Adolphe Crémieux

Biography

Adolphe Crémieux, was initiated with the Franc-maçonnerie in 1818, with the cabin of the anonymous Bienfait (with Nimes), which depended on the Grand the East of France.
In 1828, it took part in the drafting of the booklet of the opera Guillaume Tell of Gioacchino Rossini.
He was lawyer at the bar of Nimes, then near the Court of appeal.

In 1830, it settled in Paris.
In 1840, it went in Syria near Mehemet Ali, to ensure the defense of certain Jews of Damas, at the side of Sir Moïse Montefiore, ambassador British. Those were shown of " ritual crimes " , in the business of the disappearance of the Thomas Father, Jesuit, and of his Moslem servant Ibrahim, which one had lost the trace in the Jewish district of Damas.

It was elected appointed of Chinon, of 1842 with 1848.
It became, in 1843, President of the central Consistory Jew of Paris.
the February 24th 1848, when the republican revolution triumphed in Paris, Crémieux, lawyer of the family Bonaparte, advised with the king Louis-Philippe Ier to abdicate and to flee.
the following day February 25th 1848, he became Ministre for Justice (until the June 7th 1848), of the provisional government which car-constituted and proclaimed the Second Republic,

He made there immediately take a Décret which decided that justice from now on would be returned in the name of French people.
on March 1st, it made remove by another decree the oath of fidelity.
the March 3rd, in the business of the lawsuit of Saverne where he was the lawyer of the Rabbin, he obtained Court of appeal the abolition of the Serment more judaïco, thus contributing to put an end to last legal discrimination with regard to the Jews of France.
As of the March 31st, it asked for the resignation of a score of high-ranking magistrates and suspended those which refused obtempérer. These judges were struck, the ones by Crémieux itself, the others at the request of the government commissioners (provisional prefects). A decree of the August 10th 1849 raised the suspensions of Crémieux (outgoing the June 5th 1848).
the March 9th 1848, Crémieux accepted “a delegation of blacks and mulattos of the French colonies” and declared to them: “ the new Republic will achieve what the Republic of 92 had proclaimed. You will become again free ”. However, the March 15th 1848, François Arago sends to the colonies, a dispatch containing “ an adjournment of the emancipation, and the vague promises which accompany it are hardly but of one republican Guizot ”.

Crémieux was representing of the people at the Assemblies constituent and legislative of 1848 - 1849.
the June 11th 1851, as a lawyer, it assisted Victor Hugo, in the defense of his/her son Charles Hugo, journalist with the Event , which was continued in front of the Court of Assizes of Paris, to have “to have insult the law by describing the execution of a poacher guillotine to Poitiers”.
on May 17th 1860, was created the Alliance universal Jew, at the instigation of Crémieux. It assumed the chairmanship in of it 1864. In same time, it leaves the Great East to be made initiate with the Suprême the Council of France (Rite Scottish old and accepted), from which it becomes the " Sovereign Large Commandeur".
It was elected Député of the Drome to the legislative Body, of 1869 with 1870.
He became member of the government of National defense, of the September 4th 1870 at February 17th, 1871, as Ministre for Justice.

Whereas Paris was besieged by two German armies - what was reproached to him -, it made promulgate six decrees regulating the life in Algérie, of which:

the fine decree putting at the military administration of Algeria.
the decree prohibiting polygamy with the Jews of Algeria.
the decree of the October 24th /7 November 1870, known as Decree Crémieux , granting office French citizenship to the 35 thousand Jews of Algeria, in these terms: “ the Israëlite S natives of the departments of Algeria are declared citizens French; consequently, their real statute and their personal status, as from the promulgation of this decree, will be regulated by the French law. All legislative measures, decree, payment or ordinance contrary are abolished ”.

Comments:
N the other hand of this decree, which was in preparation since the time of Louis-Philippe, the Jews, were submitted of office to the same laic civil statute of common right as the other French citizens (thus losing their particular religious civil statute) and became all mobilizable as well as the other French citizens - whereas under their former mode of Indigénat, they were not subjected, like the Moslems that with the conscription.
Already under the Second Empire, a senatus consult of July 1st 1865 had allowed the individual naturalization of the Jewish and Moslem natives of Algeria who wished it, but had found only little echo.
the decree Crémieux, measurement of decolonization partial per way of assimilation was attacked thereafter by the French colonialists, who presented it like a discrimination between Jewish natives and Musulman S .
Actually, it had then appeared impossible to immediately apply the same reform to the Moslems that with the Jews, because one could fear that being little carried to distinguish crowned from the layman, they revolt against the replacement of their religious civil statute, by the French laic civil statute. There remained always possible besides with the Moslems who wished it to become citizens while choosing the same civil statute as the other French, and by giving up their Koranic civil statute. But little of them made.
It does not remain about it less than part of the Moslem patriots of the Twenties and Thirties, behind the Emir Khaled, small son of Abd El Kader, then behind Fehrat-Abbas, very attacked then by the colonialists mediums, asserted for the Moslems, same measurements as those of the Crémieux decree, but without abandonment of their particular civil statute.
the Crémieux decree was temporarily repealed by the Régime of Vichy, which thus tried to deprive the Algerian Jews of their French citizenship: law of October 7th, 1940, article 1. But this abrogation never was recognized, nor applied in the territories rejoined to free France, and the Crémieux decree was definitively restored by the French Comité of the national Release (CFLN), in November 1943.

Crémieux was appointed department of Algiers, of 1872 with 1875.

In 1875, Crémieux joins together with Lausanne in Suisse, an assembly of the Supreme councils of freemasonry, to harmonize the Scottish Rite old and accepted with the “legitimate requirements of modern civilization”.

True founding document of modern freemasonry, this declaration of the assembly of Lausanne proclaims “the existence of a Creative Principle”.

At the end of its political long career, Crémieux became irremovable senator, of 1875 to its death in 1880.

External bonds

Book to be downloaded: ''' Exposed reasons for the bill deposited on July 21st, 1871 and bearing abrogation of the decree of the delegation of Turns dated October 24th, 1870, refutation of exposed reasons subparagraph by subparagraph. ''' Adolphe Crémieux - Printing works of C. Schiller - 1871 - 27 pages

Others

It is buried with the Cimetière of Montparnasse.
known Portraits:

Portrait of Adolphe Crémieux by Jules Jean Antoine Lecomte of Noüy (Paris, 1842 - 1923)
Photography of Nadar.
by Simone Mrejen-O' Hana, Dictionary, “Isaac-Jacob Adolphe Crémieux, Lawyer, politician, president of the central Consistory and Alliance Jew universal (Nimes, April 30th, 1796 - Paris, February 10th, 1880” in Jewish Files 36/2,2e six-month period 2003, the Beautiful Letters, p. 139-146 + drawing of Henri Meyer, p. 139.

a street of the 12th district of Paris bears its name, the Rue Crémieux.

Quotations

Watchword to the Cabins of Crémieux in 1842: “ Count the money for nothing, the places for nothing, popularity for nothing; it is the press which is all. Buy the press, and you will be Masters of the opinion, i.e. the Masters of the country ”.
In its Notebooks , the revolutionist Proudhon is vehement against Crémieux and the Jews: “ When Crémieux speaks with the platform, on a question where Christianity is engaged, directly or indirectly, it has care to say: your faith, which is not mine; your god, your Christ, your Gospel, your brothers of Lebanon. Thus make all the Jews; they are of agreement on all with us on all the points, with as long as they can benefit from it; but they always have care to be excluded - they are reserved! I hate this nation ”.

http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3224,36-373358,0.html

According to Robert Badinter, former president of the Constitutional council: “… it should be recalled that the Crémieux decree by no means was an instrument of domination of the Moslems by the Jews of Algeria, but a means of release of the latter, the most oppressed oppressed ”

http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3224,36-373358,0.html

Adolphe Crémieux, man courageous and frank, who protected his co-religionists until the center from the government, had been in the forefront of the adversaries of Klein (Solomon Wolf Klein-Large Rabbi of Colmar/1814-1867).

It estimated it however largely. One day, Schlôme Wolf pointed out to him that it was necessary to take measures to stop the transgression of Shabath. Crémieux answered him that " needs for the life moderne" excused this fault in certain cases. Then, Reb Schlôme answered him:

- Do you Believe in the divine emanation of the ten commands, such as the Sacred History tells it to us? " " - Yes, Crémieux retorted. - Let us put, continues the chief rabbi, that the lock of your safe is broken, that you make come a Jewish metal worker to repair it, that it comes one Saturday morning, that it manages to open the lock and that while leaving, it conceals a bag of ecus. What will you make? " - - I will make it stop for flight, known as Crémieux. - And you will not take any measurement for what he worked Shabath? - But, it is anything else! - How, Schlôme Wolf exclaimed, the flight and the transgression of Shabath they are not prohibited on the same basis by the ten commands of which you recognize the divine origin?

Crémieux was acknowledged overcome and, in remembering friendship, it made gift with Schlôme Wolf of a gold watch.

Paul KLEIN Extract of the " Bulletin of our Communautés" (1955).

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