Adyguéens (people)

The Adyguéens are people of the North-West of the the Caucasus, inhabitants the Adyguée (23%), prone federal of Russia, and the Karatchaiévo-Tcherkessie (11%), where they are named Tcherkesses. The national District chapsough, an autonomous district created for the tribes chapsoughes of the edges of the Black Sea, was removed in 1943. The Kabardes of the Kabardino-Balkarie are often regarded as component the Eastern branch of Adyguéens.

Whereas the name that these people are given is Adyguéens, it is often known in Occident under the name of Circassiens, a term which actually refers to a vaster group of people of the North-Caucasus.

History

Adyguéens emerged like a coherent entity in the neighborhoods of the tenth front century J. - C., although certain references make mention of it much earlier. They were never politically plain, which reduced their influence in the area and their capacity to fight against the regular invasions of the tribes of the Mongolian , of the Avars, of the Petchenègues, the Huns and the Khazars.

This absence of unit also cost Adyguéens their independence; they were conquered little by little by the Russia following a series of wars and campaigns at the end of XVIIIe and at the time of first half of the XIXe centuries. On this occasion, the sufferings of the people of Adyguéens received a certain publicity in Occident, but no assistance was really brought to them. After the Crimean War, Russia was interested more and more in the territories of the Caucasus and the people which live there. After the Tchétchènes and the Ingouches and the victory against Imam Shamil in the East of the Caucasus in 1859, Russian overcame Adyguéens in the west of the area in 1864.

As many other ethnic minorities subjected to the Russian yoke, Adyguéens were off-set in mass; Soviet collectivization also contributed to the decline of these people.

Culture

Populate with the warlike culture, the adult men carried the weapons, and the children were involved in the objective to become warriors. The family ties were not paramount. The parents often entrusted their children to the good care of other adults rather than to raise them themselves.

In the past matriarcal, these people always gave to the women a big role. They carried the weapons to the sides of the men, and today still, they are held with an high degree of respect and dignity.

Before the Russian invasion, the company adyguéennes were very laminated. So certain tribes of Adyguée were levelling, much of others were made up in highest Caste S. was the caste of the " princes" , followed by a basic caste nobility, then of the people, serfs and slaves. Into the decades which preceded the Russian invasion, two tribes rejected this traditional system and reflect in place a process " démocratique" , but this evolution was stopped by the end of independence adyguéenne.

Today, the majority of Adyguéens speak Russian and/or their original language, the Adyguéen, a Caucasian language. These two languages are written today in the Cyrillic alphabet.

The modern religion of the people is the Islam sunnite.

The principal tribes adyguéennes are: Requires a translation of English Abzekh, Adamey, Bzhedugh; Hatukuay, Kabardey, Kemirgoy, Makhosh; Natekuay, Shapsigh; Zhane, Yegerikuay, Besleney.

The majority of the adyguéens alive in the Caucasus are of Bjedoughs and Kémirgoys, whereas the majority of the members of the diaspora are Abzekhs and Chapsoughs. The common language adyguéenne is based on the Kémirgoy dialect.

The diaspora

One finds of Adyguéens out of the mountains of the Caucasus since the Middle Ages. They took share with the foreign armies traditionally, like those of the empires Perse, Roman, Byzantine or of the Horde of Gold. One found them in great number within the Mamelouks of Turkey and Egypt. The dynasty of the sultans Burjites was rested by Mamelukes adyguéens.

The culture adyguéenne was mainly destroyed after the Russian invasion of 1864. It also caused a Diaspora of the whole of the people of the North-West of the Caucasus, known under the name of Muhajirisme, worms various areas of the Ottoman Empire. Today, the majority of the members of the diaspora adyguéenne are in Turkey, mainly in the provinces of Samsun, Kahramanmaraş, Kayseri and Düzce. Important communities live in Jordan, in Syria, with the Lebanon, in Egypt, Israel (in the villages of Kfar Kama and Rikhaniya), in Libya, Macedonia and with the the United States (states of New York and the New Jersey). The small community residing at the Kosovo regained the Adyguée in 1998. Certain Adyguéens, emigrated in Bulgaria in 1864-1865, for the majority fled the country during separation of with the Ottoman Empire in 1878. Today, there remain approximately 1.300 in Bulgaria about it.

See too

Circassien
Kabarde
Tcherkesse
Chapsough
Oubykh
Hatuqwais
Abkhazian

Refer

Amjad Jaimoukha, The Circassians: In Handbook , New York: Palgrave, 2001; London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2001.

External links

Circassian World: Historical Publications and Articles one History and Culture
Abridging Circassian World: articles, music scores, signal links
Map off the Diaspora
Adyga.org - Internet Forum off adyga people
Adiga.com

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