1978

This page relates to the year 1978 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Europe

  • the United Kingdom: The military expenditure falls to 4,6% from GNP. The average revenue per capita passes at constant price of 3  900£ in 1978 with 5  200 £ in 1989. 57% of the households have a car and 56% are owners of their housing. The Trades Union Congress account 13 million members.

The Vatican

  • August 6th: Death of the Pope Paul VI.
  • August 26th: Election of Albino Luciani which becomes the pope Jean-Paul {{Ier}}.
  • September 3rd: Inaugural mass of the Pontificate of Jean-Paul 1st.
  • September 28th: died of the pope Jean-Paul 1st after only 33 days of pontificate.
  • October 16th: The archbishop of Cracow, Karol Wojtyla, is elected Pape under the name of Jean-Paul II, after two days of reclusion and eight ballots of the conclave. The pope is young (58 years) and it is the first nonItalian pope since 1522.
  • October 22nd: Inaugural mass of the pontificate of Jean-Paul II.

Spain

  • July 31st: The text of the democratic news constitution is adopted by the the Cortes by 94,2% of voice YES for the deputies and by 94,5% of voice YES for the senators.
  • December 6th: Constitutional referendum: adopted by 87,87% of voice YES on 67,11% of the registered voters.

France

See also: 1978 in France

Italy

the USSR and Europe of the East

  • the Warsaw Pact can mobilize 943.000 soldiers instantaneously (against 660.000 for NATO). It lays out of an advantage certain of number of tanks, guns and planes.

  • Soviet naval Effort: the USSR can deploy 740 large ships (289 for the United States).

Asia

The Middle East

  • March 14th: Following the action of a Palestinian commando who made 37 Israeli victims, the Hebrew State launches the Opération Litani and occupies the Lebanon in the south of the river. 250.000 Lebanese must take refuge beyond the Litani. The operation is condemned by the Safety advice which creates the temporary Force of the United Nations in Lebanon (FINUL) made up of 4000 blue helmets and is deployed in Southern Lebanon (resolutions 425 and 426). In June, the Israeli army withdraws but preserves a band of occupation of approximately 10 km along the border controlled by the Christian militia of Saad Haddad, the army of Southern Lebanon.
  • June: With the Lebanon, the militia clash for respective control their zones. Bachir Gemayel, wire of Pierre, takes the control of the Lebanese Forces (ex-Phalanges) and undertakes to unify by the force all the Christian militia. The June 13rd, part of the family Frangié is assassinated in north by a commando FL.
  • July: Confrontation enters the Syrian army and Christian militia to the Lebanon. Damas approaches to the left forces and PLO.
  • September 5th: Jimmy Carter convenes Sadate and Begin for a top with Camp David.
  • September 8th: Riots with Teheran which are violently repressed.
  • September 17th: Camp David agreements (the United States) between the Egypt and Israel (September 1978 then February 1979). It reaffirm that the resolution 242 remains the framework of reference of the negotiations. In exchange of the establishment of normal relations between Egypt and Israel, Begin is committed to return by stage all the peninsula of the the occupied Sinai in 1973 and dismantling its establishments of colonists there. Egypt can carry out only one limited military deployment there. For the the West Bank and Gaza, the parts call with the concluding of one five years period transitory agreements. The Hebrew State promises to freeze the installation of colonies of settlement in the West Bank during the peace negotiations, without prejudging future sovereignty of the area. Israel accepts the introduction of a “autonomous authority” Arab elected in the Occupied territories. The Jordan will be associated with this process. Three years after the establishment of the autonomous authority, the final statute of the territories will be discussed between Israel, Egypt, Jordan and the elected representatives of the West Bank and Gaza. Egypt recognizes officially Israel, which obtains the freedom of navigation in the Suez Canal. There is no precise formulation of the rights of the Palestinians. Ambiguities remain concerning the bond between the separate peace treaty israélo-Egyptian to come and the establishment from Palestinian autonomy in the Gaza Strip and West Bank.
  • September 19th: PLO condemns the “rendering” of Sadate and its passage on the side of the interests américano-Israelis.
  • October 6th: The ayatollah Khomeyni is expelled of Iraq by Saddam Hussein. It takes refuge in France with Neauphle-the-Castle from where it enjoys any freedom by recording on cassettes its diatribes which arrive under the coat in Iran and cause the rallying of a majority of the population around the spiritual leader Chiite.
  • 2 - November 5th: Arab IXe top of Baghdad in the absence of the Egypt. The Camp David agreements are rejected unanimously and the participants study a transfer of the seat of the LEA of the Cairo to Tunis.

  • Sadate founds the national democratic party (PND), which exerts its hegemony on the political life in Egypt.

  • a Earthquake of magnitude 7.7 fact 15.000 victims with Tabas in Iran.

Central Asia

  • April 27th, Afghanistan: Assassination of the Afghan president Mohammed Daoud Khan, communist Coup d'etat. The new leaders, organized in the revolutionary Council directed initially by Mohammad Taraki then after its assassination by Hafizullah Amin (September 16th 1979), suspend the Constitution and set up a programme of scientific socialism, which starts a resistance armed with Islamic radicals, particularly in the mountainous areas. The leaders divergent on the policy to be followed and entretuent themselves.

  • Tibet : The Panchen-lama takes again his functions. It exhorts several times the Dalai Lama to return in his country.

Southeast Asia

  • June 29th: Adhesion of the Vietnam with the CMEA (the Comecon), beginning of tension sino-Vietnamese.
  • November 11th: Beginning of the drama of the “Boat people” (epopee of the Haï Hong ).
  • November: The Vietnam sign a treaty of friendship and co-operation with the Soviet Union.
  • December: New Constitution in Thailand.
  • December 25th - January 12th 1979: Following the massacre by the Khmer Rouge of the population Vietnamese installed with the Kampuchea and of the attacks launched against the Vietnamese villages, Vietnam, supported by the dissidents of the F.U.N.S.K (national United front of hello of Kampuchea) invades the Kampuchea. Pol Pot escapes while a government close to that of Vietnam settles, chaired by Heng Samrin. The refugees flow to the fontières.

  • Suharto is re-elected president of the republic of Indonesia.

  • Malaysia: The National front gains the elections.
  • Between 1975 and 1979, the mode of Pol Pot had made perish more than one million Kampuchean on 7 to 8 million.
  • Departure of 200.000 North-Vietnameses of Chinese origin towards popular China.
  • Pakistan: Zulfikar Alî Bhutto is condemned to death.

East Asia

  • December: Land reform in Popular republic of China. Suppression of the communes and the collectivization of the campaigns. The peasants receive batches of grounds with beams of long life of at least fifteen years; their incomes depend from now on on their work. N the other hand, the State requires that they deliver given quantities of agricultural produce to nourish the townsmen, at fixed prices in advance, but definitely higher than those practiced before. The peasants have the surplus as they hear it. The agricultural production increases and diversifies: between 1978 and 1984, the production of grains increases by 5% per annum average (2% between 1957 and 1978), that of the meat increases by 80%. The money flows into the rural areas, the standard of living progresses quickly: house out of bricks, television sets, apparatus electric household appliances. Between 1979 and 1984, real consumption per capita in the peasants increases by 8,7% per annum, while among nonagricultural residents, it increases by 5,8%. The disparities of incomes attenuate between urban and rural, although the campaigns remain poorer on average. Zones of misery remain however in the moved back areas, while an under-employed floating population will seek work downtown.

  • Revaluation of the Yen.

  • the popular republic of Albania breaks with the China.

Africa

  • Agitation severely repressed of the pupils and students in Central Africa.

  • legislative and presidential Elections pluralist with the Senegal.
  • New constitution with the Nigeria envisaging the return of the civilians to the capacity.

Americas

The United States

  • Jimmy Carter presents a draft budget in deficit of 66 billion dollars to the beginning 1978 qu' it corrects three months later while proposing to the trade unions and to the business men voluntary ceilings on the rises of the prices and the wages. The policy of Casing encourages job creations (10 million uses created of 1976 with 1980) but is a provocation for the allies which continue to impose programs of austerity and tolerate the fall of the dollar less and less and the inflationary pressures which result from it. As of November, the Administration issues measurements (rise of interest rates) to prevent the dollar from crumbling.

  • Spring: Casing protests against the renewal of the Soviet expansionism in Africa.
  • September 17th: Sadate and Begin sign the Camp David agreements.
  • October 28th: Deregulation of air transports and road.
  • November: Proposal 13. California adopts by referendum a project envisaging a substantial reduction of the tax on land, involving a signficant reduction of the number of civils servant.

  • progressive Deregulation of the prices of the Natural gas for the new layers.

  • Fall of number of the trade unionists: 23% of the nonagricultural active population for 33,4% in 1956. They will be 16% in the Années 1990.

Latin America

  • January 10th: Assassination of one of the principal leaders of the opposition to the Nicaragua, Pedro Joaquín Chamorro, director of the newspaper Prensa.
  • At the end January, a total amnesty is declared in Bolivia. The president Banzer account thus to gain the elections.
  • April 18th: The the United States ratify their treaty with Panamá on the Canal of Panamá. The canal zone is allotted to Panamá. The channel itself remains American until in 1999, date on which it will have to pass under Panamanian sovereignty.
  • April: In visit in Brazil, Jimmy Carter takes the initiative to meet six opponents declared with the mode, which is lived by the soldiers like an affront and an interference in the interior matters of the country.
  • July 9th, Bolivia: The official candidate, the general Juan Pereda Asbún, receives 50% of the voices following a presidential election fraudulent.
  • July 5th, Nicaragua: The middle-class antisomozist founds the widened Face of opposition (FAO) and proposes the installation of a provisional government and the behavior of elections. FSLN multiplies its military operations.
  • July 21st, Bolivia: Juan Pereda Asbún must proceed to a coup d'etat to confirm its disputed victory.
  • August 7th: Military coup d'etat to the Honduras.
  • August 22nd, Nicaragua: FSLN takes the national palate. An ultimate attempt at conciliation of the Organization of the American States fails.
  • November 3rd: Independence of the Dominique.
  • November 18th: 914 members of a sect American give each other death to Jonestown in Guyana.
  • November 24th, Bolivia: A fraction of the autoqualifiée army “institutionnalist” reverses the president Pereda and puts at its place the general David Padilla Arancibia who promises new elections for July 1979.
  • November, Brazil: Legislative elections and elections of the governors by the universal direct suffrage (for the first time since 1966). The Brazilian Democratic movement obtains 57,6% of the voices to the legislative elections.
    • Under the pressure of the most intransigent soldiers ( duros ), the rules of the game are changed once again. The pactote of Abril (decrees of April 1977) stipulate that the president would choose a third of the deputies, that the governors would be elected by the indirect suffrage and that propaganda would be strictly regulated. The army is also divided on the question of the succession of Ernesto Geisel, which manages to impose the general Figueiredo against the opinion of the duros . This one continues the policy of concessions limited of its predecessor. Golbery remains adviser of the president and tries to support the emergence of a moderated opposition, in order to prevent that the elections are not transformed into confrontation and to have an alternative.

  • Omar Torrijos gives up her post of head of the government of the Panamá. It preserves the control of the National guard until its death in a mysterious air crash, the July 31st 1981.

  • New Constitution in Ecuador approved by referendum.
  • Chile: Augusto Pinochet lance a “national consultation” on “new institutional bases” in answer to the international pressures. In October, the Ortuzar commission proposes a constitution project. The debate is limited to the term of the office of Pinochet: 1989 or 1997. Pinochet does not take account of work of the commission and writes practically itself the Constitution.
  • Elections with the Peru to choose the hundred members of a constituent assembly. Formidable advanced left. APRA arrives at the head with 25%, but is followed by the linked Left, with 29%.
  • With the Peru, the purchasing power of the working class dropped by 40% since 1973. The minimum wage accounts for nothing any more but 55% of its level of 1973. In same time, the foreign debt tripled and its service, which absorbed 15% of the export earnings in 1969, passes to 35% in 1979.

Oceania

  • Agreement of the Soviet Union with the Islands Cook, allowing the Soviet naval expansion in the Peaceful .

Arts & culture

See also: 1978 with the cinema, 1978 in music, 1978 in literature, 1978 with the theater, 1978 as a cartoon, 1978 on television

Painting

  • Salvador Dali: the harmony of the spheres + the Christ of Official reception .

Others

Sciences & technology

See also: 1978 in science

See also: 1978 in aeronautics

See also: 1978 in the railroads

Sport

See also: 1978 in sport

See also: 1978 in football

Economy

Births in 1978

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Death in 1978

January

March

April

May

  • May 9th:
    • Georges Maciunas, artist founder of the movement Fluxus.
    • Aldo Moro, Italian politician, president of the Christian Democrat.

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Beats-smg: 1978 Be-X-old: 1978 Map-bms: 1978 Simple: 1978 Zh-min-nan: 1978 nor Zh-yue: 1978 年

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