Adolphe Thiers

Biography

Small (1m 55), the dye chechmate, the voice nasillarde and going while dandling its physique are very ungrateful.

Childhood

Born with Marseilles in 1797, Adolphe Thiers is a natural child, legitimated by the subsequent marriage of his/her parents.

Its beginnings

He becomes lawyer with Aix-en-Provence before settling in 1821 with Paris where, in favor of a parliamentary Monarchie of the English type, he attends the liberal mediums and manages to become close to Talleyrand at the time when this one takes its distances with the Second Restoration.

With the support of its compatriot Jacques-Antoine Manuel, appointed of Provence of extreme-left, Thiers is introduced near the liberal banker Jacques Laffitte. Thanks to its supports, it begins a career of journalist with collaborations with the newspaper Constitutional the then with the Gazette of Augsburg . With the republican Armand Carrel, its former school-fellow and friendly François-Auguste Mignet and the bookseller editor Auguste Sautelet, it founds then, with the whole beginning of 1830, a newspaper of opposition to the mode of Charles X, the National , in which it develops his political designs.

Thiers is convinced that the religious question, well more than the constitutional question, is what separates the elder branch from the Bourbons of the opinion. For him, the French company before is very dominated by the fear of the government of the priests: “France, writes it, is incrédule even more than liberal”.

Of 1823 with 1827, it publishes a Histoire of the Revolution in 10 volumes which is worth to him many praises and its election with the French Academy in 1833 with the armchair 38. Of 1845 with 1862, it publishes in 20 volumes the Consulate and the Empire , chronological and very detailed account of the corresponding period.

Monarchy of July

At the time of the Glorious Three (1830), it is those which push Louis-Philippe of Orleans to seize the power. Towards the end of 1830, it is tempted to evolve clearly to the left, but it is terrified by mollesse of Jacques Laffitte vis-a-vis agitation, particularly after the bag of Saint-Germain-the Auxerrois in February 1831, and is then joined the party of resistance. Energetic the Casimir Perier, which succeeds Laffitte, subjugates it and will remain like its model in policy.

After the death of this one, it enters, the October 11th 1832, in the first ministry Soult with the key position, in these disturbed times, of Minister of Interior Department. With Guizot and the duke of Broglie, it forms a triad of “higher talents” which dominates the ministry.

At that time, Louis-Philippe likes Thiers, whom he can divert and flatter. But the royal family hates it. The princess Louise, which calls it “the white pony”, exclaims after her nomination with the ministry for the Interior: “A man without behavior, political probity! ”.

In November 1833, it marries Élise Dosne, oldest daughter of its mistress, Euridice Dosne, woman of a rich person Stockbroker. This marriage is worth a very great fortune to him, but no solid social position gives him.

Imperceptibly, whereas the Monarchie of July is stabilized, the republican threat being definitively eliminated with the laws from September 1835, Thiers evolves to the center left, then towards the left. This evolution is encouraged by the king, who seeks to detach it from his friends Doctrinaires Guizot and Broglie for better affirming his own capacity. Also, after the House of Commons reversed the Broglie ministry, Louis-Philippe will name Thiers chief of the government first once of the February 22nd to the September 6th 1836.

Talleyrand encourages Thiers to accept: “Sir, Europe awaits you”, not without warning the king. Thiers is not unaware of that the relations are likely to quickly become difficult with the king, who wants to control, whereas itself struck, in January 1830, the famous maxim: “The king reigns but does not control”. But, after having shown its talents of man with comes up with the ministry for the Interior and looked after its popularity with the public Ministry of Labor, he wants to be a Foreign Minister and president of the Council to collect the merit of the great diplomatic business to which Louis-Philippe dream: an alliance with the Austria, allowing monarchy July not to more be the hostage of the England and regulating, in the same movement, the question of the matrimonial establishment of the duke of Orleans.

But, in spite of the zeal put by Thiers to assist the desires of Metternich, the project of Austrian marriage is rejected by the court of Vienna. On the internal plan, Thiers is also weakened by the resumption of republican agitation following the attack of Alibaud (June 25th 1836) against Louis-Philippe.

Eager to be avenged for the affront inflicted by Austria and to restore its popularity by conquering a little military glory, Thiers would like to send French troops in the Iberian peninsula, which sinks gradually in the civil war because of the rebellion carlist against the queen-regent Marie-Christine. He believes capacity to make announce an imminent military intervention the August 13rd, the shortly after the pronunciamiento of Granja, which constrained the queen regent to accept the liberal Constitution of 1812. But he is repudiated at once by Louis-Philippe, viscéralement hostile with an military intervention in the Iberian peninsula, and consolidated in his refusal by Talleyrand and Soult, which made of it the unhappy experiment under the Empire. Also, the August 16th, Thiers sends its resignation to the king, “being reserved to serve it usefully when they are completely of agreement”.

In the following days, the king and Thiers have several talks to regulate the succession. According to the duchess of With a grid, “there was a scene, where Thiers was enough insolate and they were badly left. Mr. Thiers said to him that it would return to the ministry in spite of him, like the man of the people; that it had in this quality to be able more that him. It is a dangerous enemy that Mr. Thiers. ” “Thiers, will comment on Louis-Philippe, was excellent until the rupture of the marriage; after that, it completely lost the head. ”

During the years 1837 with 1839, Thiers seeks its revenge ardently and fights without slackening its successor, the count Molé. Heart of the coalition formed to reverse it, it évertue to ruin itself, once this goal reached, all combinations imagined by Louis-Philippe to replace it. The king even seeks to draw aside it by offering a large embassy to him, that Thiers refuses with indignation while his/her friends push high cries.

Its attitude is however not taste of all its partisans, and Thiers undergoes a first snub with the election with the presidency of the House of Commons, the April 14th 1839, of a dissident of the center left, Hippolyte Passy, whereas it supported Odilon Barrot. One month later, when Louis-Philippe finally comes from to constitute a government under the presidency of the marshal Soult, Thiers sees there entering with fury two of his/her ex-friends, Passy and Jules Dufaure, whereas he had asked them not to accept any wallet without his downstream. It tries then, but in vain, to be made elect with the presidency of the House of Commons but obtains only 206 votes, the May 14th, against 213 with Sauzet, candidate of the Left Third. Mortified and drunk of the desire to be avenged, he undertakes, at the end of 1839, to approach Mole, and warns with any chance the king and Soult which he would agree to enter any ministerial combination with the proviso of not finding neither Passy there, nor Dufaure.

Again president of the Council of March 1st to the October 29th 1840, it is finally isolated in 1840 in favor of François Guizot. He continues to sit at the House of Commons in the opposition center left.

Second republic

From now on republican, it supports the revolution of 1848 driving to the fall of the cabinet Guizot. February 23rd 1848, it is called by Louis-Philippe to replace Guizot, but Thiers is already rejoined at the Provisional government of the Second Republic where it will not cease voting with the conservative right against the socialist . It supports the candidature of Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte for the presidency, with the group of the Parti the Order against that of Lamartine.

Second Empire

Opposed to the coup d'etat of the December 2nd 1851, he flees Napoleon III in Suisse, returns in 1852 but keeps away from the political life under the Second Empire to which he is opposite.

The mode becomes more liberal in the years 1860. He is elected appointed of Paris in 1863 and becomes the chief of the liberal opposition. He makes a speech noticed on the " freedoms nécessaires". After the Demolished of Sedan (1870), the France of the National defense wants to continue the war engaged against the Prussia by Napoleon III. Jules Favre, in September - October 1870, elects it to make the Tournée of the Capitals of Europe in the search of diplomatic assistances; the company is vain.

Towards IIIème republic, the Common of Paris (1871)

He is elected “chief of the executive power of the French Republic” - i.e. at the same time Head of the State and the government - the February 17th 1871 by the National Assembly, taken refuge with Bordeaux, while the king of Prussia proclaims the German Empire in Versailles where he resides. He concludes the Traité from Frankfurt with Bismarck in 1871. But the importance of financial repairs and the refusal of the armistice judged like a treason towards the people, involve the rising of Paris which proclaims the Commune. Since Versailles where the government settled, Thiers besieges Paris and crushes the insurrection in blood. At this point in time the communards allot the nickname of " to him; Foutriquet". The communards who did not die with the combat were off-set with the Bagne of New Caledonia or were carried out following lawsuits often considered to be inequitable (execution of the Minister for the war Louis-Nathaniel Rossel). In all and for all, Louis Adolphe Thiers made carry out during the Bloody Semaine more than 25.000 communards, of which a part with the Mur of Federate the, located at the cemetery of the Lachaise Father.

President of the Republic

Named President of the Republic (the first of the III {{E}} Republic) on a purely transitory basis (Law Rivet), it starts tax reforms and soldiers. But its reversal in favor of a republican mode attracts to him the lightnings of the majority monarchist which in particular makes vote, the March 13rd 1873, which one calls the law of Broglie which prevents the president of the Republic from being differently addressed to the National Assembly than by a message read by one of its ministers and which should give place to no discussion. Thiers resigns the May 24th 1873 after having transmitted a last message to the National Assembly in whom he affirms that a return to monarchy is impossible because " there is only one throne and one cannot occupy it with trois".

After its death

In 1877, the year of its death, Gambetta proclaims it “liberator of the territory”. It rests in an enormous mausoleum beside the vault with the Père Lachaise.

Electoral mandates

June 4th 1848: deputy of Paris to Constituent (elected official in 3 other departments) the
1863: deputy of Paris (or rather “appointed of the Seine”)
February 8th 1871: elected official appointed in several departments (of which the Loiret), he chooses (at a nonknown date, before July 2nd, 1871) the mandate of deputy of the Seine.

Quotations

“the king does not manage, does not control, it reigns. ” (" Government by the chambres". the National - February 4th, 1830) the maxim " the king reigns but does not control pas" is developed, in January 1830, by Thiers in an anonymous text.
“the republic is the government which divides us less. ” (Speech with the Legislative Parliament - February 13rd, 1850)
“No one should not place on the company the burden of its idleness or its improvidence. ”
" The Republic will be preserving or will not be! "
" There is only one throne and one cannot occupy it with trois." (Message of Thiers read with the National Assembly the day of her resignation of the presidency of the Republic the May 24th 1873. It affirms there that a return to monarchy is impossible because there are three applicants: the counts de Chambord and of Paris and the imperial principle, wire of Napoleon III.)

References

External bonds

Biography
Thiers with the French Academy
Extracted and notes autobiographical
France of the XIXe siècle
Biographical note of Adolphe Thiers, extract of the work the Ministers for Finance of the French revolution to the Second Empire , Comité for the economic and financial history of France, 2007,624 p, (ISBN 978-2-11-094807-6).

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