Abrahamic Religion - SpeedyLook encyclopedia

In the study of the Religion S compared, a abrahamic religion is one of the Religion S derived from old a Tradition common to the Sémite S, going up according to its members with Abraham (" Father of a multitude" héb. אַבְרָהָם Arab ابراهيم), a patriarch whose Vie is told in the Hebraic Bible (l'" Old Testament "), and as a prophet in the Coran. It is also described as Prophète in Genèse 20:7.

The abrahamic religions form an important group of Religion S, as a whole Monothéiste S, among which, inter alia, the Judaïsme, the Christianisme, the Islam, and the Bahá' ísme. Nowadays, about 3,7 billion individuals, more half of the World population, adheres to a abrahamic religion. However, much of these members reject this categorization, on the basis of inherent and fundamental incompatibility from point of view relating to Abraham and God.

The term of monotheism of the desert is quelquesfois used with a similar comparative aim in historical contexts, but not for modern times.

It would have all the same to be mentioned that Amenhotep IV (or Akhénaton), born in 1353 AEC, is the first spokesperson of the historically verifiable monotheism.

The religion of Abraham

Origins

The origins of the Judaism, or the ancestral abrahamic religion, remain obscure. The only source considered by all the abrahamic religions as canonical to treat question is the Livre of the Genesis, first book of the Hebraic Bible, dated according to traditional Jewish historiography from the second millenium before the common era (the academicians, holding of the radical Critique and being based on the data of archeology, generally lean as for them for the seventh century before the common era as soon as possible).

According to the biblical account, the monotheism was the original belief of the first couple, Adam and Eve. This system was corrupted at the time of Enosh, their grandson, remaining only at one handle of individuals, of which Noah and his sons, then, some generations later, Melchisédek. According to the Jewish tradition, which intends to fill silences of the Bible on the subject, Abraham, wire of a merchant of idols, calls into question the system of belief of its time as of the 3 years age and ends up redécouvrir the monotheism of him even at the 40 years age. The principles of the hébraïsme are gradually revealed with its descendants, Isaac and Jacob (also called Israel); however, the ritual ones and the worship are codified only at the time of the Revelation on the Mont the Sinai, where Moïse and the people receive the Ten Commands. The hébraïsme is constituted in Judaism with the return of the Captivité of Babylon, printing with this rite the ethical message of the prophets of God, having preached between the death of Brace and the return of exiled the judéens in Judaea.

The archeologists did not find up to now any proof direct allowing to confirm or cancel this version of the facts. The few inscriptions like the steles of Such daN and Mesha, allowing, according to certain experts, to confirm part of the biblical accounts refer to the period of the royalty, quite posterior at the time of the patriarchs. There remains no complete text of the Hebraic Bible which would be older than the Dead Sea Scroll (, as soon as possible).
Néanmoins, archeology showed that various people speaking languages Semitic and practitioner about the religions similar polytheists lived with the Pays of Canaan and in the surroundings, as of the 3rd millenium before the common era. Some their gods, whose Baal and Chemosh, is mentioned in the Bible; the supreme god of the Semitic Pantheon, El, would be, according to certain experts, the god of the biblical patriarchs.

A school of thought supports that the monotheism would have started with Akhenaton, the Pharaon heretic of. The innovations of Akhenaton however were completely éradiquées of Egypt after its death, not leaving any descent, except their hypothetical survival in the kingdom Jew neighbor, which began its domination under Egyptian cultural hegemony.

Patriarchs

There are six notable figures in the bible before Abraham: Adam and Eve, their two sons Caïn and Abel, Enoch, and its grandson, Noah, which, according to the history, saved its own family and all the animal life in the Arche of Noah. It is not certain that these characters left any codes moral - with some Christian churches maintaining the faith in ancient books like the Livre of Enoch -- but the genesis mentions the Lois noahides given by God to the family of Noah. For the majority, these patriarchs incarnate behavioral prototypes, " bons" or " mauvais" (in the case of Caïn).

In the book of the Genesis, Abraham is specifically charged to leave the historical city of Ur in Mésopotamie, so that the will of God " makes you large a nation".
Selon the Bible, the patriarch Abraham (or Ibrahim , in Arab Language) had eight wire of three wives: one (Ismaël) of Hagar, the servant of his wife, another (Isaac) of her wife Sarah, and six of another wife, Ketourah.
Brace, Jesus, Mohammed, Bahá' u' lláh, and other characters claim being of the descent of Abraham by one of these wire: according to the Jewish S, Abraham is the ancestor of the people of Israel, by its descendants Isaac and Jacob.
Les Christian sees in Abraham an example of the Foi, and a prefiguration of the sacrifice of Jesus, Sons of God, by his Father, this same Jesus by whom God promised to bless all the families of the Ground.

Les Moslem, and mobilities which derive from it, the movement Baha' I, the sikhism and others, are regarded as descendants, biological or spiritual, of Ismaël. Moreover, the Moslems refer to the Christian and the Juif S (inter alia) as the Gens of the Book (i.e. the Bible). These People of the Book cannot be taken for slaves (it agrees however to note that much did it -- for example the war against the Barbares pirates was due to the fact that they had taken Christian slaves).

Tous sees Abraham like one of most important the Prophète S sent by God. Thus Abraham represents for some, a point of popularization which they seek to underline by means of this terminology.

Thus, rather than to be only the " appear fondatrice" , Abraham is more correctly described like the first character of the Genèse which (A) is not divine origin (direct), like are Adam, Eve and their children -- he goes down contrary to idolâtres; (b) is accepted by the three great times Monothéiste S like an important actor in the foundation of their Civilization; and (c) like the genetic ancestor of all the Humanité is not presented (like Adam and Noah).

The Islam and, in less measurement, the Judaism, treat Adam and Noah like Prophète S minors. They recognize in addition that it there surely Prophète S, forgot others nowadays.

Abraham

According to the Jewish tradition , Abraham was the first individual of the post-torrential era (i.e. posterior with the Déluge reported in the Genèse, with the biblical character of Noah) to reject the Idolâtrie following a rational analysis (whereas Shem and Eber did nothing but perpetuate the Tradition of Noah). This is why it represents a stage as well as a figure fundamental for the religions monotheists. In this direction, abrahamic religion would be synonymous with Religion monotheist , however all the systems monotheists are not abrahamic.
Dans Islam, it is regarded as the first Monothéiste, and it is often mentioned like Ibrahim Al-Hanif , Abraham Monothéiste.

In the Hebraic Bible and the Coran, Abraham is described as a patriarch (the Jewish tradition names it Avraham Avinou , Avraham our father, and the converted with the Judaism are often called Ploni Ben Avraham Avinou ), blessed by God, who made him large Promesse S.

It is for the Jews and the Christians the ancestor of the people of Israel via his son Isaac, and for the Moslems, the Arab ancestor of the S via his son Ismaël.

In the Jewish tradition, Abraham represents the Midat ha' Hassed , the attribute of generosity, which speaks little and makes much.
In the Christian tradition, Abraham is a model of faith, and its intention to obey God by offering Isaac is regarded as preceding God offering His son, Jesus.
In the Moslem tradition, Abraham ( Ibrahim ) obeyed God by offering Ismaël, and is regarded as one of the most important prophets sent by God.

Principal abrahamic religions

All the abrahamic religions come more or less directly from the Judaisme such as it is practiced in the old kingdoms of Israel and Juda before the Exil in Babylon, at the beginning of the thousand-year-old Ier front J. - C.. It is generally thought that the Judaism of Israel describes by the Bible was reformed at sixth century BC by Esdras and other priests in Israel returned of exile. The Samaritanisme separated from the Judaisme during the following centuries.

The Christianisme takes its source in Judaea, at the end of the 1st century, as a completely reformed branch of the Judaisme; it extends to the ancient Greece and Rome, and from there with all the Europe, then later with the whole world. During centuries Christianity was divided into many Churches and denominations. An important schism takes place at the 5th century between the Eastern Catholic churches and the Catholic church centered on Rome. Other major schisms occurred, like the Great Schism of the East at the 11th century, separating ECAR from the orthodoxe Églises; then the Protestant Reform at the 16th century, which gave rise to hundreds of denominations Protesting are.

The Islam begins at the 7th century, in the cities Arab S of the Mecque and of Médine. Although it is not about a dissenting branch of the Judaïsme nor of the Christianisme, he affirms explicitly to be a prolongation as much that a replacement of these doctrines, and is made the echo of many of their principles. According to the Moslem faith, Coran ( Qur' year ) was the last word of God and its message is that of all the prophets. Like example of similarity between the times, the Moslems believe in a version of the history of the Genèse and in the direct line of the Arabs since Abraham via Ismaël, wire of this one and its maidservant Hagar.

Abrahamic identity

The abrahamic identity is explicit right from the start in the Islam: Coran calls Islam “the religion of Abraham”. Islam being presented in the form of a return to the God tender, in accordance with what was Abraham, the model Musulman (i.e., subjected to the will of God), and in opposition to the Jews and with the Christians who did not want to answer his call. For the Moslem Right, the whole of the heirs to Abraham are juridically " People of the book " (Arabic: ahl Al-kitâb اهلالكتاب), and has right to a special statute for this reason.

Catholicism explicitly accepted the regrouping abrahamic only very tardily, starting from the council of the Vatican II and its declaration Nostra Ætate. Nostra Ætate recalls that Allah is same the God as God of Abraham in the Old Testament, and than the Christian and the Musulman S shares the abrahamic faith; consequently, the Catholic church declares that it estimates the Moslems for their worship of only one God which spoke with the Homme S.

The abrahamic identity does not seem not recognized as such by the Jewish world.

The Supreme Being

The Judaism and Islam return a worship to Supreme God, of which they have a design strictly monotheist -- a Being One and Single; Christianity shares this point of view, but considers God at the same time One and indivisible Trinité, an opinion that the other religions do not divide. It should be noted that all the Christian currents do not approve either these doctrines trinitarist.

Judaism

Christianity

Islam

Bahaïsme

Religious writings

All these religions rest on writings, of which:

some are regarded as Word of God - thus crowned and not being able to be questioned -
and others which is the fruit of religious men, who are venerated mainly by the tradition and insofar as they are regarded as being inspired, if it is not dictated, by the to be Divin.

It should be noted that the controversy ptolemeo-copernician required, in the Christian religion, of theological work, and which it was at the same time necessary to return to the sources of the writings and to revise their interpretation (hermeneutics) (see catholic Théologie)

Judaism

The crowned writings of the Judaism are included/understood in the Tanakh, an acronym for Torah , Nevi' im (Prophets), and Ketouvim (Written).
Le Tanakh is known under the name of Hebraic Bible, name more used in the Jewish and academic mediums that l'" Old Testament " (which concerns the Christian concepts of New Testament and verus Israel ).
Le Tanakh was studied and compensated by an oral tradition: the Midrash , the Mishna , the Talmud S , and the rabbinical Literature later, which was declared making authority with equal Torah. This position however was accepted only Pharisaïsme and mobilities resulting from this one, of which Judaism current, known as " rabbinique". Other currents, such as the sadduçaïsme then later the Karaïsme do not recognize the authority of the oral law to equal of the written law. The Samaritain S do not recognize either Talmud.

The Hebraic text of Tanakh, and the Torah in particular, is regarded as crowned to the last letter. The transcription can be realized only during one excessively demanding procedure: the least error, was this of a letter, an ornamentation, a symbol on the whole of the letters (more than 300.000) which constitute the Hebraic text returns the whole of the Sefer Torah passoul (unsuitable with the ritual use). This is why to be Sofer (" scribe") is a business of specialist, asking meticulousness, patience and concentration. To write and reverify the text take a considerable time.

Christianity

The Scriptures of the majority of the Christian community S are the Old Testament, which is largely identical to the Hebraic Bible; and the New Testament, including/understanding four accounts of the life and the lesson of Jesus, traditionally allotted to its Apostles Matthieu and Jean, and Marc and Luc (Four Gospels); and several writings of the Apostle S and the first Fathers of the Church like Paul.

The Old one and New the Wills (or old and new alliance) form the Christian Bible , which is regarded as inspired by God. Thus the Christians consider the teaching fundamental of the Old Testament, in particular the Ten commands, like valid; however they believe that the arrival of Jesus, Christos (oint, i.e. Messie, and thus saver of the Humanité), as that was predicted in the Old Testament, and the fact that Jesus was high at the Jews and became a Master of the Judaism, would give an account of the true relation between God and the Humanité - by restoring the force of the universal Amour and the comprehension (as mentioned in the Shema Israel) of the other commands, by removing the precepts more " legalists " and materials of the rabbinical law (like the constraints on the food and the rites of the temple).
Beaucoup of Christian believes that the relation between the old one and New the Wills in the Bible mean that the Judaïsme was replaced by the Christianisme like the " new Israel" - and some think that the lesson of Jesus not describes Israel like a place Géographique but like an association with God and a promise of hello in the Kingdom of God.

The large majority of the Christian Religion S (including the Catholicism, the orthodoxe Christianity, and the majority of the forms of Protestantism, but not the Restaurationnisme) draws their beliefs from the conclusions of the Concile of Nicée in 325, in a document known under the name of Symbole of Nicée. That corresponds to the belief according to which God (as Trinité of distinct people with only one Substance) was made man on the ground, under the name of Jesus achieving the writings of the Old Testament, and according to which Jesus was crucifié by the Humanité, died and buried, for ressusciter the third day, then went up to the skies and entered the Kingdom of God and " sat down with the right-hand side de" God. In accordance with the teaching of Jesus, the Christians believe in theory that the Foi in Jesus and the works are the two manners of achieving the hello and to enter the Kingdom of God.

With the difference of the Jews and Moslems, the Christian generally do not regard only one version of their Bible as holy other than the others, and accept good translations and new translations like simply in conformity, in theory, with the original one. For example, the catholics can retain the Bible of Jerusalem and the œucumenic version of the Bible. They believe that the Gospel S passed by the oral tradition, then were written a few decades after the death of Jesus and his Apôtre S (except for Matthieu and Jean, which wrote themselves their Gospels), and which the existing versions are only copies of these originals.
Indeed, the version of the Bible regarded as more " valide" (in the direction of a better transmission of the true significance of the Word of God) varied: LXX (Seventy) in Greek, the Vulgate Latin E, the English King James Version off the Bible (this version to be checked), and the synodal Bible in Russian made authority for various communities at various times.
In particular, the Christians consult the Hebraic version of the Old Testament by preparing new translations, although some believe that the Seventy is preferable, this one having been used as a basis for the primitive Church, and because they believe that its translators probably knew the Hebraic Bible better than the current translators.

In a way not surprising, of many alternatives of the Dead Sea Scroll is confirmed in the Seventy - indqiuant that significant changes with the Texte massoretic (Hebraic) took place after the Council of Yavneh (90 EC.).
Just as the Torah is perceived in the Judaism like alive, and preexistent with any text, in the same way the Christians see the Bible and Jesus himself like the " Verbe" of God ( Logos in Greek), transcending the written documents.

The Scriptures of the Christian Bible are supplemented by a broad whole of writings of Christian peronnalities and Concile S of Christian persons in charge. The Catholic church, the orthodoxe S, and certain Christian denominations also regard the Tradition as a reference, and thus include writings like those of the Pères of the Church; other Christian communities regard the Bible as the only reference (case of the Protestantisme).

There exists with the the United States of America certain currents basing itself on references not recognized by the Catholic church.

Islam

The holy book par excellence of the Islam is the Coran (Qur' year), including/understanding 114 Sourate S (chapters). However, the Musulman S also believe in the religious texts of the Judaïsme and the Christianisme, in their original, and noncurrent form, because it according to them would have been corrupted with the wire of the ages. They have for this purpose their own version of the Psaumes (the Zabur ) and of the Évangile S (the Injil ).
Selon Coran itself, the sourates were revealed by Allah with the prophet Mohammed (Muhammad) via the Archangel Gabriel on various occasions, and were preserved kind by its disciples, before being compiled in only one book (by not respecting the chronological order) several decades after its death. Except for Al Fatihah (the Opening), which is always the first sourate, longest sourates appears at the beginning of the Coran, while shortest appear at the end.

Qur' year includes several stories resulting from or strongly similar to the Hebraic Bible (In particular the 17th sourate, " The Nocturne" Voyage;), and Jesus with many recoveries mentions, as a prophet divinement inspired.
Toutefois, many the commands of Tanakh and the precepts of New Testament are not adopted such as they are, but are replaced by new commandments directly revealed in Muhammad by Allah (through Gabriel) and not codified in Qur' year.

The Jews with the Torah, the Moslems regard the Arab text original of Qur' year as incorrompu, incréé and holy to the last letter. Any tradition is regarded as being an interpretation of the significance of Qur' year, the Arab original being regarded as the only divine text.

Just as the Jews rabbanites have an oral complement with the written Law, Qur' year has the Hadith , a whole of books written by later authors compiling the words of the Muhammad prophet. Martin Buber more compared Hadith with the Deutéronome, a sum of the sermons of Moïse.
Les Hadith interprets and develops the Koranic precepts. There is no consensus within Islam on the authority of compilations of Hadith, but the scholars of Islam categorized each Hadith according to degrees of authenticity ( Isnad ): true ( sahih ), correct ( hasan ), or weak ( da' yew ).

Hadith and the biography of Muhammad ( Sira ) form the Sunnah, an additional scriptural element in Qur' year, and those which adhere to it are the Moslems Sunnite S . At the ninth century, six compilations of Hadiths had been considered to be worthy of faith by the Moslems sunnites.
Les Moslem Shiite S (followers of the shî' At “Ali, the party of Ali), does not regard any Hadith as sahih , and are accepted only those which do not seem dissension with Qur' year.

The Collections sunnites are:

Al-Bukhari (Mr. towards 870)
Muslim B. Al-Hajjaj (Mr. towards 875)
Abu Da' ud (Mr. towards 888)
Al-Tirmidhi (Mr. towards 892)
Al-Nasa' I (Mr. towards 915)
Ibn Maja (Mr. towards 886).

The legal opinions Moslem lawyers ( Fiqh ) offer another source for the daily practice and the interpretation of the Islamic tradition.

The Rastafari movement

So some Rastafari use KJV like primary source, the majority scorn it. Much recently made main efforts to study the orthodoxe version Amharique.

Rastas often affirm that the Bible contains only half of the divine Verb, the other part being written in the heart of humanity. The lesson of Marcus Garvey and the Saint Piby belongs to many the other important documents, like all the writings and speech of the Emperor Haile Selassie Ist.

Millénarisme

Life beyond death

The majority of the abrahamic religions agrees to think that the beings in general, and the human ones in particular would be endowed with a body, " strip mortelle" , and of a heart, which does not follow necessarily the same way. The heart, able to remain alive after the demise, would carry the gasoline of the person who conveys it, and it is it which appears before God when He judges acts of lapersonne after his death. The importance of this, the interest that one carries there, the nature of the heart, its independence or not compared to the body, leaving its participation in its acts are subjects definitely less consensual between the religions.

The Reincarnation and the Transmigration are definitely less prominent than in the dharmic religions. Although the abrahamic religions design a form of life beyond death, they tend to locate it on another plan, and under other conditions, rather than a return (or returns) on this physical level (or another) to repeat new cycle.
Toutefois, the Cabal, system of faith based on a tradition of esoteric interpretation of the Bible, initially Jewish, but having made followers among Christians, accepts a concept strongly approaching of the reincarnation, called the Guilgoul haneshamot , cycle of the hearts. This belief is extremely widespread among the Jews hassidic and those of the orthodoxe Jews which lend faith to the Cabal.

Judaism

Islam

Islam promises a Hell in the literal sense (the Jahannam ) with those which disobey God and make large sins. Although the sinners are punished by fire, of many forms of punishment are described, according to the committed crime. It is divided into many levels, the torments developing downwards, reserved to the largest instigators.

To those which honor and submit themselves to God is promised the stay with the Paradise (the Jannah ).
Selon Islam, the skies are divided into seven levels (from where the term of “seventh heaven”), however, they are not rigorously equivalent to the Paradise. This one, just like the hell, comprises the many highest degrees, being reserved for most virtuous, to the Prophets, to the martyrs for the faith, with those which help the orphans, with those whose lips uttered never lie, etc (many other categories are quoted in the Coran and the Hadith).

As in the Judaism and Christianity, of many sins can be forgiven by God All-Miséricordieux if the instigator, the irreligious person, the non-believer or others repents. Moreover, the sinners believers can be punished only for a time, before gaining Jannah; it is known as that whoever with " an atom of foi" will end up reaching Paradis.
Le alone sinned beyond any repentance is, according to Qur' year, the Shirk (the association of God by any means, p.e by It declaring equal to anything or by honouring other very that Him);

See too

World (universe)
Great religions of the world
Tree of the abrahamic religions
Monothéisme
Judaism
Christianity
catholic Islam
Theology
Judeo-Christian

Refer

Ask Rabbi Simmons
Johansson, Warren Abrahamic Religions. off Homosexuality '' (Dynes, Wayne R., ED.) Garland Publishing, 1990. pp. 5&6.

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