1994

This page relates to the year 1994 of the Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

January 14th: Bill Clinton and Boris Ieltsine signs the agreements of the Kremlin. The Ukraine adheres to the Traité nuclear non-proliferation.
January: Summit of NATO. Partnership for peace.
April 15th: Final act of Uruguay Round of GATT, with Marrakech (1986-1994): 120 countries signatories: creation of the OMC (World Trade organization), which has its seat with Geneva. The Body of settlement of disputes (ORD), statue against the States which violate the principle of the freedom of the trade and competition. On the other hand, the transnational firms remain largely out of reach. This quasi-impunity of the companies comes, for much, of the absence of international legal definition of the crimes and economic frauds.

Europe

Western Europe

January 1st : Coming into effect of the EEE: European Economic space, between the 12 of European Union and 5 of the EFTA.
March 12th: The first ordinations of women priests by the Church Anglican.
May 6th: inauguration of the Channel tunnel.
May 12th: Died of John Smith, leader of the Workers party (the United Kingdom).
May 19th: Opening to the public of the Channel tunnel.
June 8th: European elections with the the United Kingdom: the representation of the conservatives in Strasbourg passes from 32 to 18 deputies, while the members of the Labor Party increase by 45 to 54.
June 18th: Last procession with Berlin of the French, British and American allies.
June 25th: The Russian troops evacuate Berlin.
July 22nd: Tony Blair takes the head of the workers party to the the United Kingdom.
August 31st:

the WILL GO announces a cease-fire in Northern Ireland. The attacks cease until January 1996.
Departure of the last Russian soldiers stationed in Germany.

September 8th: Departure of the last Western troops (the United States, France, the United Kingdom) stationed with Berlin, where they were since 1945.
September 27th: In the Baltic, the shipwreck of the ferry Estonia makes 852 dead.
October 7th: Ingvar Carlsson, social Prime Minister democratic in Sweden
November 13rd: The Sweden decides by referendum favorable to the entry in the European Union.

Referendum in Austria: 66% of the voters agree to adhere to the European Union. In Norway, 52,4% of the voters refuse to adhere to the European Union. The Finland (56,9%) and the Sweden (52,2%) approve adhesion.
Return to a liberal policy with the the United Kingdom. Reduction in the public expenditure. Privatization of the collieries.
14 million British, is the quarter of the population, live in lower part of the poverty line, fixed at 160£ per week.

France

Switzerland

Italy

January 14th: In front of the difficulties of the government Ciampi, the president of the Republic Oscar Luigi Scalfaro dissolves the Parliament.
27 - March 28th: Three coalitions arise to legislative, gathering the left parties, of the center ( Patto per Italia ) and of right-hand side ( Forza Italia , Alleanza Nazionale , Northern Lega ). The line gains the absolute majority.
April 24th: Beatification with Rome, in front of his/her husband and his children, by the Pope Jean-Paul II of Gianna Beretta Molla ( Santa Scorcese ) (1968 - 1991), assassinated by a Psychopathe with Palo LED Sticks, the March 15th 1991.
May 10th: The businessman Silvio Berlusconi becomes president of the Council in Italy with neofascist ministers. It forms the government on a program of creation of uses and reduction of the taxes.

the reform of the SPOKE already undertaken by Ciampi causes a first scandal, the new government trying to inflect the terms of this replanning in favor of the audio-visual empire of Berlusconi. This last does not hesitate to bring together lawyers of the Fininvest (the financial empire that it directs) and the members of its government to try to find an exit with its disentangled with justice (it was interfered with the embezzlements Bettino Craxi). A proposal for an easing of the mode of detention pending trial proposed in July by the Minister for Biondi Justice is perceived by the opinion like a favor made to the policies and to corrupted business men near to the capacity. Berlusconi is repudiated by her allies, Umberto Bossi and Gianfranco Fini which is opposed to this proposal.

October 14th: The plan Dini of austerity of the budget and the threats on the retirements involve a general strike and three million Italians in the street. The government must modify its reform projects.
November - December: To the municipal elections, Forza Italia passes from 30% of the votes to 8%. Bossi and Fini breaks the alliance (Bossi deposits a motion of censure against the government to which it belongs).
December 21st: Silvio Berlusconi resigns after having violently shown Bossi, qualified of traitor.

the Italy must make important efforts to enter Europe of Maastricht: in 1994, annual inflation is of 4,5% (the treaty does not admit that 2,7%), the long rates are to 11,3% (for 7,8%), the Public deficit to 10% (allowed 3%) and the amount of the national Debt, fixed at 60% of GDP is of 119% of the GDP. Dice the end 1994, of the efforts are made to reduce inflation, the long rates and the public deficit whereas the national debt passes to 124% GDP.
Privatization of the Instituto mobiliare (IMI) and of the Commercial Banca .
Italy is the third European economic power (17 billion dollars of surplus commercial) and the fifth world industrial power.

Eastern Europe

January 11th: NATO proposes a partnership with the Eastern European countries, in particular the group of Visegrad (Tchéquie, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland).
February 5th: Explosion of a mortar shell on a market of Sarajevo: 68 dead, the attitude of the nations towards the Serb ones will harden.
February 16th: The Greece imposes an embargo on the Macedonia.
February:

General strike in Romania to protest against the insufficiency of the economic reforms.
the Estonia sign the partnership agreement for peace, military cooperation limited with NATO. Pursuant to the agreements of independence and this partnership agreement, the Russian armed forces withdraw their last troops stationed in the country in August.

May 13rd: Peace plan of the “group of contact” on the Bosnia-Herzégovine, giving 51% of the territory to the Serb ones.
May 29th: Legislative elections in Hungary: broad victory of the former Communists. The Hungarian Socialist party (the old Party of the Hungarian socialist workers) finds a majority of 72% of the seats and elects its chief, Gyula Horn, like Prime Minister.
July 15th: Gyula Horn, Prime Minister in Hungary (fine in 1998). It invites the league of the free democrats to enter to the government. New series of measure of austerity are voted and privatization programs it is started again.
August 31st: The Russian troops withdraw officially Latvia, on the spot leaving a small quota of 3 000 men. An agreement concluded between the two countries authorizes the Russia to use a base radar of day before at long distance, with Skrunda, until 1998.
September 9th: The Russian troops evacuate the Poland.

Continuation of the combat in Bosnia-Herzégovine. The Americans start to imply themselves, arm the Bosnian troops, and obtain that Croatian and Moslem put a term at their confrontations to constitute a federation within Bosnia-Herzégovine. Slobodan Milošević breaks then with the government serbo-Bosnian installed with Pale, imposes an embargo and is presented in the form of a champion of peace. He obtains a lifting partial of the sanctions of UNO and reinforces his popularity near his electorate.
the Hungary presents its candidature for the European Union.

CEI

January 14th: The Ukrainian president Leonid Kravtchouk agrees to transfer to the Russia part of the nuclear arsenal of the Ukraine in nuclear exchange of fuel intended for the energy production. With an aim of helping with the process of disarmament and of avoiding the collapse of the Ukrainian economy, the government of the United States promises to double the amount of its assistance in the Ukraine. Ukraine joint with the programme of partnership for the peace of NATO, plan conceived to support the military cooperation between the members of NATO and the countries by not forming part.
January 26th: Stanislav Chouchkevitch, president of Bielorussia, is relieved by the Supreme Soviet, officially because of its incapacity to control corruption existing within the government, but actually because of its opposition to the bringing together with Russia. It is replaced by the conservative Myechyslaw Hryb.
February 26th: In Russia, the duma of State, chaired by Ivan Rybkine, leader of the Communists of old the Supreme Soviet, amnesties the putschists of 1991 and the insurrectionists of October 1993. Alexandre Routskoï and Rouslan Khasboulatov is released while the opposition to the democratic forces in Russia seems more and more to organize around a coalition “brown-reds”, ultranationalistes-Communists.
February 27th: First free legislative elections of Moldavie. Victoire of the agrarian Democratic party, communist tendency, followed by a coalition of socialist parties. These two groups form a government of national union.
March 6th: By referendum, the Moldavian largely refuse fastening with the Romania, in its borders of 1990, i.e. including the Transnistrie.
Mars:

the Moldavie sign the partnership for the peace of NATO.
the Bielorussia adopts a new Constitution, proclaims its neutrality and its opposition to the nuclear power.

April:

Cessez-le-feu enters the Arménie and the Azerbaïdjan in spring.
3000 Russian soldiers spread themselves at the border abkhazo-géorgienne to guarantee maintains it peace.

May 15th: Cease-fire enters the Abkhazie and the Georgia.
May 25th: Soljenitsyne joined the Russia by Vladivostok.
May 27th: adhesion of the Kazakhstan to the Partnership for peace of NATO.
June 23rd - July 10th: Populist the Aliaksandr Loukachenka gains a victory crushing over the First outgoing minister Vyacheslav Kebich with the first presidential election in Bielorussia.
July 10th: The former Prime Minister Leonid Koutchma, favorable to a bringing together with Russia, beats Leonid Kravtchouk with the presidential election in Ukraine.

the Ukrainian Parliament approves the whole of the economic reforms of Koutchma. The World Bank approves an emergency loan of 500 million dollars for the Ukraine. The country continues to suffer from the difficulties of reconversion of its economy.

August 27th: Coming into effect of the new Moldavian constitution.
November: The Moldavie sign an economic cooperation agreement with the European Union.
December: Intervention of the Russian troops in Chetchnia. The freedom fighters tchetchenes, one moment divided, make block and resist successfully. The war of Chetchnia becomes increasingly unpopular in Russia.

Crise tchétchène : the Chechen president Djokhar Doudaïev seems more and more a threat and the example of Chetchnia, independent since 1991, like a dangerous precedent for all the separatists. Moreover, Chetchnia controls, with the pipeline coming from the Caspian Sea, the road of the oil of Russia. In December, an order in Council authorizes the recourse to the force to force Chetchnia to reinstate the Federation. More 30 000 men are sent on the spot but the military operation, which was to be of short duration and which seemed gained in advance considering the numerical superiority of the Russians, involves Russia in a true disaster; to the unexpected resistance of Tchétchènes comes to be added the unsuited material, military operations often badly prepared and the refusal of obtempérer of certain Russian units. The violence of the Russian army, which is caught some without understanding with the civil and military objectives, moves the public opinions in Russia and in the world entier.

Agreement between the Russia and the Georgia: Russia is authorized to maintain three of its military bases on the territory géorgien in exchange of drive and military supplies. Georgia becomes member of a programme of partnership for peace, agreement of military cooperation limited with the Organization of the treaty of the North Atlantic.

Africa

January 10th: CEAO is replaced by the economic Union and monetarist West African (UEMOA).
January 12th: Devaluation of 50% of CFA franc.
February 5th: Cyprien Ntaryamira becomes President of the Republic of the Burundi.
February: Confrontation in the North-East of the Ghana. State of emergency.

following April 6th and days, Rwanda: Attack costing the life to the Rwandan and Burundian presidents. Beginning of the “genocide” of the Hutu Tutsi and the moderate by extremists Hutu with the Rwanda (end in July). Assassination of the Prime Minister and ten Belgian blue helmets, constitution of the temporary government by extremists Hutu, military operations Frenchwoman and Belgian to evacuate the Western nationals.
April 21st: Rwanda, the United Nations ratify the important reduction of the manpower of the blue helmets (Minuar).
April 27th: South Africa, the first multiracial elections give the capacity to the ANC and Nelson Mandela is elected president of the Republic. Frederik de Klerk, vice-president. In addition, the flag is modified to symbolize the end of the Apartheid.
May 21st: Victoire of the chief of the opposition Bakili Muluzi against Hastings Kamuzu Bandaged with presidential Malawi. Bakili Muluzi, president of Malawi (fine in 2004).
June 22nd, Rwanda: Turquoise Operation. “military and humane” Intervention Frenchwoman.
July 4th, Rwanda: Catch of Kigali by the FPR and decree of “ZHS” by the command of the Turquoise Operation. End of the genocide and escape of the temporary government, of FAR, the Interahamwe and two million Hutu in Zaire in the days which follow.
July 5th, Rwanda: France creates a “sure humane zone” where take refuge of many Hutus.
2nd fortnight of July: Rwanda, appearance of the cholera in the Rwandan refugee camps in Zaire.
July 19th, Rwanda: Constitution of the transition government directed by Pasteur Bizimungu, an Hutu.
July 22nd, Gambia: Coup d'etat soldiers; the captain Yahya Jammeh seizes the power.
August 22nd, Rwanda: End of the Turquoise Operation and reinforcement of Minuar II.
August 30th: South Africa adheres to SADC.
September: Creation of the Gathering of the republicans of Ivory Coast.
November 8th: Resolution 955 of the Safety advice of UNO which creates the International penal court for Rwanda to judge the crimes of Génocide and serious crimes against the humanity made in 1994.
December: Adoption of a federal constitution in Ethiopia instituting nine States based on the ethnicity and the language and recognizing the right of the people to have them-even.

turbid Violent ones in the north of the Cameroun.
Arrest of opponents to the Senegal.
Agreement between the government native of Niger and the rebellion touarègue.
Africa accounts for 12% of the world population and provides less than 1% of the world GDP.

The Middle East & Arab world

January 21st, Syria: died of the son of the president Hafez el-Assad, Basil, claiming with the direction of the mode, in an car accident. His/her brother Bashar is carried to the front of the political scene.
February 25th: A Jewish settler extremist massacres 29 faithful Moslems requesting in the vault of the patriarchs to Hebron. Popular demonstrations burst and are repressed by the Israeli police force, which makes several tens of victims. The colonist, Baruch Goldstein, dies shortly after his armed intervention. Yitzhak Rabin addresses official excuses to Yasser Arafat, condemns two organizations Jewish extremists but refuses any evacuation of the colonists, in particular in Hebron.
February-March, Lebanon: Prohibition of the FL and arrest of their direction following attacks. Samir Geagea passes in lawsuit and is condemned to the life imprisonment.
May 4th: Agreement of autonomy of Palestine signed to the Cairo for one five years intermediate period. Creation of a Palestinian authority of 24 members and of a Palestinian police force. PLO obtains the management of Gaza and Jericho.
10 - May 25th: Military withdrawal of the Israelis of Gaza and Jericho.
July 1st: Arrival of Arafat to Gaza. It must maintain the order in the autonomous territories and prevent the continuation of the islamist attacks. To avoid the civil war, he refuses to carry out repression and supports the integration of the radicals to the new structures in place.
July 5th: Visit “historical” Yasser Arafat with Jericho.
July 25th: Yitzhak Rabin and Hussein of Jordan signs with Washington a declaration putting an end to the state of war. Hussein sees himself recognizing the function of “guard of the Moslem Places Holy” of Jerusalem, which involves the protests of PLO.
August: Following an attack against Israeli colonists, several persons in charge of the Hamas are stopped by the Palestinian authority.
October: A new attack campaign involves the looping of the territories by Israel.
October 22nd: An islamist suicide mission fact 22 dead civilians.
October 26th: Peace treaty between Israel and the Jordan. The border between the two states remains that of the Palestine agent. The distribution of water is ensured better, with the profit of Jordan.
October:

the United States shows the Iraq to concentrate troops at the Kuwaiti border. American troops are immediately sent in the emirate. Saddam Hussein withdraws her men but thus shows the total dependence of monarchies of the Gulf towards the American power. Following a Russian mediation, the Iraqi Parliament and the council of the revolution recognize the international borders of Kuwait ( November).
Economic conference of Casablanca bringing together Arab politicians and business men and Israeli. She discusses cooperative project regional with freedom of movement of the people, the goods and the capital, in partnership with the European Union.

November 18th: Confrontation between islamist and the Palestinian police force make about fifteen deaths. With the end of the year, the peace process is stopped.

the independent candidates gain a third of the seats to the legislative elections in Syria.
Programme of rebuilding of the downtown area of Beirut (18 billion dollars). The growth accelerates (8% into 1994,7% in 1995) but the weight of the financial expenses makes it fall at the end of the decade (4% in 1996, 3,5% in 1997,2% in 1998).
With the Iraqi Kurdistan, the political parties were transformed into armed militia and live taxation, transport and of the international assistance. The Union of the Kurdish people (PUK) of Jalal Talabani and the Democratic party of Kurdistan (PDK) of Massoud Barzani clash militarily, resulting in the death of hundreds of people. The Iran and the Turkey intervene in Iraqi Kurdistan to put an end to the guerillas who touch their countries. The United States organizes in Europe of the meetings of reconciliations but obtain only temporary truces.

Asia & India

January 1st, Afghanistan: The engagements begin again with Kabul between the troops faithful to the president Rabbani and those of the Prime Minister Hekmatyar and its ally, the communist former general, Abdul Rachid Dostom, directing National front (Uzbek and laymen).
February 3rd: The the United States raise the commercial embargo on the Vietnam.
February 4th: American, British, French ultimatum and Russian with the North Korea, so that this one accepts the control of its nuclear sites by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
Mars:

Agreement between the Russia and the Kazakhstan, granting the Russia the control of the Cosmodrome de Baïkonour, located near the Sea of Aral, for one twenty years duration at the cost of 115 million dollars per annum.
First parliamentary elections with the Kazakhstan: though disputed, they grant the majority to the party of the president Noursoultan Nazarbaïev.

April 26th: Beginning of the reign of Tuanku Jaafar, sultan of Malaysia (fine in 1999).
June 10th: Nuclear test with NOR Lop in China.
July 8th: Died of Kim It-sung. His/her son, Kim Jong-il, succeed to him and, without being officially named with the responsibilities which it holds, it holds the capacity in hand well. The mode refuses any contact with the South Korea, fearing a collapse similar to that of the countries of Eastern Europe (Seoul, for its part, prefers a progressive economic integration with a too hasty reunification). Agreements signed in Geneva defuse the nuclear crisis with the United States.
July, Nepal: Resignation of the Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala, who causes the dissolution of the Parliament and the behavior of new elections, in November.
August 13rd: Standardization of the relations between the the United States and the North Korea.
September, India: Pulmonary epidemic of plague in the Gujerat, starting from Surat.
October, Afghanistan: Appearance of the fundamentalist movement sunnite of the Taliban, “students in religion” left Koranic schools, subsidized by Saoudi money. They carry out an holy war (Djihad) against the government of Kabul and the other ethnos groups (Uzbek Tadjiks, , Chiites). They seize Kandahar in November.
November 30th: Elections in Nepal. The unified Communist party of Nepal (PCUN) obtains the greatest number of seats to the Parliament without being in a majority. The new Prime Minister Man Mohan Adhikari obtains in December a vote of confidence of the opposition. The Communist government launches a vast campaign of development, allotting important resources at each village community.

Third national forum on work with the Tibet.
Kampuchea: the Khmer Rouge and the government are implied in a series of confrontations in connection with the occupied territories by the rebels.
the famine would have made hundreds of thousands of died in North Korea between 1994 and 1998.

Americas

January 1st: Coming into effect of ALENA (NAFTA): Agreement of North-American free trade.
1 {{er}} with the January 25th: Beginning of the Zapatist insurrection in Mexican Chiapas .

a group of Indians, the Armed with Zapatist national release, seizes four cities in the State of the south Chiapas and requires reforms. The Mexican troops quickly take again most of the occupied territory by the rebels. A call to the cease-fire is launched little time after, but the rebellious group gives rise to a movement for the political reform in Mexico. Its leader, the Subcommandante Marcos (Rafael Sebástian Guillén Vicente) made known its claims via Internet. In December, the Zapatist ones occupy 38 municipalities apart from the line of cease-fire established earlier.

January 18th: Legal end of the business of the Irangate; The president Ronald Reagan was well with the current and tried to choke the business.
January: Nomination of a new special prosecutor in the business Whitewater.
March 23rd: Shine Donaldo Colosio, candidate with the presidency of Mexico is killed in an attack with Tijuana.
Mars: Failure of the plan of health of the Clinton husbands in the United States.
July 17th: The Brésil gains the Football world cup 1994 with the the United States
July 31st: The Safety advice of the United Nations authorizes the recourse to the force in order to restore the democracy in Haiti and to drive out the military junta.
September 19th: Intervention of the United States with Haiti.
October 15th: Restoration of the president Jean-Bertrand Aristide by the Marines with Haiti.
November 8th: Election for the first time since 1952 of a Republican majority in the two Rooms of the Congress of the United States on the program Contract with America .
February 1st: Ernesto Zedillo Ponce of León succeeds Carlos Salinas de Gortari with the presidency of Mexico.
December 11th: With the Summit of Americas to Miami, Bill Clinton proposes for 2005 the setting-up of a free exchange zone of Americas, gathering all the countries of the continent.
December 19th:

Beginning of the Scandal Whitewater.
Financial aid of the United States in Mexico in hillock with serious financial vexations.

December 20th: Devaluation of the Mexican Peso of 15%.

Financial crisis and monetarist with the Mexico generated by a deficit of approximately 30 billion dollars. The fear of a devaluation, in March, then in December, makes flee the capital abroad. In spite of a rise of interest rates, the foreign-exchange reserves are reduced. A program of international assistance is conceived under the direction of Clinton US president, and Zedillo announces the installation of austerity measures and the privatization of the goods of the State. The December 20th, Zedillo must devaluate the peso of 15%, an insufficient measurement, so much the loss of confidence is large. It must be solved to let float the national currency and Mexico escapes the bankruptcy only with one financial aid from 50 billion dollars the IMF and the American Treasury.

December 21st: eruption of the Popocatépetl, with the Mexico.
December 21st: Opening of the Mercosur, “Common Market” of the countries of the “Southern Cone”. The reduction of the customs tariffs interns gives a whiplash to the exchanges between Member States.

Law hardening the fight against criminality in the United States.
the United States: 1,2 million emigrants in the United States, of which probably 300 000 illegal (40% the Hispanic ones, 40% the Asian ones). The population born abroad represents 22,6 million anybody, that is to say 8,7% of the total population. 100 billion dollars of trade deficit in 1994. 4% of growth. 3% of inflation.
the Chile, supported by the Canada, proposes to adhere to ALENA, but the United States, where protectionism keeps strong positions with the Congress, slows down the movement.

Oceania & the Pacific

October 1st: Independence of the Palaos.
the forces of New Guinea-News-Guinea take the control of the port, the airport and the capital of Bougainville, Arawa. A conference of peace in October leads to a truce.

Chronologies sets of themes

Arts & culture

Aeronautical: 1994 in aeronautics
Railroads: 1994 in the railroads
Edition: 1994 in the edition
April 5th Death of Kurt Cobain, singer of the group grunge Nirvana. The thesis of the suicide is immediately established, although certain people still believe in the assassination of the rockstar by Courtney Love.
Sport: 1994 in sport
May 1st: death of the pilot of Formula 1 Data-processing Ayrton Senna
: 1994 in data processing
Sciences & technology:

July 16th: - July 22nd: collision of the Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter.
the Ulysses probe passes close to Jupiter whose gravitational assistance enables him to leave the plan of the ecliptic for an overflight of the poles of the Sun.
Left first Power Mac containing PowerPC processor.
May 6th: Inauguration of the Channel tunnel (Eurotunnel-Chunnel).