the evening, in London, the Belgian Vincent De Groof was made release since a balloon, on its flying machine. He repeated the July 9th, out of 1500m, but committed suicide. He had indeed planed .

1815 Edouard Johnson creates the first model with human size flying on several hundred meters.

1884 John Montgomery carries out the first human flight by traversing a planed flight of 200 meters.

Theorists of Aviation

If to sir George Cayley in 1810 on paper the first genuine plane invented, a little later, in 1842, William Henson gave the first description of a light steam engine.

In 1845 one of his/her friends Stringfellow manufactured splendid miniature steam engines. In 1848 it made steal perfectly a model of 3,5 kg with an engine. It was in the court of a factory of CHARD county of Sommerset, and " it was the first time in the world which heavier than the air stole by its clean moyens"!

In December 1856, in Tréfenteg close to Douarnenez, Jean-Marie Breaking accomplishes a flight on a " flying boat " with the wings inspired by those of the albatross. Posed on a cart drawn by a horse with the gallop, the flying boat rises to a hundred meters before landing on sand.

May 2nd 1857 first patent - n°32031- in France by the lieutenant Felix Temple of an airplane. Apparatus ever built.

Herbert Wenham recommended in England the use of superimposed wings. It is the father of the Biplans. He recommended also the Ailes with great lengthening.

Towards 1870 Alphonse Pénaud made fly of the small-scale models equipped with a back fixed plan, which it called the Planétophore , in the gardens of Tileries (engine rubber). In 1877 it deposits a patent. One generally allots to him the invention of the returning Train, the sweptback wing and of the handle to brush, though for this last, Robert Esnault-Pelterie will have his word to say a little later…

Louis Mouillard published in 1881 the Empire of the Air which contains all that we know (or let us A) today. It devoted its life to the observation and the conquest of the air, scorning the money.

Hiram Maxim in England to take off on rails an immense captive plane.

The October 9th 1890 with Armainvilliers in the park of the family Pereire, Clément Ader carried out approximately 50 m with the top of the ground on a machine motorized and controlled by itself.

The December 8th 1903, with the E. - U., Langley on banks of the Potomac failed by bad luck but it had already made perfectly steal on 1200 m a small-scale model of 11 kg.

Otto Lilienthal German engineer, carries out more 2 000 flights in sailplane between 1891 and 1896. As of August 1850 it planed. He wrote: " The flight of the birds considered as bases aviation". It really learned how to usually fly. It committed suicide on August 9th, 1896 with Lichterfelde close to Berlin.

Octave Chanute with the E. - U. included/understood the tests of Lilienthal and manufactured Planeur S multiplans towards 1885. Being old, it passed an advertisement in 1888 in order to make continue its work. In 1900 it accepted an answer of the brothers Wright. Octave Chanute passed all the information to them which it had accumulated on the planed flight, learned from, a pupil of Lilienthal.

Henri Marie Coanda (see the Effet Coanda is a Rumanian engineer who invents the Jet! It is the first man to mark the history of the jets. Alas, its only trial flight finished against a wall, indeed, the engine located at before had only one pushed of 220 kg to propel a plane entirely designed out of too traditional wood of form and well little adapted to a system with reaction).

Summer 1900, the brothers Wright began the tests of Planeur. They reflect at the point the Gauchissement. In 1902 they returned with their third apparatus. And on December 17th, 1903 arrived soon…

It is thus seen that the take-off of the man on board heavier than the air, results from a multitude of people and tests, made available of the populations and technicians who used the assets and the methods having proven reliable. It is absolutely not the work of only one man, and only one time.

The Aéronautique took really its rise when one managed to make steal a man in a motorized machine heavier than the air (contrary to the montgolfier, lighter than the air). This exploit is disputed between the small jump of Clément Ader the October 9th 1890 and the flight planed of the Frères Wright with Kitty Hawk the December 17th 1903.

After the masterly demonstrations in flight of Wilbur Wright to the Mans from June in December 1908, it is however with Pau, in France, which the first flying schools in the world will open, with as of 1909 those of the Frères Wright and of Louis Blériot. The thirty years which follow see the spectacular development of the civil aeronautics and military. The airplanes cross increasingly large distances and transport always more freight and passengers.

After the Second world war one will see the appearance of the reaction engine . The race at the speed leads to the will to cross the Mur of the sound, exploit which will be carried out by Chuck Yeager the October 14th 1947 on board its rocket X1. 1969 will have to be awaited so that Concorde opens the way of civil supersonic transport.

In the field of the rocket S, there were few technical projections until the end of the 19th century, during which they will be used as weapons flamers during the Great Wars of this époque ; rockets of the British William Congreve at the time of the Napoleonean wars starting from the October 8th 1806 ; finally, the American Civil War with the rocket S stabilized by wings of English William Hauls.

It will be necessary to await the end of the 19th century so that Constantin Tsiolkovski (1857 - 1935) publishes the theories of the Space flight opening thus the era of the Astronautique.

Three countries will take part in the beginning of to develop the techniques necessary to the epopee of the Space conquest; the American professor Robert Goddard who make a success of the first flight of a rocket with liquid propellent with Auburn (Massachusetts) the March 16th 1926, the Russian team of Valentine Glouchko (Glushko in the English transcription) whose engines will equip the models GIRD and will contribute to successes of Sergueï Korolev, and finally, the German group Verein für Raumschiffahrt or VFR (“Association for the Voyages in Space”) under the impulse of Johannes Winkler.

VFR was the seedbed from which will leave famous the Hermann Oberth (adviser technical for the rocket film the woman on the Moon of Fritz Lang), Eugen Sänger (inventive of the antipodean Bombardier precursory of the Space shuttle), and finally of Wernher von Braun (18 years at the time, in 1930) which with the support of the army created terrible the V2, then, to the release, its rocket Saturn V will give to the E. - U. the means of establishing the Programme Apollo which carries out the first man on the the Moon the July 21st 1969 (see Opération Paperclip).

Techniques

Control of attitude

Apparatuses and machines

MBB C-160 Transall

Except atmosphere

space Rocket
satellite Space shuttle

The space sector

space Imagery
Space telescope Hubble
: let us commons: Hubble
space Industry

External bonds

Ioonos

References

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