1991

This page relates to the year 1991 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

July 30th: Soviet Summit américano, qualified of “first top of after Cold war” with Moscow.
July 31st: Signature with Moscow of the Start 1 ( strategic arms reduction talks ) between the Soviet Union and the the United States, envisaging a reduction of 30% of the strategic nuclear armaments, i.e. of more than 5.500 km of range but their number will pass from 12 081 with 10 395 for the the United States and of 10 841 with 8 040 for the Soviet Union.

UNO passes to 186 members with the admission of both Korea S, of the three Baltic States, the Micronesia and the Marshall.
the Nobel Prize of peace is allotted to the Burmese Aung San Suu Kyi.

Europe

Western Europe

January 31st: With Bologna, the Italian Communist party is divided into PDS ( Partido democratico beyond will sinistra , majority) and Parti the communist recasting ( Partito della Rifondazione Comunista ).
April 13rd: Seventh government Andreotti in Italy (fine the April 24th 1992).
April 14th: Inauguration with London of the European Bank for the rebuilding and the development, chaired by Jacques Attali.
May 1st: Publication of the Encyclical third social of Jean-Paul II, Centesimus ass , which concludes with the defeat from Communism, while refusing to see the victory of capitalism there.
May: Strikes in Spain.
June 20th, Germany: The the Bundestag vote with a narrow majority (337 votes against 320) the transfer of the capital of Bonn to Berlin for 1999.
June: In Ireland, catholics and Protestants start to negotiate.
July: Charter of the citizens to the the United Kingdom.
August: Massive exodus of Albanian, at least 20 000, towards Italy of the South. The government answers by the measurements urgently followed by forced repatriations.
July 18th: Assassination of the Belgian socialist politician Andre Cools.
September 19th: Discovered Ötzi the man of the ices.
October 4th:

Defeat at the polls of the left social democrat to Sweden. Carl Bildt becomes Prime Minister in Sweden of a coalition joining together the moderate parties , of the center, liberal and Christian-Democrat.
Swiss Adoption in of the federal law on the federal Polytechnic schools (EPF).

October 6th: New success of PSD of Cavaco Silva with the legislative elections with the Portugal.
October 22nd: the EEC and the EFTA sign the treaty creating EEE.
December 9th: Treaty of Maastricht, which will be signed in February 1992.
December: The government of John Major sign the agreements of Maastricht but rejects the social chapter.

Abolition of the Poll tax with the the United Kingdom.
Liberal policy in Sweden: privatization of 35 government enterprises, important reduction of the governmental expenditure (including in the field of the social security benefits), opening of the country to the establishment of foreign industries.
Italy: 6,3% of inflation. The budget deficit accounts for 9,9% of GDP. 10,6% of the credits to unemployment. The GDP increases by 1,4%. The debt accounts for 104% of the GDP.

France

Eastern Europe

January 8th: By a unilateral and illegal act, the Serb national bank - invested by a secret and unilateral vote of the Parliament of the republic of Serbia on December 28th 1990 - operates a diversion without precedent in the monetary system Yugoslav. Not less than 18,2 billion scriptural silver dinars (1,8 billion dollar) are placed illegally at the disposal of the central bank of Serbia without these means having the least legal cover. The first federal minister, Ante Marković, will qualify this act of “plundering of the century”, considering that it signs the death warrant of the Yugoslav federation.
January 13rd: Repression of the independence demonstrations in the Baltic States: 14 died with Vilnius in Lithuania.
January 21st: Repression of the independence demonstrations in the Baltic States: 4 died with Riga in Latvia.
February 25th: At a meeting of its Member States with Budapest (Hungary), the Warsaw Pact, the decision to dissolve the pact as a military organization, on July 1st, 1991 is taken.
February 26th: A Serb autonomous region of Western Slavonia, Baranya and Syrmie is proclaimed by Serb separatists in the east of the Croatia.
March 17th, Soviet Union: Referendum on the question “you think that it is essential to preserve the USSR in the form of a renewed federation of sovereign and equal republics where the rights and freedoms of each one, whatever the nationality, will be fully guaranteed? ”. 76,4% of the voters answer yes in the nine republics where the consultation takes place; six republics (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavie, Arménie, Georgia), refuse to take part in it. The same day the Russians decide that their president from now on will be elected by the vote for all. With Novo-Oragedo, close to Moscow, the nine republics concerned write with Russia a treaty which transfers to them most of the capacities reserved hitherto in the center, while preserving a president, elected official directly by the people, with the head of a Union of the Soviet Sovereign Republics. The treaty must be signed the August 20th.
March 31st: Victoire of the Albanian Communist party to the first free elections because the rural ones are attached to the status quo , while the townsmen prefer the opposition. The exodus towards the Italy begins again. A general strike constrained Ramiz Combined to constitute a government of national union. The Communist party changes name to become the Albanian socialist party.
April 1st the Serb Autonomous region of Krajina makes secession of the Croatia.
April 9th: Independence of the Georgia.
May: A constitutional crisis bursts when the Serbia and its allies block the installation of a Croat to the head of the collective presidency of the Yugoslavia.
May 12th: Referendum in the Serb province of Krajina (Croatia) for the maintenance in Yugoslavia.
May 19th: Referendum for the independence of the Croatia.
June: The troops of Soviet Union start their withdrawal of Hungary and Czechoslovakia.
June 12th: Election of Boris Ieltsine like chair Republic of Russia. Alexandre Routskoï, vice-president.
June 25th: Independence of the Croatia.
June 26th: Independence of the Slovenia: beginning of the explosion of the Yugoslavia .

the Slovenia and the Croatia, partisanes of a confederation with capacities limited to the foreign politics, defense and the currency, are opposed to the Serbia and the Montenegro, which want a federation more centralized, whereas the Macedonia and the Bosnia-Herzégovine seek a compromise. The federal government orders with the army, dominated by the Serb ones, to eliminate the secessionists.

June 27th: Yugoslav federal military intervention (Serb in fact) in Slovenia.

a ten day old war takes place in Slovenia finished by the defeat of the Serb federal army.

June 28th: Dissolution of the CMEA (the Comecon) with Sofia, Bulgaria.
August 27th: Independence of the Moldavie - national Festival.
July 1st: Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact.
July 19th: Beginning of the war between Croats and Serb in Yugoslavia.

the war in Croatia opposes the Serb federal troops and militia to the Croatian forces for seven months. In Bosnia-Herzégovine as in Croatia, the Serb ones form Serb Autonomous regions (RAS). The refusal of these SHORT-NAP CLOTHS by the government bosnien leads to the armed conflict between the Serb ones and theSerb ones.

August 18th: Attempt missed by communist Putsch in the USSR wanting to reimpose a centralized communist control. Gorbatchev is placed under house arrest in the Crimea. Troops are deployed in the streets of Moscow. But the putsch is badly prepared. In four days, the reformers carried out by the Russian president Boris Eltsine control the coup d'etat and start to dismantle the apparatus of the party.
August 20th: Re-establishment of the independence of the Estonia. Demonstrations before the Parliament.
August 21st: Confrontations around the Parliament, 3 dead. Eltsine takes the command of the armed forces. Gorbatchev returns to Moscow in the night.
August 22nd: Arrest of the putschists.
August 23rd: On the demand for B. Eltsine, Mr. Gorbatchev signs a decree prohibiting PCUS.
August 24th: Independence of the Ukraine.
August 25th: Independence of the Bielorussia.
August 26th: Independence of the Moldavie.
August: Massive attack of the Serb army in Western Slavonia (Croatia).
September 5th: With the Soviet Union at the edge of the explosion, the Congress of the deputies of the people agrees to found a transition government in which a Council of State, directed by Gorbatchev and including/understanding the presidents of the participating Republics, would exert powers of exception. The Communist party east dissolves and its confiscated goods.
September 6th: The Soviet government recognizes officially the independence of the Lithuania, the Estonia and the Latvia. The Baltic States become members of the United Nations at the end of September.
September 10th: The Soviet government recognizes officially the independence of the Arménie.
September 8th: Referendum on independence in Macedonia.
September 26th: Clandestine referendum on the independence of the Kosovo.
October: Economic treaty of union between nine republics of the USSR: the private property and the free enterprise are the bases of the economic revival.
October 11th: Suppression of the KGB.
October 15th:

clandestine Referendum on the independence of the Sandjak.
Vote of the Parliament Bosnien on sovereignty.

October 27th: Election legislative free in Poland. A parliamentary majority does not emerge, and about thirty parties are represented with the Diet.
February 1st: The Ukraine vote by referendum its independence.
December 8th - December 21st: Summit of Minsk . The Russia, the Bielorussia and the Ukraine create the CEI (the Community of the independent States) , the USSR is dissolved. The treaty will be confirmed with Alma-ATA.
December 9th: In Poland, Lech Wałęsa is elected president of the Republic.
December 12th: Leonid Kravtchouk, former chief of the Ukrainian Communist party, chairs Ukraine.
December 16th: the Kazakhstan becomes independent.
December 21st, Conference of Alma-ATA (Kazakhstan): Fine of the USSR : 7 other republics of the USSR join the CEI: the organization obtains a council of the Heads of State and of a council of the heads of government, Russia recovers the nuclear weapons of the Ukraine, of the Bielorussia, the Kazakhstan.
December 24th: The Russia is recognized by the Westerners like State continuator of the Soviet Union and succeeds to him the Safety advice of the United Nations.
December 25th: Mikhaïl Gorbatchev resigns of his post of “president” of the Soviet Union and transmits to Boris Eltsine, president of Russia, the control of the nuclear armament.
December 26th: The Supreme Soviet meets and dissolves formally the the USSR.
December 31st: End of the USSR, resignation of Gorbatchev.
December: The leaders of the Transnistrie proclaim their independence with respect to the Moldavie.

the Hungarian government signs cooperation agreements with the Poland, the Czech Republic, the Slovakia, the Russia and the Ukraine (1991-1992).
With the beginning of the year, in Czechoslovakia, 98% of GDP still comes from the official sector. Three methods are planned for privatiser: restitution with their former owners of the credits nationalized by the Communist regime; the transformation of the government enterprises into companies of private law sold to private individuals; distribution of coupons ( vouchers ) free to the population.
the Soviet Union sinks in the economic depression. Each republic is folded up on itself and carries out exchanges with its neighbors in the form of barter; economic space splits up; number of production lower approximately 10%. Inflation starts to reach vertiginous levels. The capacity, paralyzed, does not dare to take the economic measures which are essential.
the Supreme Soviet legalizes the “denationalization” of the government enterprises.

Africa

January 6th: Algeria, to Tamanrasset, signature enters the government of the Mali and the representatives of the rebellion Touareg of the agreements putting a term at the rebellion of 1990 -1991.
January 27th: Fall of the government Somali of the general Siad Barre, overcome by the Congrès of unified Somalia (CSU) and replaced by the chief of the rebels Ali Mahdi Muhammad.
January: Victoire of the opposition to the legislative elections with the Cape Verde.
March 23rd: Civil war of Sierra Leone (fine the January 18th 2002).
March 24th: Nicéphore Soglo gains the presidential election with the Bénin vis-a-vis Mathieu Kérékou.
March 26th: Riots with Bamako. To the Mali, a military coup d'etat directed by Amadou Toumani Touré puts an end to 23 years dictatorship of Moussa Traoré.
March 29th: Amadou Toumani Touré founds with the Mali a mode of “Democratic transition” and assumes the chairmanship of the “ Comité of Transition for Safety from the People ” (CTSP); rehabilitation of the “historical figures of modern Mali”. Alpha Oumar Konaré will be elected democratically with the presidency in 1992. Cease-fire enters the government Malian and the rebellion touarègue.
Mars: New constitution and legislative elections multipartists with the Gabon.
April - May: Political agitation with the Cameroun.
May 21st, Ethiopia: The colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam gives up the capacity after the victory of the Eritrean rebels and tigréens against the regular army.
May 28th: Meles Zenawi, of the revolutionary democratic Front of the Ethiopian people is elected president democratically in Ethiopia.
May: Civil war in Somalia. Old the Somaliland declares its independence unilaterally. War of the clans (1991 - 1996).
May 31st: Signature of an peace agreement in Angola between the president Back Santos and the chief of the UNITA, Jonas Savimbi.
June 2nd:

Abolition of the last laws of Apartheid in South Africa.
democratic Constitution with the Burkina Faso.

June 16th: For the first year, the Journée of the African child is celebrated in remembering the Massacre of Soweto.
June: Provisional government of FPLE in Érythrée.
July 8th - August 28th: National conference with the Togo.
July 9th: After 30 year S of suspension, the South Africa reinstates the Olympic movement.
July 29th:

Opening to Bamako (Mali) of the “ National conference ” chaired by Tinder Toumani Touré, which, in fifteen days, will adopt a constitution project, an Electoral code, a Charter of the political parties, as well as a text on the state of the Nation!
National conference with the Niger.

August: Forum for the Restoration of the Democracy to the Kenya.
September: Violent riots with the Zaire. Plundering with Kinshasa and in the great urban centres.
October 30th: Tripartite Conference on the elections legislative with the Cameroun.
November 1st: The opponent Frederick Chiluba becomes president of the Zambia after his victory with presidential over the president Kenneth Kaunda.
19 - November 21st: To Paris, the 4th Sommet of the Francophonie invites the African States to continue the process of “democratization”.
December 26th: Success of the Islamic front of the Hello (MADE) to the first turn legislative elections in Algérie.
December:

Beginning of the revolt afare with Djibouti.
Introduction of the multi-party system to the Kenya.

Conference of Abuja: the members of OAU discuss the creation of a project of African economic community to develop in six phases from here 2025.
National conferences with the Congo and the Zaire.
Multi-party system in Central Africa with the Togo, in Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania and Sierra Leone with the Burundi, the Kenya and the Seychelles.

The Middle East & Arab world

January 9th: Tarek Aziz, Minister Iraqi for the Foreign affairs meets his American counterpart James Baker with Geneva. Baker threatens Iraq of a recourse to the force. Between the 10 and the January 13rd, the Congrès of the United States gives any capacity to president Bush to use the American forces in order to release the Kuwait.
January 17th - February 28th: War of the Gulf.

January 17th: Beginning of the operation Storm of the desert , air phase of the allied military intervention against the Iraq with the Kuwait (until the February 24th).
January 25th: The Iraq starts to pour several million barrels of petrol in the Gulf.
February 7th: The Iraq starts the fire of the Kuwaiti oil wells, obstructing the allied air offensives.
February 15th: Stop day of Resolution 678 of the Safety advice of the United Nations. The USSR sends Evgueni Primakov which manages to reopen the dialog with Saddam Hussein, which accepts resolution 660 but request exchanges of it the Israeli withdrawal of the territories and the departure of the forces of the coalition of the Gulf.
February 22nd: Primakov obtains an Iraqi withdrawal calendar of the Kuwait in three weeks. The United States, which wants to destroy the Iraqi military potential, requires an immediate withdrawal.

February 24th: Beginning of the operation Saber of the desert : terrestrial phase of allied military operations against the Iraq (fine the February 28th).
February 28th: The Kuwait is released (but the Iraqis set fire to its oil wells) and Saddam Hussein accepts a cease-fire.

March 3rd: End of the War of Kuwait, 1990-1991.

In the days which follow the release of the Kuwait, the mode organizes a repression campaign against the supposed collaborators of the Iraqis, primarily the Palestinian populations. Several thousands of people are summary victims of executions, then the government launches a more regular action with judgments. 300 000 Palestinians are expelled and take refuge partly in Jordan.
Insurrection in Iraq of 1991. The coalition does not go on Baghdad of fear of destabilizing the area. Saddam Hussein is maintained with the capacity in Iraq and reign by terror. Its Republican guard remained intact crushes the Kurdish rebellions in north and Chiite in the south. The Shiite insurrectionists fold up themselves on the Iran mid-March.

March 6th: Declaration of Damas establishing a co-operation and a coordination between the Member States of the Cooperation Council of the Gulf, the Syria and the Egypt. A “Arab force of peace” intended “to ensure the safety and the integrity of the Arab States of the Gulf” is installation.
At the beginning of April, the Kurds flee per thousands of Iraq towards Turkey.
April 5th: UNO reacts to repression against the Kurdish and the Chiites revolted by Saddam Hussein by the resolution 688 which expresses its concern for the fate of the Iraqi civil populations and considers that repression threatens peace and safety of the area.
April 13rd: The Americans launch the operation “Provide comfort” intended to bring a humanitarian aid to the Kurds. A zone of air exclusion is created and the Kurd regions acquire an autonomy in fact, reinforced by the negotiations between the Kurdish movements and the Iraqi mode. The Kurdish refugees can renter. The two Kurdish parties (DPK and UDK) enter in competition for the control of the area.
May 8th: Mubarak announces the withdrawal of the Egyptian forces of the Kuwait and the Saudi Arabia.
October 30th: Israeli-Arab Conference of peace, with Madrid, under sponsorship of the the United States and the the USSR, and with the participation of PLO, the Israelis, Jordanian and the Syrians, to ensure the stability of the Middle East by the Pacific regulation of the dispute arabo-Israeli. The conversations which continue in Washington do not succeed, because Israeli the Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, obsessed by the safety of his country, shows himself more and more being wary with respect to of the United States. The US government, furious from the continuation of installation of Jewish settlers in the occupied territories, comes from there to refuse its guarantee with Israeli loans.

Egypt

Showdown of islamist against the mode, primarily in High Egypt. The mode prolongs the state of emergency and proclaims a law “against armed subversion”.

Saudi Arabia

Of proclamations showing the mode to have made Saudi Arabia an American protectorate are diffused. The opponents gather in a “defense committee of the legitimate rights” and require, in the name of the Islamic law, a true political representation and a participation in the capacity. The mode answers by a repression police and constrained the opponents to be exiled. The king Fahd tries a policy of political expansion: it trains an advisory counsel of 60 named members, chooses in same social environments as those of the islamist ones. A fundamental law of the kingdom fixes for the first time the role of monarchy and the royal family.
Saudi Arabia finances half of the effort of war, that is to say approximately 50 billion dollars. The kingdom decides to increase its production while benefitting from the absence of Iraq on the market and passes from 5,4 million barrels by days in 1990 to 8 million in 1991. These measurements do not prevent Saudi Arabia from undergoing a financial crisis, accentuated by massive and ill-considered purchases of armaments.

Lebanon

July: The Palestinians of the Lebanon-South are disarmed and practically prohibited PLO. The entry of the Lebanese army in the zone under the control of the FINUL involves the reaction of Israel.
Fall: The militia evacuate the agglomeration of Beirut.
December 21st: Omar Karamé form a government in which certain chiefs of militia obtain wallets (Samir Geagea, Elias Hobeika, Walid Joumblatt, Soleimane Frangié). Political stabilization is restored at the beginning of 1992.

The Caucasus

April 9th: Independence of the Georgia.
In spring, the Soviet troops undertake to empty the Armenian villages located on the territory of the Azerbaïdjan.
May 26th: Zviad Gamsakhourdia president of the Georgia.
August 30th: Independence of the Azerbaïdjan.
September 2nd: The Haut-Karabagh proclaims its independence following a referendum. The end of the year the Azerbaijani authorities answer the nationalist claims of Haut-Karabagh by the abolition of the statute of autonomy. The Armenians retort by proclaiming the independence of Haut-Karabagh. The engagements intensify (bombardments, blockade, waves of refugees).
September 5th: Following a coup d'etat, the general Djokhar Doudaïev becomes president of the Republic of Tchétchéno - Ingouchie.
September 21st: Referendum in Arménie. The Armenian voters approve the declaration of independence presented by the USSR.
September 23rd: The Arménie proclaims its independence.
October 16th: Levon Ter-Petrossian is elected, by the vote for all, the presidency of the Republic in Arménie, with 84% of the votes.

Asia & India

January 10th: In China, the founded martial law the May 20th 1989, is raised.
16 - April 19th:

frontier Agreement sino Soviet.
Visit of Mikhail Gorbatchev with the Japan.

both Korea adherent in the United Nations, and the two countries sign agreements nuclear armament reconciliation.

Southeast Asia

February 23rd: Military coup d'etat in Thailand. A military junta reverses the government of the general Chatichai Choonhavan before, elected six months and substitutes to him a provisional civil government. Beginning of the dictatorship of the general Suchinda Kaprayoon.
March 7th: Anand Panyarachun, Prime Minister of Thailand.
May 26th: a Boeing 767 of the company Lauda Air is crushed in Thailand. It was about the flight 004. The accident does not leave any survivor among the 223 passengers and team members.

June 14th: 700 died in the eruption of the Volcano Pinatubo with the Filipino . Important rain of ashes.
July 23rd: End of the civil war to the Kampuchea. Peace agreement between the various Kampuchean factions. The country is placed temporarily under supervision of the the United Nations, which is charged to supervise the demobilization of the armed forces, the return of the 370 000 refugees and behavior of free elections.
August 8th: Vo Van Kiet, Prime Minister for the Vietnam.
September 16th, Filipino: The lease of the American bases of Clark (air) and of Subic Bay (naval) expires. The United States negotiates with the government of Cory Aquino to obtain the renewal for ten years from it. After rough discussions on the amount of the annual allowance, a treaty is signed, but it is rejected by the Filipino senate, in spite of a popular approval founded on the job losses which the closing of the bases would cause. As at the same time the eruption of the Pinatubo volcano prohibits the use of the airport of Clark, the United States agree to leave the base, then return later one year Subic Bay, their greater naval base abroad.
October 23rd: Return of the prince Norodom Sihanouk to the Kampuchea after a 12 years exile. End of the war to the Kampuchea.
November 12th: Massacre with the Eastern Timor, perpetrated by the troops indonésiennes in November at the time of a demonstration for independence (perhaps 200 000 died on 700 000 inhabitants). The engagements continue between the army indonésienne and the partisans of Fretilin. The negotiations carried out under the aegis of the United Nations do not lead to any tangible solution.

the United States installs a diplomatic antenna with Hanoi in order to organize the research of the missing reported American soldiers and to start the diplomatic revival.
Of the more cordial relations begins again between the Vietnam and the China without a litigation concerning the maritime borders between the two countries being regulated.

Indian Sub-continent

March 6th: Rajiv Gandhi denounces a business of phone-tapping which causes the resignation of the Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar.
April: A Cyclone with the Bengladesh made 125 000 dead.
May 12th, Nepal: PCN has gained the first multi-party elections organized for thirty-two years.
May 21st: Rajiv Gandhi is assassinated during the electoral campaign by Tamouls.
May 26th, Nepal: The general secretary of the party of the Nepalese Congress, Girija Prasad Koirala, brother of Bisheswar Prasad Koirala, is named Prime Minister.
June 21st: New elections in India. The Congrès gains the elections, without having the absolute majority. BJP becomes the second party of India with 119 seats. Sonia, widow of Rajiv Gandhi, having declined the offer to succeed to him the head of the Congress, Narasimha Rao is indicated like chair Congress, then Prime Minister. He chooses his government within the Congress.
July - August: The government of Narasimha Rao changes from 40 to 51% the share of foreign assets in the Indian companies. The the IMF then promises a loan of 6 billion dollars
December: Visit Chinese Prime Minister Li Peng with New Delhi.

Central Asia

August: The Supreme Soviet is dissolved with the Kazakhstan.
August 31st:

Independence of the Ouzbékistan (celebrated on September 1st).
Independence of the Kyrgyzstan.

September 9th: Independence of the Tadjikistan.
October 27th: Independence of the Turkménistan.
November: Election and constitutional referendum in Tadjikistan which make it possible Emomali Rahmonov (called Emomalii Rahmon today) to be elected with the presidency of the Parliament and to thus take up the duties of Head of the State. Russia, very attached to the reign of a laic order in the area, maintains troops in Tadjikistan in order to prevent the infiltrations of the islamist extremists starting from the Afghanistan.
December 2nd: Rahmon Nabiev (Rakhman Nabiyev) is elected president of the Tadjikistan.

Resurgence of the Islamism to the Tadjikistan. Thousands of mosques are built. Engagements between islamist procommunists and democrats tear the country, leading finally to the resignation of the president Rahmon Nabiev (1991-1992), chief of the Communist party of the RSS tadjike at the beginning of the Années 1980.

December 16th: Independence of the Kazakhstan.
December 29th: Islom Karimov is re-elected president of the Ouzbékistan.

the population of the Ouzbékistan includes/understands 72% of Uzbeks, Russian 8%, 5% of Inhabitants of Tajik and 4% the Kazakh ones.

With the Kazakhstan, 40% the Kazakh ones coexist with 38% from Russians, German 6% and 5% of Ukrainians.

The Antarctic, Oceania & the Pacific

January: Peace agreement between the separatists of Bougainville and the New Guinea-News-Guinea.
October 4th: Agreement on the Protocol of Madrid on environmental protection concerning the the Antarctic after two years of Lobbying of the France and the Australia.
December 20th: Paul Keating, becomes Labor Prime Minister in Australia (fine in 1996).

Americas

January 14th: Jorge Antonio Serrano Elías, president of the Guatemala (fine in 1993)
February 7th: First presidency of Jean-Bertrand Aristide in Haiti (fine the September 29th).
March 26th: Treaty of Asunción between the Brazil, the Argentinian , the Paraguay and the Uruguay. Foundation of the Mercosur, Common Market of the “southern cone” of America.
May 10th, Brazil: Second “Collor plan”, involves the resignation of the Minister for the economy, Zélia Cardoso of Mello, and most of its team. Collor, vis-a-vis the medium of the companies and with the paulists, names an orthodoxe banker, Marcilio Marques, as Minister for the economy, which manages to negotiate the foreign debt but does not come to end from the “stagflation”.
June 15th: Foundation of the Québécois Block.
June 19th: Pablo Escobar, the chief of the Trust of Medellin 41 years old, regarded as one of the largest criminals of the 20th century, delivers to the Colombian authorities and receives the insurance never not to be extradited towards the the United States. Implied in the assassination of three candidates to the presidency, from a Minister for justice, a prosecutor of the Nation, and more than 200 police officers, it will profit from a maximum safety in the prison any comfort which it itself chose.
August 27th: Tornado with Maskinongé, Quebec, Canada.
September 11th: Withdrawal on the one hand Soviet soldiers of Cuba.
September 25th: Act of New York. Beginning of the negotiations for the end of the civil war with the El Salvador (1991-1992). It made 80 000 died in twelve years.
September 29th: In Haiti, following a military Coup d'etat, the president Jean-Bertrand Aristide is deposited.
December 31st: Peace agreements between the government of the El Salvador and FMLN negotiated by the General secretary of UNO Javier Pérez de Cuéllar.

Revival of MCCA, Common Market of the countries of Central America.

Argentinian

More 100 000 civils servant lose their employment in Argentina (1991-1992), reducing the wage bill of the State of 10% and 200 000 teachers are transferred to the load from the provinces.
Law of convertibility of Carlos Menem which fastens the parity of the national currency to that of the dollar, on a basis of southern for a dollar, removing all controls of exchange.
Plane of the Minister for the economy Domingo Cavallo against inflation in Argentina: considerable lowering of the customs duties, privatization massive, tax reforms to increase the income and reduction of the expenditure, total convertibility of southern in dollar atfixed rate (in 1992, new the peso is worth a dollar), prohibition made at the central bank finance the budget deficits by the creation of currency, end of the indexing of the wages and the financial contracts. Thanks to the Cavallo plan, inflation falls of 800% per annum in 1990 with less than 5% in 1995-un too high rate nevertheless for a peso related to the dollar, from where a deterioration of the balance of payments - currents, an increase in unemployment, a deceleration of the very perceptible growth as from 1995. The following year, Menem returns Cavallo.

The United States

January 1st: The magazine Times allots to George Bush the title of man of the year.
January 17th - January 28th: The war of the Gulf drives out the Iraqi troops which occupied Kuwait. 84% of the Americans support the war (48% of the Afro-Americans). Peace marches burst however in all the country.
August 17th: Bush condemns the communist attempt at putsch of Moscow at the request of Boris Eltsine.
October 18th: Clarence Thomas is named judge with Supreme court.
November: Law on the non-discrimination in employment.
December 4th: Discontinuance of business of the American company Side Am (Side American World Airways).

Bush is opposed to the chiefs of the parliamentary opposition in the search of a solution to the budget deficit. It fails in its combat in favor of a reduction of the imposition of the appreciations, then imposes a surtax on the highest incomes, while accepting an increase in taxes which strike the middle-classes in priority. Many its republican partisans feel betrayed by the violation of its promise of countryside, “ No New Taxes ”.
Bush launches a great program for the teaching which suffers from a lack of credit.
Birth of the core Linux, created by Linus Torvalds
Fine of the recession. Growth of the US economy.

Arts & culture

Visual arts

Bullfighting

May 23rd: With Cordoue (Spain), alternate of Juan Serrano Pineda known as “Finito de Córdoba”, Spanish Matador.
September 20th: With alternate Nimes (France, department of the Gard), of Manual Caballero, Spanish Matador .

Sciences & technology

Sport

Nobel Prize

Birth in 1991

January 19th: Erin Sanders, American actress.
February 10th: Emma Roberts, actress amércaine.
February 17th: Bonnie Wright, British actress.
August 16th: Sarah-Jeanne Labrosse, Canadian actress.

Death in 1991

January 9th: Georges Croisile, first pasha of the France
January 11th: Carl David Anderson, physicist, Nobel Prize of physics in 1936 (° September 3rd 1905)
January 19th: Marcel Chaput, founder of the Gathering for national independence (° October 14th 1918)
January 20th: Louis Seigner, French actor, in the fire of its apartment.
February 3rd: Luciano Will counter, Mexican Matador (° June 3rd 1903).
March 2nd: Serge Gainsbourg, type-setter and singer (° April 2nd 1928)
March 16th:

Gianna Beretta Molla ( Santa Scorcese ) béatifiée with Rome, three years later, by the Pope Jean-Paul II (° February 6th 1968).
Govindan Aravindan, Indian realizer

March 21st: Leo Fender (Clarence Leonidas Fender), industrialist of the guitar (° August 10th 1909)
March 25th: M {{gr.}} Lefebvre, man of the church (° November 29th 1905)
April 1st: Martha Graham, dancer and American choreographer (° May 11th 1894)
April 3rd: Graham Greene, British writer (° October 2nd 1904)
April 5th: Sony Casing, American astronaut (° August 15th 1947)
April 16th: David Lean, British realizer (° March 25th 1908)
April 27th: Robert Velter, Draftsman of data base (° 1909)
May 1st: Richard Thorpe, American realizer
May 3rd: Jerzy Kosiński, American writer of Polish origin (° June 18th 1933)
May 15th: Tinder Hampâté Bâ, writer Malian
June 3rd: Katia and Maurice Kraft, volcanologists French (° April 17th 1942 and ° 1946)
June 6th: Stan Getz, musician of American Jazz (° February 2nd 1927)
June 14th: Peggy Ashcroft, British actress
August 8th: James Irwin, American astronaut
August 12th: Edward George Bowen, electronics specialist Welsh (° January 14th 1911)
August 21st: Costanzo W. Figlinesi, 79 years, Italian painter. (° 1912).
September 3rd: Frank Capra, American realizer of Italian origin (° May 18th 1897)
September 25th: Viviane Lovesong, (Pauline Ronacher Ortmanns), 79 years, French actress.
September 25th: Klaus Barbie, former chief of the Gestapo of Lyon (° September 25th 1913)
September 28th: Miles Davis, Type-setter and American Trumpet player (° May 25th 1926)
October 7th: Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi, Argentinian founder of the New Acropolis (° September 3rd 1930)
November 7th: Gaston Monnerville, French politician (° January 2nd 1897)
November 9th: Yves Montand, singer and movie actor (° October 13rd 1921)
November 18th: Gustáv Husák, Czechoslovakian politician
November 24th: Freddie Mercury, British singer type-setter of the group Queen (° September 5th 1946)
November 25th: Christian Montcouquiol known as “Nimeño II”, Matador French (° March 10th 1954)
December 9th: Berenice Abbott, American photographer (° July 17th 1898).
December 13rd: Raymond Gernez, Politician French, mayor of Cambric of 1945 with 1977. (° November 27th 1906).
December 22nd: Hans Edmund Wolters, German ornithologist (° February 11th 1915)
December 23rd: Ernst Krenek, Austrian Type-setter. (° August 23rd 1900).

Beats-smg: 1991 Be-X-old: 1991 Map-bms: 1991 Simple: 1991 Zh-min-nan: 1991 nor Zh-yue: 1991 年

Random links:

Kandahar | Santa Fe Corporación Deportiva | Sérigné | Very Streams | Jessica Sutta