Acuacultura

Youth and education

MacArthur was born with Little Rock in the Arkansas. His/her father was the Lieutenant Général Arthur MacArthur Jr. which had received the Medal off Honor (higher military distinction in the United States) during the American Civil War. His/her mother, Mary Pinkney Hardy MacArthur was originating in Norfolk in Virginia.

In its memories Reminiscences , MacArthur indicates that its first memory is that of the sound of a Clairon, instrument which he says to have learned how with to overcome before even being able to read and write, almost front to even be able to go and speak . Its childhood followed displacements of its family. It passed part of its youth to Washington with his paternal grandfather, judge Arthur MacArthur, a member of the high-company and political scene of the capital.

In 1893, the father of MacArthur was in station with San Antonio with the Texas. Douglas the West Texas Military Academy followed then (become the Episcopal School off Texas) where it became excellent studying. It entered then to West Point in 1898 and showed its aptitudes: first rank among 93 men in 1903 with an average which was exceeded only by two people during all the history of the academy. MacArthur joined the body of the engineers of US Army as a second lieutenant.

It assisted his father become general governor with the Filipino after the archipelago passes in American hand. Of 1904 with 1914, MacArthur was used in the field of engineering for the Filipino , in the Wisconsin, the Kansas, the Michigan, the Texas and Panama. During this period, he off studied with the Engineer School Application (1906 with 1907), and accepted his diploma in 1908.

He worked thereafter in the office of the Chief off Engineers . Of 1913 with 1917, MacArthur was useful in the staff of the department of the War, in particular as detached at the time of a mission of information to Veracruz with the Mexico in 1914. It was in addition freemason.

It is in the context of the Mexican Révolution that MacArthur was brought to carry out missions in Mexico. Under the orders of the general Frederick Funston, MacArthur was sent for a long reconnaissance mission behind the Mexican lines. Even if he were admired for his courage and were proposed for the Medal off Honor , its actions had exceeded the limits that Funston had imposed to him.

First World War

During the First World War, MacArthur carried out its service in France as a Head of State major of the 42 {{E}} division of infantry ( Rainbow ). Following its promotion with the rank of general sergeant, it became ordering 84e brigade of infantry. A few weeks before the end of the war, it was named commander of division. During the war, it accepted several medals: two Distinguished Service Cross-country race , seven Silver Star , a Distinguished Service Medal and two Purple Heart .

Douglas MacArthur put a point of honor “to carry out (its) men since the face”. Because of this firm will, it was exposed to pollutant gases at the time of the engagements. As he refused to carry a Gas mask, he suffered from respiratory problems until his death. He was one of the officers most decorated with the war and the Menoher general says one day of him which he was one of the larger combatants of the army.

Between two-wars

As much of officers after the war, MacArthur had difficulties in find an employment full-time in the army. This period was difficult, it implemented its network of knowledge like that of his/her father, in order to find offers and to sit its place. One proposed to him to become military attach3e to the office of the Indian businesses. It preserved its rank after the war mainly thanks to the support of the general Peyton March, the new chief of staff. In 1919, MacArthur became superintendant military academy of the United States of West Point. The school was late compared to the new military strategies and required reforms. MacArthur ordered drastic changes in tactical, athletic and disciplinary teaching. It modernized and enriches the course by adding branches which were not related to the military life, in particular by the courses of arts.

He married the February 14th 1922 Henrietta Louise Cromwell Brooks, wealthy heiress with two children of a preceding marriage. They divorced in 1929. Of 1922 with 1930, MacArthur carried out two successive mandates in Philippines, the second time as a commander of the department of Philips (1928 with 1930). It also made two mandates of commander of the zones of body in the United States. In 1925, it was promoted general major, becoming thus the youngest officer with this rank, and took part in the martial Cour which dealt with the business of the general sergeant Billy Mitchell, shown then condemned for insubordination. In 1928, MacArthur was president of the Olympic committee of the United States and worked with an aim of sending a strong American delegation for the Olympic Games of summer of Amsterdam.

The president Herbert Hoover raised MacArthur with the rank of Chief of the staff of the army of the United States in November 1930, with a temporary rank of general 4 stars. The situation was however difficult for the new commander: the budgets were tightened and at the same time, the number of volunteers for a military career increased appreciably because of unemployment. The following president, Franklin D. Roosevelt renewed his assignment. In October 1935, the American army was in the 16th place on a world level (in terms of size) with 13 000 officers and 126 000 soldiers. The program of MacArthur included the development of new plans of mobilization, the establishment of mobile general headquarters for the air force, and a reorganization of the army in four parts in order to make its administration more efficient. It actively took share in the “New Deal” via its management of the “Civilian Conservation Body”. MacArthur took along with him of the talented subalterns who were going to mark the history during the following decades: George C. Marshall and Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Repression of the “No-claims bonus army”

The most discussed actions of MacArthur occurred in 1932 when Hoover required of him to disperse the “Bonus army”, a group of veterans of the first war which protested against the government in Washington. It took this action with firmness - in spite of the reserves of Eisenhower - and was criticized to have used Teargas against the demonstrators. Two veterans were killed by balls, two children died of the continuations of an intoxication to gas and a hundred participants was wounded. In order to justify the counterpart, MacArthur affirmed that the demonstration had been organized by the communist and pacifist . According to its dires, there was only one “only veteran for 10 demonstrators”. That did not prevent however the “No-claims bonus army” from gathering again the following year.

When the the Commonwealth of Philippines reaches her semi-indépendant statute in 1935, with his own army, the president of Philippines, Manuel L. Quezon, asked MacArthur to supervise the creation of an army of Philippines. With the approval of Roosevelt, MacArthur accepted. Quezon was a MacArthur family friend, more particularly of the father the Douglas one whereas he was general governor. MacArthur imposed however two conditions: its wages were to be identical to that of the president and its housing was to be comparable with that of the president. The presidential residence was indeed that which MacArthur had known during its youth, the Malacanang Palace. This one had sheltered the general government of Spain, the general governor of the United States and all the Filipino presidents.

It was decided to place MacArthur in a continuation of the Manilla Hotel . The hotel was property of the Filipino government and was not far from Army & Navy Club, a place particularly appreciated by MacArthur. Moreover, the American embassy was not far from there. The accountants of the government decided to limit the costs of the lodging of the general by registering it like employee of the hotel. MacArthur accepted the honorary title of General Manager . MacArthur was unaware of this statute and also managed the hotel during its stay. The continuation MacArthur always exists.

The April 30th 1937, MacArthur married his second wife, Jean Faircloth. She gave him a son and they remained together until the death of the general in 1964. When it left the army in 1937 at the 57 years age, it was named Field Marshall army of Philippines by president Quezon. In July 1941, Roosevelt recalled it to the active service and named it ordering forces of the United States in the Far East (USAFFE) based in Manila.

MacArthur passably invests funds in industry and the mines in Philippines. Little before the Filipino National Bank does not close in New York at the time of the Attaque on Pearl Harbor, MacArthur succeeds in selling the whole of its actions and converting its pesos into dollars. Among the assistants and military advisers of MacArthur in Philippines Dwight D. Eisenhower appeared.

Second world war

After the entry in war of the United States in December 1941, MacArthur was propelled to the post of commander of the allied forces in Philippines. Some of its kinds were criticized, in particular when it passed in addition to the opinion of its commander of the air forces, the general Lewis H. Brereton, who had asked for the permission of launch air raids against the Japanese bases of Taiwan. The operation was to be carried out by the US Far East Air Force (FEAF) but was described as suicide by MacArthur. It n the other hand ordered to move the planes in order to protect them from the Japanese raids. Only half of the aircraft was repositioned, the remainder was destroyed on the ground by the Japanese planes. This event indicated the imminence of the invasion of Philippines.

Its district-general during the countryside of Philippines between 1941 and 1942 was on the insular fortress of Corregidor. He there remained during 3 months and half and returned visit to the soldiers on the face of Bataan only once. Its departure of Corregidor and the absence of more frequent visits was badly perceived by its men who called it literally Dugout Doug the “Doug (tired) of the bunker”.

The fortress of MacArthur had gradually become not very sure for him and belonged to the targets aimed by the Japanese, until Manuel Quezon requires of him “not to expose to the danger”. In March 1942, the Japanese forces started to encircle the zone of Philippines and MacArthur, on order of Roosevelt, was sent to Melbourne in Australia. The Filipino president and his wife had left the archipelago some time before. De Gaulle reports, in her memories of the war (volume 1) that MacArthur indicator encircled by the Japanese and undoubtedly promised with the captivity, would have mandé in London to see the American ambassador. When he saw this one, he declared to him that it was necessary absolutely that the US government saved this officer, who according to de Gaulle, was one of best allied camp. Without knowknowing if its opinion weighed, MacArthur was actually evacuated a few days afterwards.

The March 12th 1942, MacArthur, accompanied by his wife, from her four year old son, its Chinese nurse and a group of officers, escaped on board a Pt 41 (a small ship destroyer) under the command from lieutenant John D. Bulkeley. The group succeeds in being withdrawn from the intense research undertaken by the Japanese in order to find the general. The ship moved towards Mindanao. They reached the island on March 13rd and embarked on a B-17 three days later. March 17th, MacArthur arrived at the Batchelor Airfield at the north of the Australia. A train of the Ghan railway brought it to Adelaïde. March 20th with Terowie, he declared: I cam out off Bataan and I shall return (I started from Bataan but I will return), a become sentence celebrates and which showed the determination of MacArthur. The quotation was used in many jokes of the time about it. President Manuel Quezon decorated it with the Filipino Distinguished Conduct Star .

Raised with the supreme rank of Commander of the forces allied in the zone of peaceful south-west ( Southwest Pacific Area , SWPA), it continued its command from Australia. To raise any ambiguity, Australian the Prime Minister, John Curtin, put it in direct contact with the Australian army of which the number of men was higher than the quota managed by MacArthur. A small number of American, Dutch soldiers and other countries allied joined these troops. The first mission of MacArthur was to reassure the Australian people which feared a Japanese invasion. The engagements were held mainly in New Guinea and in the the Eastern Indies Dutchwomen. The July 20th 1942, the districts of the SWPA were moved with Brisbane in a building of insurance AMP (baptized central MacArthur later ).

Australian successes during the Battle of Milne Bay and the program of the Piste of Kokoda arrived towards the end of the year 1942. They marked the first victories of allied terrestrial forces against the Japanese. When the strategists noted that a great number of officers of the 32e division of infantry (a unit of the national guard mobilized in urgency) had proven to be inefficient at the time of the Bataille of Buna-Gona, MacArthur decided to name the commander of body Robert L. Eichelberger with the head of the allied operations to raise the general Edwin F. Harding. MacArthur ordered the November 29th 1942 this new command in these terms:

Bob, I place you at the command at Buna. Raise Harding… I want that you remove all the officers who do not fight. Raise the commanders of the battalions and regiments; if necessary, place sergeants at the head of the battalions and corporals at the head of the companies. Bob, either you take Buna, or you do not return alive. And that also applies for your chief of staff.

Eichelberger arrived the December 2nd on the spot, replaced several senior officers immediately and reorganized the provisioning. The takeover by force of MacArthur in the organization of the operations with Buna proved to be paying since the allies succeeded in seizing several Japanese positions during December and gained the battle - in spite of heavy losses - the January 22nd 1943.

Return in New Guinea and to Philippines

In March 1943, the Comité of the chiefs of staffs interarmes approved the strategy of MacArthur within the framework of the Opération Cartwheel the purpose of which was to capture the principal Japanese base of New Guinea with Rabaul. Various strategic points were to be used as fulcrums with the allied projection. During the year 1944, the plans were modified in order to circumvent Rabaul. Initially, the majority of the terrestrial forces was made up of Australian but a big number of Americans was integrated in the operation, in particular the 6th army ( Alamo Force ) and later the 8th army.

The allied forces carried out by MacArthur arrived on the island of Leyte on October 20th, 1944. MacArthur had held its promise, it had been allocated to Philips and had pushed back the Japanese invader. In December 1944, it was promoted with the row of general 5 stars ( General off the Army ). The December 15th 1944, the troops of MacArthur attacked Mindoro. They arrived the January 9th 1945 at Luçon after fierce combats which made it possible to sit their positions. The Japanese navy counter-attacked during the Bataille of the gulf of Leyte. The reconquest of Philippines continued during the first months of 1945, with the takeover of Manila in March.

Japanese capitulation

MacArthur moved its general headquarter in Manila, a completely devastated city, where it started to prepare the invasion of Japan planned for the end 1945. The plans were stopped by the atomic Bombardements of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August. September 2nd, 1945, MacArthur chairs the signature of the Actes of capitulation of Japan on board USS Missouri. It signed the act with six pens which it distributed to several people: its wife, the general Wainwright, the general Percival, the academy of West Point and its secretary Courtney Whitney. A pen is also present at the public records in Washington. He makes his speech after the arrival of the Japanese delegation:

We are joined together here, the representatives of the principal nations in war, in order to conclude a solemn agreement by which peace will be restored. The questions, implying ideals and ideologies divergent, were given on the battle fields of the world and will not be the subject of (our) discussion or a debate. Not more than it is not question of meeting us here, by representing a majority of the people of the ground, in a spirit of mistrust, spite or hatred. But it is rather question for us, the victorious ones and overcome, to rise towards this noble dignity which only is appropriate for the goals crowned that we are on the point of being useful, by engaging without reserve all our nations with a faithful conformity with the agreement that we here formally will adopt.

It is my most sincere hope, and indeed the hope of all humanity, that starting from this solemn occasion a better world emerges from the blood and the carnage of last - a world dedicated to the dignity of the man and the realization of his wish expensive of freedom, tolerance and justice.

After having received the signatures of the Japanese, MacArthur continues his speech which will be transmitted by radio in the whole world:

Today, the weapons are kill. A great tragedy finishes. A great victory was gained… When I have looked at behind length, tortuous way for these sad days of Bataan and Corregidor, when the whole world lived in the fear, when the democracy was everywhere on the defensive, when modern civilization started to tremble in the balance, I thank lenient God who gave us the faith, courage and energy allowing us to forge the victory. We knew the bitterness of the defeat and the exaltation of the triumph, and from both, we learned that there was no possible flashback. We must go from before in order to preserving in peace what we gained with the war.

a new era approaches. Even the lesson of the victory in itself brings a deep concern, for our future safety and the survival of civilization. The destructive potential of the war, through progress of the scientific discovery, has in fact reached a point which modifies the traditional concepts of the war.

the men sought to reach peace since mists of time… Military alliances, the distribution of the forces, the unions of nations, have all failed in their turn, leaving as single solution the test of the war. We had our last chance. If we do not conceive a more large and more equitable system now, Armageddon will be in front of our door. The problem is basically theological and requires a spiritual effort and the improvement of the human behavior which will be synchronized with our almost incomparable advances in science, art, literature and in all the substance and the cultural development of the last 2000 years. That must remain in our spirit if we want to save ours.

MacArthur accepted off the Medal Honor for its actions in the war of the Pacific. The Filipino president, Sergio Osmeña decreed the highest military distinction of Philippines to him, the “medal of the value. ”

Occupation of Japan

As supreme commander of the allied occupying forces in Japan, Mac Arthur insisted that the emperor Hirohito remains in station to avoid a destabilization of the country. Several historians criticize the efforts which it carried out to exonerate the emperor and all the family members imperial implied in the control of the war of criminal continuations at the time of the Procès of Tokyo.

According to John Dower, “This countryside concluded to exonerate the Emperor of its responsibility with regard to the war did not know any limit. Hirohito was not only presented as being innocent of any formal action which could have made it likely of an inculpation like war criminal. It was transformed into a holy icon not taking even any moral responsibility with regard to the war.” According to Herbert Bix, “measurements really extraordinary companies by Mac Arthur to save Hirohito of a judgment as war criminal had an impact persisting and deeply distorting in the comprehension of Japanese with regard to the lost war.” and “several months before work does not begin from the Court, the highest subordinates of Mac Arthur worked to allot the ultimate responsibility for the attack for Pearl Harbor to Hideki Tojo.” Thus, “immediately on its arrival with Japan, (the sergeant-general) Bonner Fellers put itself at work to protect Hirohito from the part which he had played during and at the end of the war” and “allowed the principal war criminals to coordinate their version of the facts so that the Emperor escapes an inculpation.” .

The paternity of current the Constitution of Japan and the return of a parliamentary Démocratie in the archipelago return to him.

The proconsul Douglas Mac Arthur worked freely without worrying too much about the ideas of the American Administration in was shown more opened and less restrictive than the democratic administration of the time because for him, Japan was always a potential and nonsimple ally overcome.

War of Korea

The United States proposed with the Soviet Union, at the same time as the capitulation of Japan, to divide the peninsula Korea then part of the Empire of Japan along the parallel 38e and to occupy it; the United States and the Soviet Union respectively occupied the south and the north of the area. Division continued and was marked soon with several battles on the border. Finally, in 1950, the North Korea increased its military potential and attacked towards the south with the intention to unify the peninsula and to found a communist system . The Guerre of Korea begin with an attack North-Korean the June 25th 1950. The general meeting of the United Nations authorized déployement force in the south in order to help South Korea. MacArthur carried out the coalitation of UNO which counter-attacked and pushed back the northerner forces after an amphibious unloading behind their lines. The Bataille of Inchon forced the North Korea to reposition itself higher on its territory. The Americans and their allies continued strike them so that they started to approach the Chinese border. The Popular republic of China informs whereas it could potentially enter the conflict rather than to let the North Korea be made beat and make it to the Americans possible to approach the Chinese borders.

During its displacement with Wake Island in order to meet the president Harry S. Truman, MacArthur was questioned about the Chinese implication in the war. MacArthur did not regard China as a danger and preached the complete defeat of the North Korea with one “It does not have there a substitute for the victory. ”. November 19th, 1950, the popular Armée with release crossed the Amnokgang river, obliging the forces of UNO to beat a retreat. MacArthur called this Chinese operation the beginning of a “completely new war”. He asked for the authorization on several occasions of proceed to strike as reprisals the Chinese Mandchourie and big cities. MacArthur wanted to use between 30 and 50 atomic bombs within the framework of the operation, but Truman and the State Department raised to them veto of fear of involving the Soviet Union in the conflict. Gone up by the desire of Truman to limit the expansion of this war, MacArthur published several declarations in the press by announcing the possibility of a crushing defeat.

In March 1951, after a rough counter-attack by UNO carried out by Matthew B. Ridgway, the allied coalition took again the advantage. Truman informs MacArthur of its intention to launch talks for a cease-fire. This news reduced to nothing hopes of MacArthur to direct a war to large scales against China. It decided to launch its own ultimatum against China, making fun of the lack of power of the army and Chinese industry, and exceeding the policy adopted by the government. This standpoint, qualified insubordination, was so much in inadequacy with the states of service of MacArthur, that the general Omar Bradley will say later that the dissatisfaction of MacArthur in the context of the war of Korea had broken “its brilliance but fragile frame of mind”. Bradley had added “Insofar as we regard the Soviet Union as the principal adversary, and Western Europe like the principal stake, the strategy recommended by MacArthur would have launched us in the bad war, at the bad place, the bad moment and against the bad enemy”. Repudiated, MacArthur was raised of its command the April 11th 1951 by president Truman. The general Matthew B. Ridgway replaced it.

Return in America and retirement

MacArthur went back to Washington, after 11 years of absence on the American continent, where it made its last public appearance with the Congress the April 19th 1951. It was ovationné more than 30 times. At the end of its speech of approximately 35 minutes, he recites slowly:

the old soldiers never die, they nothing but do die out. And like the old soldier of this ballade, I now will finish my military career and will disappear - an old soldier who tried to make his duty since God had given him the light to see this duty. Goodbye.

After its suspension by Truman, MacArthur was adulated by the public, which let think that it could be presented to presidential 1952 as a republican candidate. He paraded in New York and the members of the senate accepted approximately 2 million letters renting MacArthur.

However, the public opinion changed after the publication of the results of a survey carried out by the committee of the senate. With the head of the investigation, Richard Russell made in kind not raise the military and diplomatic details with resulting from testimonys and the audiences while satisfying the press with frequent official statements. MacArthur testified during three days and rather affirmed to be destabilized by a new policy preaching the diplomacy than the action. The business was spread out over approximately seven weeks and the public ends up ignoring some. Testimonys of several officers placed high but disputing the plans of MacArthur definitively discredited the general who had been not very convincing and its request for nuclear Guerre had not been able to justify. In its memories Reminiscences , MacArthur states on several occasions that it had not been tried by a political career.

At the time of the republican/democratic duel of the presidential election of 1952, the rumors implied that the senator Robert Taft of Ohio would offer the vice-presidency to MacArthur. If the duet Taft-MacArthur had beaten the democrat Adlai Stevenson in November, the general would have become president (according to the American Constitution) since Taft died suddenly a few months later in July 1953. Taft, initially favorite, was finally isolated with the profit of Dwight Eisenhower. MacArthur became president of the Remington Rand Corporation.

It continued its military retirement with New York, and made some speeches in particular at the time its sentimental journey devoted to Philippines in 1961 and where it was decorated by the president Carlos P. Garcia with the legion with honor with Philippines to the row with commander-in-chief. During one of its visits, a section of the Side-Filipino highway was renamed in MacArthur Highway (the MacArthur highway). The president John Fitzgerald Kennedy requested his competences in 1961. The first of the two meetings took place some time after the Débarquement of Bay of the Pigs. According to Kenneth O'Donnell, member of the team of the White House at the time, MacArthur were extremely critical with respect to the Pentagone and of the lavished councils with Kenney. MacArthur informs the young president whom it was to avoid the accumulation of American military forces to the Vietnam while advancing that the problems interior and closer to the continent were to precede. One says of Kennedy that it “was strongly impressed” by his meeting of more than three hours with MacArthur.

The May 12th 1962, is 59 years after the year of its promotion (1903), it made a speech in West Point on the topic of the duty, the honor and the fatherland ( Duty, Honor and Country ). In the public made up of young officers the generals William Westmoreland and Leslie Richard Groves appeared. The Groves general gave to him a Sylvanus Thayer Award in the name of the association of the graduates of the military academy of the United States.

MacArthur and his second wife, Jean Faircloth, passed the remainder of their days together in an apartment of the hotel Waldorf-Astoria. After the death of her husband in 1964, it continued to live in this apartment until its death. The couple was buried together with Norfolk in Virginia, close to a memorial and a museum (in the past the Norfolk city hall ) dedicated to its memory. According to the museum, the general had decided to be buried in Norfolk because of the bonds between his maternal family and the city. The son of MacArthur, Arthur MacArthur IV, changed his name and lives now anonymously in New York. Its nephew, Douglas MacArthur II, was diplomat during several years and had the function of ambassador in Japan like in other countries.

MacArthur wanted that its family remembers him beyond the image of the soldier. He says one day:

My profession is soldier and I am proud of that. But I am even more to trust, to trust infinitely more, to be a father. A soldier destroyed in order to build, the father does nothing but build and never destroys. The first can generate death, the other is at the origin of creation and the life. And whereas the hordes of death are powerful, the battalions of the life are even more powerful. I hope that my son, when I leave, will remember not me in a battle but at the house repeating with him our simple daily prayer, Our Father which are with the skies .

Summary of its ranks

Anecdotes

the fume glasses of Mac Arthur as well as the pipe which it very often had stops some are found in the majority of the caricatures of the time. He was regarded as very a good player of Bridge and made many parts in Australia.
At the time of the Japanese capitulation on Missouri, it used 5 pens to make its signature. It will give them to the generals surrounding it. This is visible on the most diffused photography this event where one of the generals upright, holds the first pen used.
MacArthur did not have officially a second name, even if sources on Internet allot the initial ones to him as has , B , C , D , M or S . According to an archivist with the MacArthur Memorial , the general had a handkerchief with his name and initial the has , perhaps a reference in the name of his/her father.
Arthur MacArthur and Douglas was the first father and wire to receive off the Medal Honor . They only remained until Theodore Roosevelt receives in 2001 the medal on a purely posthumous basis for its service during the Guerre Spanish-American. His/her son, Theodore Roosevelt Jr. had received the medal following its service during the Second world war.
Two bridges and a road were baptized according to MacArthur with Taiwan. The road was re-elected since but the bridges are always used. To Philippines, cities took again the name of the general: MacArthur (Leyte) and General MacArthur (Samar).
Douglas MacArthur was returned in 1951 by Truman. His/her father, Arthur MacArthur Jr., had fought Géronimo and was raised of his command by the president William Howard Taft. In both cases, the same reason was called upon: insubordination.
an episode of the series M*A*S*H named Big Mac refers to the visit of a hospital by MacArthur. In spite of the preparations, the general makes only one short appearance by greeting hand since his jeep. This episode can be interpreted like a critic of the style of command of MacArthur.
Several schools in the United States have a name in relation to MacArthur.
MacArthur is a character of Cryptonomicon of Neal Stephenson
the sentence of MacArthur Today the guns are silent marked on the USS Missouri during the signature of the act of capitulation of Japan was taken again by the admiral William Ross in the last episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine ( What you leave behind ).

See too

English bibliography

French bibliography

References

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