Adultery

History

Until 1810, very little civil society seems to have criminalisé male adultery, the woman being traditionally regarded as a resource and the marriage, an exchange of property contracted between men (cf Claude Lévi-Strauss). On the religious level on the other hand, male adultery is condemned in the Judaïsme, the Christianisme and the Islam.

Current statistics

It is difficult to have precise statistics on the percentage of men and adulteresses. Indeed, at the time of the surveys, the men tend to exaggerate and the women to minimize the number of their hybrid relations.

Gerard Mermet indicates that the French have on average 11,3 partners in their life and women 3,4.

The famous Hite report/ratio indicates that in the United States, 70% of the women having more than five years of marriage at least once states to have been inaccurate, and 72% of the men.

According to studies on the blood groups, confirmed by studies of DNA, one estimates that approximately 4% of the children are not those of the father. Evelyne Sullerot gives an estimate which is assembled to the double.

How are these figures evaluated? It is known for example that the allele blue eyes is recessive in front of brown eyes . In other words two parents with the blue eyes very seldom have a child with the brown eyes. By carrying out the equalization on the whole of the population, and by making the assumption that the women with the blue eyes would not be more prone to adultery that those with the brown eyes, one obtains the figures in question.

Adultery, inaccuracy and adventures

Gerard Leleu, doctor psychotherapist explains why adultery is the expression of a lack in the couple. Its origins come from dissatisfied legitimate needs. The called upon reasons are:

when one makes the life impossible to the other (41%)
when one feels a lack of attention and tenderness (36%)
when one feels the loss of desire in the couple (23%).

The fact for a person of having sexual relationships with a person other than her spouse, is not always regarded as a violation of the duty of fidelity. One of joint can indeed have sexual relationships with a person other than her spouse, while saying to remain faithful to its spouse.

It is accepted sometimes today that a woman can have sexual relationships with a gigolo or a man with a Prostituée, without that not being a violation of the duty of fidelity. That is explained in many work and research tasks, in particular:

Catherine Millet in her famous book described there its sexual life with his/her 59 lovers, under the eye encouraging of his/her husband.

In the same way, Janine Mossuz-Lavau (research director CNRS with the CEVIPOF, Research center political of Sciences Po) gives in its famous book several testimonys of women who explain how they reconcile adultery and fidelity. It is the case for example of Francoise Simpère, author of several books in which it exposes her way of reconciling engagement and freedom, durable love and desire. As much about women, she does not speak about inaccuracy, but about " polyamour] " , it feels faithful to all its men. * [[Patricia Delahaie]], sociologist, philosophical, writer, journalist have interrogé '' Fidèle, not faithful? Inquire without taboo into the female inaccuracy '' (Leduc. S Editions, February 2004) of many women who love their husband, do not imagine to be able to mislead it, but which offers “a small adventure”. * [[Thierry Demessence]] explique '' Amants or mistresses today, by seduction, love, lack, sexual appetite… Who are they? '' (June 2004) '' Libertin (E) today: Melangists, exchangers, bisexual, who are? '' (May 2004) how one can reconcile today adulterates and fidelity. == Répression == Adultery, as a violation of the duty of fidelity between husband, was and remains considered, in many civilizations, like reprehensible. [[Image: Man and woman undergoing public exposure for adultery in Japan-J. Mr. W. Silver.jpg|thumb|250px|Couples adultery exposed in public, Japan 1860]] Amerindians [[Illinois (tribe)|Illinois]] punished female adultery severely: the victim had the cut nose, the torn off hair or underwent one [[rape]] collectifHavard Gilles, Vidal Cécile, '' Histoire of French America '' (Flammarion 2003, page 326). . Athenians of the traditional time ({{- S|V|E}}) as for them, punished not only the adulterous couple but also all those which, with the current, had not done anything to denounce them. Adultery is repressed penally in certain States. It is in particular an infringement liable to [[capital punishment]] by [[lapidation]], at the same time for the men and the women, in the applying countries a certain form of [[the Charia|Islamic law]]. In France, adultery is not any more one criminal offense since 1975, but remains a civil wrong. There remains however the first cause of divorce in accordance with article 212 of [[the Civil code (France)|French civil code]] which lays out that “the husbands owe fidelity mutually”. The divorce will be marked when the inaccuracy of the one of the couple becomes a serious violation or renewed duties and obligations of the marriage, and making intolerable the maintenance of the common life. It should be also noted that until 1975, the French right made a discrimination with respect to the newborns of a hybrid relation: these children did not have the same rights as the newborns of a legitimate connection. The rights of the child having nothing to do with the marital situation of his parents parents, the French legislator gave the same rights to all the children and removed since any concept of “hybrid child” in the Civil code. == adultery like evolutionary factor == The professor [[Geoffrey Miller]] greeted by [[Richard Dawkins]] and of the reviews like '' [[Natural (newspaper)|Nature]] '' and '' [[New Scientist]] '', affirma '' [[The mating mind]] '' (ISBN 0-099-28824-9) that adultery had constituted a powerful lever of evolution of the mankind. Its demonstration is about the following one: * If one considers in a company officially monogamist for example three groups of '' fitness '' (let us say for example beautiful and strong ones, the means, and the little spoiled and weak), each group, for reasons of mutual choice will practice the internal endogamy, and these groups will remain more or less through time. * If on the other hand a tendency to adultery appears towards the groups judged wrongly or rightly like more enviable, then their genes will be distributed better in the company in question. The book of Miller could not be summarized with this only anecdotic aspect, but it was the only one concerning adultery, and like one suspects it that which because the most scandal at the time. == the fidelity seen by the writers == * {{quotation|Fidelity, it is when the love is stronger than the instinct.}} [[Paul Carvel]] * {{quotation|Tenderness is respect and amazement of free knowledge through fiber of fidelity.}} [[Rina Lasnier]] * {{quotation|Fidelity: it is to better go further with somebody than nowhere with everyone.}} [[Pierre Bourgault]] * {{quotation|The fidelity of a woman with only one man is called: Virtue. The fidelity of a man with only one woman is called: Love.}} [[Alexandre Weil]] * {{quotation|Fidelity is before a a whole question of love.}} [[Suzanne Rakes up-Desnoyers]] * {{quotation|I think that with a little imagination, one has evil to remain ﬁ dèle, but that with enormously of imagination, it must be possible. I think that I do not have much imagination.}} [[Herve Tellier]] * {{quotation|One is not inaccurate when one is happy.}} [[Yvon Dallaire]] == Voir also == === internal Bonds === * '' [[History of Adultery]] '', delivers collective giving an iconographic retrospective * [[Repudiation]] === Notes === {{multi stringcourse|gate sociology|Right gate}} [[Category: marriage]] [[Category: Right of the family]] [[Category: Sexology (ethical)]] [[Category: Practical sexual]] [[da: Utroskab]] [[of: Ehebruch]] [[in: Adultery]] [[eo: Adulto]] [[be: Adulterio]] [[Gd: Adhaltranas]] [[gl: Adulterio]] [[He: ניאוף]] [[it: Adulterio]] [[ja: 不倫]] [[nl: Echtbreuk]] [[pl: Cudzołóstwo]] [[Pt: Adultério]] [[Ru: Адюльтер]] [[simple: Adultery]] [[sv: Otrohet]] [[VI: Gian dâm]] [[zh: 通奸
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