1990

This page relates to the year 1990 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

May 17th: The the World Health Organization removes the Homosexualité list of the Mental diseases, putting an end to more than one century of Homophobie medical.
May 30th - June 3rd: With Camp David, Bush and Gorbachev get along on the broad outlines of a future disarmament: reduction of 50% of the strategic weapons and reduction of 50% of the chemical weapons.
August 2nd: Beginning of the war of Kuwait (1990-1991). The Iraqi troops of Saddam Hussein invade Kuwait
December 14th: A resolution of UNO on the interference creates the humane concept of corridors S in order to reach to the populations in suffering.
the Nobel Prize of peace is allotted to Mikhaïl Gorbatchev.

Africa

February 2nd: The African National congress is legalized in South Africa.
February 11th, South Africa: Frederik de Klerk carries out the release of Nelson Mandela and starts negotiations with the black nationalist movements. Date symbolic system in disappearance from the Apartheid.
19 - February 28th: National conference of the Benign . Replacement of the Marxist mode by a liberal mode.
March 21st: Accession of the Namibia to independence after the victory of SWAPO to the elections of the autumn 1989.
May 5th: Agitation in Ivory Coast leads the president Felix Houphouët-Boigny to authorize the multi-party system.
May 26th: Creation of the Social Democratic Face with the Cameroun.
June 17th: Violence in the university residences of Abidjan, involving a violent military repression carried out by the general Robert Gueï. Burden with the workers and manifestations of the pupils.
June 19th: Abrogation of the law of racial segregation (Apartheid) prohibiting the Blacks in the public places in South Africa. The legislative arsenal of apartheid is dismantled.
9 - July 11th: Summit of the Organization of African Unity with Addis-Abeba (Ethiopia) which adopts the African Charte of the rights and the wellbeing of the child.
June 20th: With La Baule, at the time of the opening of the 16th Franco-African top, the president Mitterrand announces that French help in the States of Africa will be related to the evolution of democratization and each country will have to fix the stages and the pace of it.
June: Demonstrations in favor of democratization with Madagascar.
September 9th: Capture and assassination of the president Samuel Doe with the Liberia.

Civil war with the Liberia (1990 - 1996). Intervention of a force of African western interposition (Ecomog) under the aegis of the Nigeria, which manages to disarm the factions which clash.

October 1st: Rwanda Beginning of the attack of exiled the Tutsi starting from the Uganda. Fatal combat between Hutu Tutsis and .
October 2nd: Died with the combat of Fred Rwigema, historical leader of FPR (exiled Tutsi of the Rwanda). It ordered a group of about fifty combatants having crosses the Ugandan border and to attack a Rwandan border post.
October 4th, Rwanda: Beginning of the French military intervention which will last until December 1993
October 25th, Mali: Creation of the Alliance for the democracy in Mali which gathers opponents with the military regime of Moussa Traoré.
October 28th: Felix Houphouët-Boigny is re-elected president in Ivory Coast vis-a-vis Laurent Gbagbo.
November 7th: Alassane Ouattara, Prime Minister of Ivory Coast (fine in 1993).
November 12th: Deposition of the king of the Lesotho Moshoeshoe replaced by his/her son Letsie III.
November 22nd: Amos Sawyer, President of Liberia by interim.
February 1st: With the Chad, Idriss Déby, old advised military of Hissène Habré shift this last with the assistance of the Libya.
December:

Constitution based on the Multi-party system with the Benign .
Creation of the national council of the “Lifeblood” with Madagascar.

Multi-party system with the Mozambique, in Zambia, with the Rwanda, the Cape Verde, the Niger and the Chad.
Abandonment of the sole party to the Cameroun, the Zaire and the Congo.
In Tanzania, Julius Nyerere lance the debate on the multi-party system.
Strike of the workers and manifestations of the pupils to the Gabon.
Boycott of the local elections by the opposition to the Senegal.

Americas

February 15th:

Meeting of Carthagène, between the president George Bush and her counterparts of the area, to fight against the drug trafficking.
the Argentinian and the the United Kingdom restore their diplomatic relations.

February 25th: Free elections with the Nicaragua. The Sandinista Daniel Ortega is beaten with presidential election by the candidate of the National union of opposition (UNO), Violeta Chamorro, widow of the political director assassinated in 1978. Ortega declares that “the change of government does not mean the end of the revolution” and that its party, extremely of 40% of the votes and the control of the trade unions, would continue to control “in bottom” in order to protect the assets from the revolution. The Sandinistas preserve the control of the army. The situation remains unstable until the conclusion of a final truce with the Contras in 1994.
February: Reduction of the debt of the Mexico of 12% following the plan Brady. The country can take again its growth while paying its interests, after having liberalized its economy.
March 11th - September 26th: Crisis of Oka to the Quebec. Conflict enters the Mohawk S and Québécois safety (question of the territorial division and the rights of the Indians to Canada).
March 15th: Fernando Affonso Collor of Mello becomes president of the Republic of the Brésil (fine in 1992). It launches first “Collor plan”, radical but anticonstitutional: all the bank accounts remunerated of more than 50$ are cold, a new currency is created and various measurements are taken to reduce the role of the State. The economic situation is so bad (89% of inflation in March) that nobody reacts. The plan fails.
April 4th: Resumption of the dialog to the El Salvador. A signed agreement with Geneva envisages the participation of UNO like mediator in the payment of the civil war.
July 18th: Alberto Fujimori becomes president of the Peru. He manages to circumscribe the effects of the terrorist movement of the luminous, inspiration Maoist and totalitarian Sentier, while resorting to often illegal means and while profiting to sit his personal capacity.
Haiti: election of Jean-Bertrand Aristide, after about thirty military years of governments.
60 000 died with the Nicaragua since 1979.
Creation of a Fund of social investment urgently to the Nicaragua.
the president George Bush and the Mexican president Carlos Salinas decide in favor of an extension of the ALE to the Mexico.
Program “Twist-solidarity” with the Mexico, consisting in offering one kilo of twisted per day to the 2,3 million the poorest families.
the Bolivia, the Colombia, the Ecuador, the Peru and the Venezuela decide to start again the Andean Pacte on new bases.

the United States

Laws on the purity of the air (Clean Air Act), on the protection of the rights of the handicapped people, on the increase in the number of the emigrants and on the reduction of the deficit. Bush accepts a new rise in the taxation.
population of the east United States of 248,7 million people (9,9% of more than in 1980).
Deceleration of the activity, resulting from the over-indebtedness of the economy.
Fall of the average weekly wages: it passes from 300 constant dollars 1982 during the years 1970 to 250 dollars in first half of the years 1990. The majority of the created jobs are done in the SME which do not guarantee the social security benefits of the large companies.

Asia & Indian world

January: A law introducing the Multipartisme is voted with the Kazakhstan.
February 16th: Adoption of the Flag of HongKong.
March 21st, Mongolia: Within the Communist party, the economic crisis constrained the president Jambyn Batmonkh with the resignation. The reference to the role directing of the party is removed Constitution (Mars). The first multi-party elections take place in July. The Communists are maintained with the capacity. Punsalmaagin Ochirbat, former minister for the Foreign trade, their candidate with the presidency, triumphs easily. He inaugurates one period of political and economic liberalization.
April 24th: Noursoultan Nazarbaïev is elected president of the Kazakhstan by the Parliament then confirmed at this station by the vote for all with 95% of the votes on February 1st 1991. It engages with a government tightened in a soft transition towards the market economy. The research of stability, inside like outside, constitutes the priority for the leaders of the country. The freedom of speech and of meeting is granted to all except for the Russian and Kazakh nationalist extremists. All the activities likely to foment ethnic disorders are prohibited. Close relationships are maintained with the Russia in the economic domains, soldiers and policies.
April: The martial law is raised to the Tibet at the end of the month.
May: Kim It-sung is re-elected with the presidency of the North Korea for four years.
August 6th: Benazir Bhutto, the Prime Minister Pakistani, is dismissed by the president Ghulam Ishaq Khan, for corruption, it is replaced by Nawaz Sharif.
September 9th: First meeting, with Seoul, between the Prime Ministers Korean north and south.
October 25th: The Kazakhstan proclaims its sovereignty.
November 12th: Crowning of the emperor Akihito with the Japan, which succeeds Hiro Hito.
December 14th: Soviéto agreement southern Korea for the end of the cold war in Asia
Demonstrations for the democracy with the Nepal, violently repressed. The king Birendra authorizes the political parties and a coalition government is formed in April.
Gyelten Norbu, eleventh Panchen Lama presented by the Chinese government.

India

Renewal of tension between the India and the Pakistan with the Cashmere, which requires the intervention of the army. Resumption of the assassinations to the Panjab.
Scandals implying of the members of the government with New Delhi.
Activity of the Hindu nationalist extremists VHP request with each Hindu to contribute financially to the construction of the temple of Rāma to Ayodhya, whose construction is decided in June.
August: The Prime Minister V.P. Singh announces in the government extends its policy in favor of the Caste S underprivileged. By dividing the Hindus on the question of the castes, he hopes to thwart BJP (commission B.P. Mandal of 1979). The BJP reacts immediately by organizing a gigantic procession of tanks through all the country until Ayodhya, after having released the government. A new majority is found with the support of the Congress.
November 10th: Chandra Shekhar becomes Prime Minister.
May 5th: an elephant crushes a bus. Five died and twenty wounded

Southeast Asia

May, Burma: The legislative elections see the crushing victory of the opposition party, the National league for the democracy, directed by Mrs. Aung San Suu Kyi (girl of Aung San, assigned with residence as of 1989) but the SLORC refuse the behavior of the convention of the Parliament of the people and continue his policy of repression.
August 28th: Peace plan to the Kampuchea.

the United States and other countries gives up supporting the guerilla in Kampuchea. In August, the four factions accept creation by the United Nations from a supreme National council (CNS) like provisional government. UNO sends troops and of the personnel in order to control the administration and to organize national elections. The prince Norodom Sihanouk, of return to the Kampuchea as chief of the supreme National council, is accepted by the majority of Kampuchean like the only person able to found peace.

Malaysia: The elections maintain the National front with the capacity. With the Sabah and Sarawak, on the other hand, the opposition parties gain the elections. The two States estimate not to have benefitted from the growth and the industrialization of the years 1970 and 1980, whereas oil, natural gas and wood allowed this industrialization.

Europe

Western Europe

January 15th: Creation of the European Bank for the rebuilding and the development (BERD), which associates 34 countries.
April 11th: The legislative elections in Greece give the absolute majority to the Nouvelle Democracy. Constantinos Mitsotakis becomes Prime Minister (fine in 1993).
June 19th: Signature with Schengen with the Luxembourg, of the agreements of the same name on freedom of movement enters the France, the the Federal Republic of Germany and the three countries of the Benelux.
July 1st: The movements of capital in the EEC are free.
August 27th: France adopts an attitude of firmness in the crisis of the gulf.
November 19th: Summit of CSCE in Paris: “Yalta finished this day even” (Mitterrand). Signature of the treaty of Paris on the conventional forces in Europe (FCE). It aims at eliminating the numerical advantage available to the forces from the Warsaw Pact. Enormous quantities of weapons (nonnuclear) must be destroyed between 1992 and 1995.
October 3rd: Soviéto-American agreement on the reduction of the conventional armaments in Europe.

Germany

January 8th: Mass demonstrations in GDR in favor of the German reunification.
February 10th: Mikhail Gorbatchev accepts the German unification but out of the structure of NATO.
February 13rd: NATO and the Warsaw Pact at this meeting in Ottawa decide reduction of the conventional forces in Europe and discuss the German reunification.
March 8th: The FRG recognizes the line Oder-Neisse.
March 14th: First meeting conference 2+4: +1 because the Poland is associated there.
March 18th: Declaration of independence of GDR with respect to the USSR, following the free elections which see the democratic success of Christians (related in CDU with the capacity in FRG). The Communist party, renamed party of democratic socialism, crumbles.
April 12th: The democratic Christian (CDU) Lothar de Maizière is elected last chancellor of GDR.
April 28th: To the European Council of Dublin (under Irish presidency), the European Community agrees on the German Réunification.
May 5th: The the USSR refuses the entry of the Germany reunified in NATO.
May 18th: GDR and FRG sign agreement of an economic and monetary union, stage towards the reunification.

to avoid a massive emigration of the labor of the east towards the west, the chancellor Kohl makes adopt, in spite of the opposition of many economists, the currency value between the deutschemark of FRG and that of GDR; the wages, the retirements and the saving (to 4000 DM) will be converted at the rate of for one; enormous appropriations (115 billion DM) are designed to facilitate the passage to the market economy.

June 1st: Mikhail Gorbatchev and George Herbert Walker Bush signs with Washington a treaty of chemical disarmament.
June 17th: Signature of an agreement of good neighborhood between the Germany reunified and the Poland.
June 21st: Volksammer (assembled East-German) and the Bundestag (assembled West German) recognize the Oder-Neisse border solemnly, and ratify the Treaty of State RDA-RFA.
June 22nd: Disappearance with Berlin of Checkpoint Charlie , not of passage between the east and the west since 1961.
July 1st: Coming into effect of the economic union and monetarist enters GDR and the FRG: the reunification is done under the auspices of liberalism. The monetary union enters the facts, but without political union, it does not encourage war the Western companies to invest, the more so as the labor costs appear from now on very high. The East-German government of Lothar de Maizière agrees to negotiate a second treaty which will be able to apply only after the agreement of the four occupying powers (the United States, the USSR, the United Kingdom, France).
July 16th: At the time of a meeting between Helmut Kohl and Mikhail Gorbatchev, this one accepts under condition the entry of the Germany reunified within NATO.
August 23rd: Volksammer (assembled GDR) starting from October 3rd, 1990 decides the accession of GDR in FRG. Before the reunification, the Bundestag (FRG) and Volkskammer (GDR) vote for a resolution specifying that the border with Poland will not be called into question by the Germans, in exchange of what Poland gives up the war reparations and commits itself respecting the cultural rights of its small German-speaking minority.
August 31st: Signature with Berlin of the treaty of reunification enters FRG and GDR.
September 12th: Treaty of Moscow: 2+4 on the reunification of Germany enters both Allemagnes and the four powers of occupation. Gorbatchev gives up his opposition to the participation of Germany in NATO. The country is immediately a fully sovereign State. Its army will be reduced to 370 000 men. No nuclear weapon could be deployed in ex-GDR which the Soviet soldiers will leave at the latest in 1994, against payment of an allowance of 13 billion deutschemarks. The four powers give up the rights and the responsibilities that the victory of 1945.
October 3rd gave them: Reunification of the East Germany with the West Germany. The five Länder of GDR join FRG. The reunification is carried out by an annexation of the East by the West.
November 14th: Frontier agreement between the Poland and the Germany reunified, which recognizes the Ligne Oder-Neisse.
December 2nd: The CDU is renewed with the capacity with Bonn at the time of the elections.
Vigorous economic expansion in Germany at the time of the reunification (1990 - 1991), which contrasts with the languor which strikes simultaneously the France, the the United Kingdom and the Italy.

Italy

February: Devaluation of the lira of 4%.
Law on the right to strike, which imposes a notice.
the law Amato envisages the transformation of the banks of the public sector into joint stock companies.
80% of the Italians is said catholic (58% of the French) and 53% practice regularly (17% in France).

the United Kingdom

February 15th: The Argentinian and the the United Kingdom restore their diplomatic relations.
March 31st: Violent demonstrations in all the country against the Poll tax, uneven project aiming at replacing the local real taxes by an equal poll-tax for all, whatever the income and the inheritance. A large gathering degenerates into riot with London.
August 2nd: Margaret Thatcher supports the president George Bush in the crisis of the Gulf.
October: Entry of the United Kingdom in the European Monetary System.
November 23rd: Resignation of Margaret Thatcher after having been Prime Minister during 11 years and half, following a sling of the preserving deputies.
November 28th: Beginning of the preserving ministry of John Major, Prime Minister for the the United Kingdom (fine in May 1997). It continues the program of privatization.
the the United Kingdom refuses to ratify the agreements of Schengen which remove the frontier checks of the States of the EEC.
Privatization of the distribution of electricity in the United Kingdom (1990 - 1991).
Law softener the operation of the National Health Service by introducing the concept of “internal market” authorizing the general doctor to put the hospitals in competition and returning at the establishments the autonomy lost in 1946 as regards management of their resources and recruitment of the personnel.
1,6 million unemployed (3,2 in 1986). From 1979 at 1990, the industrial employment falls from 7,1 to 5,2 million.
Ford acquires the car manufacturer Jaguar.

France

Swiss

Eastern Europe

January:

Romania: Thousands of minors are sent to Bucharest to repress antigovernment demonstrations.
Of the thousands of Albanian takes part in demonstrations against the mode, seeks refuge in the foreign embassies or leaves by boat for Italy. Shy persons promises of reforms do not satisfy the dissatisfied ones which complain about the misery and the absence of freedoms.

February 14th: Introduction of the multi-party system in Albania.
March 25th - April 8th: Victoire of a coalition of the parties of center-right at the time of the first free legislative elections since forty-five years in Hungary. The socialist party (MSZP) obtains 10,89% of the voices. The referendum for the direct election of the president fails fault of participants. The National Assembly chooses a writer, Árpád Göncz, with the report heading. Hungary becomes the first nation of Central Europe to join the Council of Europe.
March 30th: Manifestation of the movement for the independence of the Slovakia to Bratislava.
April 8th: Declaration of independence of the Hungary with respect to the Soviet Union.
April: The Bulgarian Communist party takes the Bulgarian name of Socialist party.
May 20th: Declaration of independence of the Romania with respect to the Soviet Union. First first legislative pluralist elections since 44 years and election of the president Ion Iliescu (Face of national hello). It takes for Prime Minister the very media Petre Roman. The popular demonstrations anticommunists continue.
May 23rd: Jozsef Antall form the first government of after Communism in Hungary (fine in 1993).
June 8th: First free elections in Czechoslovakia since 1946, gained by the opponents with Communism. The civic Forum of Václav Havel and its allies obtain the majority of the two rooms of the Czechoslovakian Parliament. Havel is re-elected for a two years mandate and maintains Calfa, a former Communist, with the head of the coalition government.
June 9th: Declaration of independence of the Czechoslovakia with respect to the Soviet Union.
June 17th: First free elections in Bulgaria. The Bulgarian Socialist party obtains an absolute small majority, without being able to implement a policy of reform, whereas the economic crisis deepens.
In July, the Ukraine claims its independence.
July 5th: NATO offers its friendship to its old adversaries of the Warsaw Pact.
July 6th: Destabilized by a scandal, the president de Bulgarie Petar Mladenov resigns.
: Jeliou Jelev, first Bulgarian president of after Communism. Bulgaria knows an unstable situation which she hopes to leave by new elections in 1991.
August 4th: Árpád Göncz, president of the Republic of Hungary (fine in 2000).
November 13rd: “Democratic” evolution in Albania (Ramiz Combined).
December 9th: Lech Wałęsa is elected president of the Poland.

the double candidature for presidential of Walesa and Tadeusz Mazowiecki causes the bursting of Solidarité. Walesa is elected with the second turn, whereas about half of the registered voters abstain from. Torn between its political roles and trade-union, Solidarité loses much of its influence and nothing any more but 2,3 million members at the beginning of the Années 1990 counts. The country takes again officially the name of Republic of Poland. Mazowiecki dismantles the communist system (dissolution of POUP) and consolidates the transition towards the democracy.

December 11th: The multi-party system is proclaimed in Albania. The Communist party yields to the popular demonstrations and approves the principle of free elections open to all the parties.
December 23rd: Referendum on the independence of the Slovenia.
the Hungary approaches the transition in a tended ideological climate, which slows down the mobilizations of energies to pass from a system planned to an market economy.
142 000 Tziganes listed in Hungary.
the Minister for Finance Polish, Leszek Balcerowicz, control hyperinflation and undertakes a rapid transition towards an market economy. To reduce the total request interns, it uses the budgetary and monetary instruments jointly: raise nominal interest rates, reduction of the public expenditure, increase in the taxes, seeks of a budgetary surplus, fixing of a low and stable foreign exchange rate. This restrictive policy for negative purposes on the growth and employment.

Yugoslavia

January: The Ligue of the Communists of Yugoslavia gives up its monopoly on the political power (01). It posts its impotence to reconcile its various regional components.
January 24th: Albanian demonstrations and repression in the Kosovo.
March 1st: State of emergency in the Kosovo.
April 22nd - May 7th: Croatian Parliamentary election of 1990.

the nationalist and preserving groups receive a strong support at the time of the multi-party elections for spring: the Christian Democrats of Demonstrations are victorious in Slovenia (April); Franjo Tuđman, nationalist historian, former general of Tito, carries it in Croatia on a list of center-right, the nationalists in Macedonia (November), the democratic Party of action of Alija Izetbegović in Bosnia-Herzégovine. In Serbia and in Montenegro, the ex-Communists keep the capacity (December). In all these elections, the federalists in favor of the maintenance of the Yugoslavia gain the weak resulting ones.

June 26th: The Serbia suspends the government and the Parliament of the province of the Kosovo. Voïvodine is private of its autonomy.
July 2nd: Declaration of independence of the Slovenia.
July 2nd: Meeting the Serb ones of Croatia in Srb.
July 27th: The Serb communist League is transformed by Slobodan Milošević into socialist party of Serbia.
August 2nd: Nationalist demonstration in Macedonia.
September 2nd: Referendum on the independence of Serb of Croatia.
In September, first incidents, with Knin between Serb and Croats of Croatia.
December 21st: Proclamation of the Serb Republic of Krajina
December 26th: Votes by plebiscite in Slovenia in favor of the national unit.

The USSR

At the beginning of January, the Soviet Union had 10 500 nuclear warheads, to which were to add some 66 000 other nuclear warheads beyond the the Ural, out of the control of treaty CFE.
January 31st: Opening of the first “McDonald's” in Moscow.
February:

Mikhail Gorbatchev accepts, in a speech at the central committee, “political pluralism”.
pluralist Elections in Lithuania. Victoire of the anti-Soviet coalition and independence Sajudis (Lithuanian Movement of the rebuilding), started from Vytautas Landsbergis.

March 11th: Proclamation of the independence of the Lithuania, Moscow imposes a blockade.
March 15th: Mikhail Gorbatchev is elected president of the Soviet Union for 5 years. The Communist party gives up its monopoly of the political power by abrogeant article 6 of the Constitution. Politburo, which had been active during the first five years of the perestroika loses a good part of its capacity to the profit of two new institutions of State, the presidential Council and the Council of the Federation. In March, whereas Gorbatchev became executive president, the opponents gain important successes at the time of local elections.
Mars: Institution of the private property.
May 4th: Independence of the Latvia.
June 12th: Proclamation of sovereignty of the Republic of Russia. Boris Eltsine, president of the Parliament of Russia, leaves the Communist party.
July 10th: Gorbatchev is re-elected general secretary with the 28e congress of the Communist party.
August: Proclamation of independence of the minority gagaouze in Moldavie.
September 2nd: Secession of the Moldavian Republic of Transnistrie with respect to the Moldavie.
October 15th: Mikhail Gorbatchev receives the Nobel Prize of peace.
October: Gorbatchev carries out a “turn” (end in March 1991) to alleviate the conservatives on the right. But it does not gain therefore their favor, while losing supports it of a good part of the democrats who join in Eltsine. Its popularity falls (81% in December 1989, 52% one year later). It gives up the 500 days economic program, abolishes the presidential Council, promotes hostile conservatives with the reforms.
December 20th: The Foreign Minister Edouard Chevardnadze resigns in sign of protest against “the rise of the dictatorship”.
Food crisis.
a group of economists directed by Stanislas Chataline proposes “a 500 days program” radical, where the word “socialism does not appear”. He preaches a vast privatization, a broad transfer of the capacities to the republics constituting the USSR and the fast installation of institutions offering a stable framework for the operation of an market economy. Supported at the beginning by Gorbatchev, the plan runs up against the opposition of the sectors threatened in their privileges, which make the point that the time is too short. Gorbatchev chooses a compromise which dissatisfied everyone.

Oceania & the Pacific

Mars: The troops of New Guinea-News-Guinea must withdraw Bougainville. The revolutionary Army proclaims the island independent republic later two months.

The Middle East & world arabo-Moslem

April 2nd: Following the embargo set up by the Americans on the product sales technological at the Iraq, Saddam Hussein publicly shows the the United States and the Great Britain, which would support Israel in its will to intervene against Iraq. He threatens to resort to the use of chemical weapons if Israel is caught some at the Iraqi industrial sites. The Congrès of the United States considers a commercial embargo against Iraq.
May 21st: An agreement between the two Yemen allows the reunification of the country.
May: The top of Baghdad underlines the right of Iraq to take all the measures likely “to ensure its safety and to support the means of its development, including by the acquisition of average scientist and technological of point”.
July 2nd: In Saudi Arabia: 1426 pilgrims die trampled after a movement of panic with Mecque.
July 17th: Saddam Hussein shows the leaders of the Gulf of collusion with the the United States.
July 18th :

Saddam Hussein gives a message to the LEA in which he shows the Kuwait to steal the Iraqi Pétrole since 1980. The emirate requires an intervention of UNO.
the refusal of oil monarchies to compromise on the payment of the debts, in particular of Kuwait, irritates Baghdad. In addition Kuwait practices a policy of low price which blocks the Iraqi rebuilding. It exploited, during the Guerre Iran-Iraq, the oil layers common to both countries and Saddam Hussein claims compensations.

August 2nd : Beginning of the War of Kuwait (1990-1991).

the troops Iraq iennes of Saddam Hussein invade the Kuwait under pretext which the country formerly had been included in the government of Al Basra to the Othoman time. The Kuwaiti forces crumble and the emir takes refuge in Saudi Arabia. Baghdad installs a provisional government marionette.
resolution 660 of the Safety advice condemns the invasion and requires an immediate withdrawal.

August 3rd: The ministerial council of the Arab Ligue condemns the invasion of Kuwait. The Egypt tries a mediation.
August 4th: The Iraqi army invades the neutral zones separating the Iraq, the Kuwait and the Saudi Arabia. The latter fears an invasion of the oil area of the Hasa.
August 6th :

resolution 661 of the Safety advice of the United Nations, adopted by 13 vote and 2 went away (Cuba and the Yemen), decides on a Embargo commercial, financial and soldier against the Iraq.
the Secretary with Defense American, Dick Cheney, transmits to the Saoudis the information collected by the American satellites on the concentrations of Iraqi troops in the south of the Kuwait.
the Saudi Arabia accepts the American military deployment on its territory (operation “ Bouclier of the desert ”), which puts an end to the diplomatic transactions. In November, it is firmly defended by the forces of the coalition.

August 7th :

the the United States launch the operation Bouclier of the desert . Troops, tanks and fighters are sent in Saudi Arabia.
the United States cannot accept this aggression which violates the international law and is likely to put 40% of world reserves under the control of the Iraq if it would continue its attack on the Saudi Arabia. Arab monarchies feel directly threatened. Bush can build under the aegis of UNO a vast international coalition joining together NATO and of the Arab countries (of which Egypt and Syria) with the green light of Gorbatchev. A powerful task force is set up in four months, the greatest deployment since 1945.

August 8th: The Iraq appendix officially the Kuwait.
August 10th: At the time of the extraordinary summit of the the Arab League joined together with the Cairo, a narrow majority condemns the aggression of the Kuwait by the Iraq, underlining the division of the Arab world. The top decides the sending of a force panarabe (troops Syria, Egyptian and Morocco groins) to protect the Saudi Arabia.
August 18th: Baghdad announces the taken as hostages of the “nationals of aggressive nations” and decides to gather them in strategic zones, where they will be used like human shields against possible bombardments.
August 25th: Resolution 665 issues a total economic embargo on Iraq, authorizing the recourse to the average soldiers.
October 31st: Return of the seat of the the Arab League to the Cairo.
November 8th: The American president George Bush orders the sending of: 200000 additional soldiers in the Gulf. The American forces exceed them: 300000 men.
November 29th: As the embargo which strikes Iraq does not give any result, resolution 678 of the Safety advice of the United Nations, adopted by 12 votes against two - Cuba and the Yemen - and an abstention - the China - fix an ultimatum at the Iraq to apply from here to the January 15th 1991 the resolutions of UNO, if not all the “means necessary” will be used to make them respect.
December 24th: Loading with Toulon of 1st and 2nd squadrons of the Regiment of infantry-tanks of navy (RICM), first elements of the French Army leaving for Yambu, in Saudi Arabia, within the framework of the preparations of the war of the Gulf.

nonwell informed or unknown Dates :

the Soviet government joins again its diplomatic relations with the Saudi Arabia, broken since 1938.
November - December: Legislative elections in Egypt. The opposition parties legal abstain from. The PND, governing party, gains 79,6% of the votes and 348 seats out of 444.
Saddam Hussein hears, by annexing the oil-bearing fields of the Kuwait, to control 20% of world reserves, and to put a term at its financial problems and to make of its country a military great power. Acquisition by the force of a Sovereign state brings into play moral problems and is likely to upset with more or less long run balance geostrategic. The president of the United States, George Bush, makes vote by UNO an embargo on the oil exportations of Iraq and Kuwait annexed, and as the effects of this measurement are long in being felt, it builds a vast coalition. The taken world one of the crude strongly raises, but for little time, because the other producers increase the extracted quantities and strategic reserves consisted the industrialized States are ready to be put at consumption.

Raising

January: The Soviet government authorizes more 250 000 Russian Jews to emigrate towards Israel, which constitutes for the Arab people an unbearable sign, and multiplies with the Israelis the direct contacts and indirect. Starting from January 1990, 10 000 Soviet Jews per month emigrate towards Israel.
January 30th, Lebanon: Beginning of violent one engagements between the forces aounists and FL.
March 9th: The Israeli government announces that it accepts opening of negotiations with the Palestinians. The stake will relate only to the autonomy of the territories. Yitzhak Shamir, chief of a government on the right since the March 11th, adds that it will continue a policy of establishment of colonies and that it will not recognize the presence of nationals of Jerusalem-is in the future Palestinian delegation. It is the dead end.
May 30th: A raid of the Face of release of Palestine on the beach of Tel-Aviv, certainly financed by Baghdad, fails.
May: Elections in Syria. The independent candidates gain a certain number of seats to the detriment of the Baath. They are primarily tribal chiefs, men of religion and men of the new mediums of businesses.
June: The United States, refusing to make pressure on Israel, also gives up the dialog with PLO.
October 13rd: Syrian aviation bombards the positions aounists with the Lebanon. The general Michel Aoun decides to go and takes refuge with the embassy of France. The general Emile Lahoud is charged to set up a strong army to restore the authority of the State.
December 3rd: Official reunification of Beirut.

the Caucasus

January 20th: Entry of the Soviet troops in Azerbaïdjan.

important Armenian community of Bakou (approximately 100 000 people) undergoes in January in her turn terrible a Pogrom, renewed, in all impunity by a few thousands of Eraz (Azeri taken refuge of Arménie). One week after, the Soviet army gives the attack to the town of Bakou, perpetrating a true massacre in the civil population.

August 23rd: The Arménie declares its independence with respect to the USSR. The Armenian National movement, resulting from the Karabakh Committee, gains the first free legislative elections during the summer. The Armenian Parliament adopts laws on freedoms of speech, of press and association, on the multi-party system and the privatization of the grounds.
September 20th: In Georgia, the Ossétie of the South declares sovereign republic. The Supreme Soviet géorgien removes the administrative statute of the area. Engagements between Géorgiens and Ossètes follow and calm themselves only when one gripping force of peace made up of four parts (Russian, géorgienne, ossète of the South and ossète of North) are deployed.
October 28th: Election free in Georgia.
November 14th: Zviad Gamsakhourdia is carried to the capacity in Georgia. Fanatic and paranoiac anticommunist, it transforms himself very quickly into dictator.

Arts and culture

March 16th: With Valence (Spain), alternative of Enrique Sandpapers, Spanish Matador.
March 30th: With Arenas of San Pedro (Spain, Province of Ávila), alternate of Miguel Rodríguez, Spanish Matador.
May 13rd: With Valladolid (Spain), alternate of David Luguillano, Spanish Matador.
June 2nd: With Nimes (France, department of the Gard), alternative of Denis Loré, Matador French.
September 21st: With Nimes (France, department of the Gard), alternative of Jesús Janeiro Bazán known as “Jesulín de Ubrique”, Spanish matador.

Chronologies sets of themes

Aeronautical: 1990 in aeronautics
Railroads: 1990 in the railroads
Editions: 1990 in the edition
Sport: 1990 in sport
Cinéma

“ Danse with the wolves ” of Kevin Costner gains the Oscar better film.
“ Sailor and Lula ” of David Lynch gains the Palme of Gold to the Cannes festival.
“ Trop beautiful for you ” of Bertrand Blier gains the César of better film.

Sciences & technology

the Rocket ARIANE lance the satellite of observation Spot-2 like 6 other small satellites.
the American shuttle Atlantis takes off with 5 Astronaute S on his board for a secret military mission.
the American probe Magellan provides the first Venus images.
the American probe To travel 1, to 7 billion kilometers turns its camera towards the interior of the solar system and takes a series of stereotypes to constitute a single fresco on which 6 of the 9 appear Planet S.
Lancement of the Space telescope Hubble.
For the first time, the Médaille Fields is decreed with a Physicien, Edward Witten.
numerical First Camera without film.

Nobel Prize

Nobel Prize of physics: Jerome Isaac Friedman, Henry Way Kendall and Richard Edward Taylor
Nobel Prize of chemistry: Elias James Corey
Nobel Prize of physiology or medicine: Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas
Nobel Prize of literature: Octavio Paz
Nobel Prize of peace: Mikhail Gorbatchev

Births in 1990

April 15th: Emma Watson, British actress
April 16th: Jules Sitruk, actor French
November 29th: Blake and Dylan Tuomy-Wilhoit, actors American
December 22nd: Jean-Baptiste Maunier, actor and singer French

Death in 1990

January 6th: Pavel Tcherenkov, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize of physics 1958 (° July 28th 1904)
January 9th: Alfred Coste-Floret, politician French, (° 1911).
January 11th: Juliet Berto, Director of Theater and Director of Cinema, (° 1948).
January 17th: Charles Hernu, Socialist, former minister for the Armies, (° 1923).
January 20th: Barbara Stanwyck, American Actress, (° 1907).
January 25th: Ava Gardner, American actress, (° 1922).
February 14th: Michel Drach, Realizer French, (° 1930).
February 19th: Michael Powell, American Realizer, (° 1905).
March 7th: Claude Arrieu, French compositrice, (° 1903).
March 9th: Martial Singher, Singer of opera
March 12th: Philippe Soupault, French writer (° 1897)
March 13rd: Bruno Bettelheim, American psychoanalyst, (° 1903).
March 17th: Nasturtium, French Actress, (° 1933).
March 20th: Maurice Bell, Realizer French, (° 1907).
March 21st: Lev Yachine, Soviet goalkeeper , (° 1929).
March 24th: Alice Sapritch, French actress, (° 1916).
March 28th: Gianfranco Contini, critical arts person and philologist Italy N. (° January 4th 1912).
April 15th: Greta Garbo, American actress, (° 1905).
April 17th: Ronald Evans, American astronaut (° November 10th 1933)
April 18th: Frederic Rossif, Realizer French of documentary films and animalists, (° 1922).
April 23rd: Paulette Goddard, American actress, (° 1911).
May 8th: Luigi Nono, Italian Type-setter, (° 1924).
May 16th: Sammy Davis Jr., American Singer , (° 1925).
May 18th: Jill Ireland, British actress , (° 1936).
June 2nd: Rex Harrison, British Actor .
July 18th:

Yves Barge, draftsman and scenario writer of French cartoon (° 1957, 33 years).
Gerry Ball, Québécois song writer and performer

July 21st:

Eduard Streltsov, Soviet footballer, (° 1937).
Sacha Pitoëff, Actor French, (° 1920).

July 23rd: Pierre Gandon, Draftsman French and celebrates engraver postage stamps, (° 1899).
July 29th: Bruno Kreisky, Austrian statesman , (° 1911).
August 7th: Jacques Soustelle, academician, anthropologist, politician and man of French networks, (° 1912).
August 15th: Viktor Tsoi, Russian Singer (Kino)
August 25th: Morley Edward Callaghan, Novelist, novellist and organizer of radio and Television Canadian, (° 1912).
September 4th: Irene Dune, American Actress (° 1898).
September 25th: Marcial Lalanda, Spanish Matador (° September 20th 1903).
September 26th: Alberto Moravia, Italian writer, (° 1907).
October 14th: Leonard Bernstein, Type-setter, Pianist and American Leader, (° 1918)
October 15th: Delphine Seyrig, French Actress, (° 1932).
October 20th: Joel McCrea, American Actor (° 1905).
October 22nd: Louis Althusser, Philosopher (° 1918).
October 27th:

Jacques Demy, Realizer French, (° 1931)
Ugo Tognazzi, movie actor and Italian realizer, (° 1922, 68 years)

November 23rd: Roald Dahl, British writer , (° 1916).
February 1st: Pierre Dux, French actor, (° 1908).
December 2nd:

Aaron Copland, American Type-setter, (° 1900).
Robert Cummings, American Actor, (° 1908).

December 7th: Joan Bennett, American Actress, (° 1910).
December 8th:

Tadeusz Kantor, director, realizer, painter, writer and actor Polish (° April 6th 1915)
Lana Marconi, French Actress, (° 1917).

December 14th: Friedrich Dürrenmatt Swiss Playwright (° 1921).
December 31st: Vassili Lazarev, Soviet cosmonaut (° February 23rd 1928)

Anatoli Grichtchenko, Russian Test pilot and Type-setter, died in care with Seattle. It was one of the pilot which were sacrificed to intervene on the site of Tchernobyl after the catastrophe.
Badowski, Polish politician

Beats-smg: 1990 Be-X-old: 1990 Map-bms: 1990 Simple: 1990 Zh-min-nan: 1990 nor Zh-yue: 1990 年

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