1965

This page relates to the year 1965 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Africa

10 - January 12th: Creation with Nouakchott of the common Organization African and Malagasy (OCAM).
January: Stay of Che Guevara, cuban Minister for Industry, in Guinea and with the Mali.
February 18th: Independence of the Gambia.
February: Financial negotiations free-Malians with Paris.
Mars, Mali: Following the multiplication of the military coups d'etat in Africa, the chief of staff Sékou Traoré publicly proclaims his loyalty with regard to the mode. Creation of the Council of Defense of the Revolution.
June 19th, Algeria: The president Ahmed Ben Bella is deposited by the colonel Houari Boumédiène.
September: The China is committed building with the Mali one of most powerful the transmitting set of the African continent.
October 13rd: Continuation of the civil war to the Congo-Léopoldville. The president Kasa-Vubu revokes Moïse Tshombe. The crisis intensifies until the coup d'etat of the Mobutu general, ordering the army of Congo, which restores the integrity of the territory by putting fine at the armed struggles the November 24th.
21 - October 25th: Summit of OAU to Accra, boycotted by eight hostile French-speaking countries with Kwame Nkrumah (Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Gabon, the Upper Volta, Madagascar, Niger, Chad, Congo Brazzaville).

Declaration on the subversion which prohibits to the members of the OAU any intervention in the businesses of other States.
Resolutions against the government of the white minority in Rhodesia.
total Boycott of the South Africa.

October 22nd: Second coup d'etat of the colonel Christophe Soglo with the Dahomey.
October 29th: Removal with Paris of the chief of the opponents to the king of the Morocco Hassan II (UNFP): Mr. Ben Barka.

November 1st: Civil war with the Chad. Riots with Mangalmé in the department of Guéra. Foreign intervention.
November 11th: Unilateral declaration of independence of the Rhodesia (UDI) proclaimed by colonists practitioner the Apartheid (Ian Smith) and against the will of the the United Kingdom. It devotes the rupture with the the Commonwealth not to give up the racial segregation. The British government is satisfied to take economic sanctions. One month later, nine African States, whose two members of the Commonwealth (Ghana and Tanzania) break their diplomatic relations with the the United Kingdom.

November 24th: Military coup d'etat against Joseph Kasa-Vubu with the Congo-Léopoldville. The lieutenant-general Joseph-Desired Mobutu seizes the power.

December 31st: Military coup d'etat in Central Africa: Jean Bedel Bokassa seizes the power.

Constitution of the Tanzania which devotes the system of the sole party (TANU).
the Convention People' S Party (CP) becomes sole party with the Ghana after a referendum.
“Plot of the tradesmen” in Guinea.
First African Plays of Brazzaville.

Asia

The Middle East

Mars:

Habib Bourguiba proposes a plan of resolution of the Israeli-Arab conflict, by taking again the proposals made by Nasser in the Années 1950. Nasser is opposed and shown Bourguiba of treason to it.
the president Johnson declares that the United States is ready to arm massively Israel in the event of arms race. Egypt moves away from Washington.

May 12th:

official Establishment of diplomatic relations between Israel and the FRG.
Twelve of the thirteen members of the Arab Ligue breaks with Bonn following revelations on the delivery of West German weapons with Israel within the framework of German repairs to the Jewish people.

August 24th: Second agreement between Fayçal and Nasser which establishes a provisional mode with the Yemen and the organization of a plebiscite on the political future of the country. The Yemeni parts in conflict refuse arrangement
August 30th: Nasser shows officially the Muslim brothers to have reconstituted their organization. Their leader Sayyib Qotb is stopped, considered and hung the August 29th 1966.

September: First legislative elections in Afghanistan.

the Saoudi sovereign Fayçal lance the idea of the Islamic tops joining together of the representatives of the whole of the Muslim world. It is a question of calling into question the leadership nassérien on the Arab world.

Indian sub-continent

March 27th: Conservative government with Ceylon (fine in 1970).
April: Beginning of the conflict enters India and Pakistan. Fixings in Rann de Kutch, arid zone shared between the Sind and the Gujerat. The Pakistani assert half of it.
August 16th: Frontier war enters the Pakistan and the India in connection with the Cachemire. The Pakistani troops infiltrate in direction of Srinagar, capital of the Cachemire, then in September launch a true offensive, convinced of supports Kashmiri. The Indians react promptly by starting triple offensive which converges towards Lahore.
September 23rd: The General secretary of the United Nations, U Thant, succeeds in negotiating a Cessez-le-feu. The war makes approximately 5000 killed at the Indians, and 4000 at the Pakistani.

Agitation with the Eastern Pakistan.
the Hindî is proclaimed national language in India. Opposition in the south of the populations to languages dravidiennes.

Southeast Asia

January, Indonesia: Soekarno leaves the UNO which accepted the Malaysia.
May 28th: The France leaves OTASE.
August 9th: Singapore, Chinese city directed by Lee Kuan Yew, leaves the federation of Malaysia.
October 1st: A lieutenant-colonel of the presidential guard, Untung, announces to have thwarted a plot against the president Soekarno who would have been fomented by a " council of the généraux". He also announces the formation of a " council révolutionnaire" of 45 members. It is learned that six generals were assassinated the night before. The general Soeharto takes the head of repression.
October 14th: Massive repression (of 500 000 to 1 M dead) against the Communist party indonésien, shown by the army to have organized the coup d'etat. With the end of the year, in spite of the efforts of Soekarno to calm the situation, of the units of the army and the Moslem groups, especially in the campaigns, the Communists and their sympathizers massacre. Pogroms are carried out against the Chinese. The estimates of the number of victims vary 80 000 to 1 million deaths.
October 16th: Soekarno is isolated capacity for the benefit of Soeharto. Beginning of the dictatorship of Suharto (fine in 1998).
December 30th, Filipino: Ferdinand Marcos, the candidate of the nationalist Party, gains the presidential election and inaugurates two decades of being able each more autocratic and corrupted day (end in 1986).

Indonesia: Poor thousands of peasants who seized the grounds of the great landowners in 1963-1964 with the favor of the land reform are exterminated. The owners recover their grounds. The refineries are placed under governmental control.

War of Vietnam

February 7th: First American air raids on the Vietnam of North.
February 28th: Operation “Rolling Thunder”. The United States starts to bombard the Vietnam of North systematically.
March 7th: Unloading with Danang of the first American units of combat.

the American intervention amplifies the engagement of the Vietnam of North in the civil war of the South and brings closer Hanoi to Beijing and Moscow. Lyndon B. Johnson proposes in April the opening of “negotiations without conditions” together with an economic programme of assistance of the United States in two Vietnam. But he refuses to consider an uncommitted solution and Hanoi counterpart with firmness.

May 3rd: Following bombardments in the frontier Kampuchean villages, Norodom Sihanouk breaks the diplomatic relations with the United States.
June 8th: First official participation US soldiers in engagements with the Vietnam.

It remains undecided.

August 21st: First bombardment American in the north of the 17 {{E}} parallel.
14 - November 18th: Battle of Drang, opposing the American forces to those of the Việt Cộng come from the Kampuchea to the beginning of the year.

Of 75 000 with 230 000 American soldiers in Vietnam in 1965.

The Far East

June, South Korea: In spite of the firm opposition of the students and opposition, Park Chung-hee standardizes the treaty of friendship and trade with Japan which makes it possible South Korea to profit from 500 million dollars of assistances and Japanese loans. The industrialization and exports of the country make spectacular great strides, the gross domestic product (GDP) increasing by 10% per annum.
July 19th: Official trip of Andre Malraux in China.
September: The Tibet (Xizang) receives officially the statute of autonomous region of the Popular republic of China, and Beijing announces that deep socialist transformations will be undertaken in the province. The Panchen-lama is relieved. During the Cultural revolution, the red Guards intensify antireligieuses persecutions, and dynamite hundreds of monasteries and monuments Buddhist. It is estimated that a sixth of the population Tibetan disappeared since 1950 following the conflicts from the years 1950-1970.
November 17th: For the 15th time the General meeting of the United Nations refuses the admission of the China.

Americas

Mars: The peronists are victorious with the legislative elections in Argentine with 30,3% of the voices. The training of the president Arturo Umberto Illia obtains 28,9%.

April 24th: In Dominican Republic, the constitutionnalists launch a liberal and radical insurrection which is overcome the April 28th by an military intervention of the United States, the first since 1926. The president Johnson pretext of the need for ensuring the protection of his nationals and calls upon an attempt of “outside” to control the movement. He immediately unloads 2000 navy in the island, then made there station until 30 000 soldiers (1965 - 1966).

In Uruguay the Tupamaros choose the violent action, attack the banks or proceed to removals against ransoms, in order to distribute the money in poor districts. Their nationalist and populist rhetoric contributes to discredit the political community.
State of siege in Bolivia to dissolve the militia of the minors.
Beginning of the production of flowers in Colombia within the framework it plane Vallejo to stimulate nontraditional exports.

Brazil

measurements taken by the military government and the Minister for Finance Delfim Neto suppress inflation.
Brazil counts 72 million inhabitants.
11 250 000 pupils attend the establishments of primary school education, secondary and superior. Thirty universities gather 155 000 students.

Canada

January: Sectoral agreement with the United States relating to the car.
February: Preliminary report/ratio of investigations of the commission Laurendeau-Dunton on on bilingualism and the bicultural tradition.
February 15th: The queen Elisabeth II sanctions new the Drapeau of Canada to the maple sheet, adopted by the Communes the December 15th 1964.
August 6th: Creation of the town of Laval to the Quebec.
November 8th: Federal elections: Re-election To ballast Bowles Pearson (liberal) which does not manage to obtain a majority Gouvernement.

The United States

January 4th: The president Johnson proclaims the “Large Company” in his Discours on the state of the Union. He makes in 1965 a legislative work without precedent: law on teaching, Medicare , law on the vote of the Blacks in the South, law Binder To conceal on immigration removing the quotas, Regional Appalachian Development Act , Public Works years Economic Development Act , reduction of the indirect taxes, administration devoted to old age in the department HEW (Health), Department of Housing and the Urbain Development.
January: Countryside of Martin Luther King for the right to vote in the South.
February 21st: Assassination of the black militant of the Black Nationalist Party Malcolm X in obscure circumstances with Harlem, New York. It has the appearance of a martyrdom.
March 2nd: Beginning of the systematic operation of bombardment “Rolling Thunder”, which must quickly reduce the resistance of the Vietnam of North does nothing but reinforce it and Johnson is constrained to send a “task force”. With the end of the year, 230 000 soldiers are engaged in Indo-China.
March 7th: Go segregationist of Selma on Montgomery. The repression of the governor of the Alabama, George Wallace, constrained Johnson to place her national guard under federal control.
March 15th: Johnson proposes a bill intended to equip the federal capacity with the means of fighting any discrimination.
24 - March 25th: First assembly of students ( Teach-in ) to the University of Michigan ( Students for has Democratic Society ).
April 28th: US military intervention in Dominican Republic.
April: Law on primary and secondary education. The government will proportionally distribute over three years a billion dollar to the States to the number of their poor pupils and their average expenditure by provided education for child.
May 2nd: Johnson doctrines, in rupture with the policy of “good neighborhood”: the White House affirms that the “American nations can, neither do not want, nor will not want to authorize the establishment of another Communist government in the Western hemisphere” and engages the United States in the defense of “all the free countries” of the area.
July 30th: Creation of a special bottom of the Social security intended to cover the baseline costs of hospitalization for the elderly of more than 65 years ( Medicare ). An intended program to ensure the exemption from payment of the care lower-income group ( Medicaid ) is created.
August 11th: Beginning of the racial riots of Watts (Los Angeles). The rioters occupy the streets and plunder the shops. Repression by the police force and the national guard makes 34 dead, of the hundreds of wounded and 4000 arrests.
October 16th: Mass demonstrations against the War of Vietnam.

80% of the Blacks lives in cities and 50% in the North of the country.
the public expenditure accounts for 25% of GNP (either 173 billion).
a car for three inhabitants with the the United States.

Europe

Eastern Europe

March 22nd, Romania: Nicolae Ceauşescu becomes first secretary of PTR after the death of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej. Chivu Stoica becomes president of the Council of State (fine in 1967).
August 21st: New Constitution in Romania, which becomes from now on the socialist République of Romania.

Western Europe

February 13rd: Assassination of Humberto Delgado, in Villanueva del Fresno, in Spain, at the border with the Portugal by the Pide.
March 3rd, Italy: Aldo Moro alters its government following the election of Giuseppe Saragat. Amintore Fanfani becomes Foreign Minister.
April 8th: The executives of the three European Communities (ECSC, the EEC, Euratom) amalgamate.
July 6th: France practices with Brussels the Politique of the chair empties, to inflect European construction in a less federalistic direction.
July 15th: Greek the Prime Minister Andréas Papandréou resigns. The king names Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas, replaced the August 20th by Ilias Tsirimokos, which does not obtain the confidence of the Parliament.
July 16th: Inauguration of the Tunnel of Mont Blanc by the president Giuseppe Saragat and the General de Gaulle.
September 17th: The moderate conservative Stephanos Stephanopoulos becomes Prime Minister in Greece (fine the September 22nd 1966).
September 19th, West Germany: Elections of the 5th the Bundestag .
November: XXXVIe congress of the Italian Socialist party. The majority accepts the reunification with the social democrat left.
December: in Italy, fusion of Edison and Montecatini to form the company Montedison which controls 80% of Italian petrochemistry.

Working class unrest in Greece.
Suspension of the Capital punishment for one five years duration to the the United Kingdom.
Laws antiracists with the the United Kingdom (1965, 1968, 1976).
the United Kingdom: The new ministry for the Economic affair presents quinquennial a planning project which sets like objective an annual growth of the national revenue of 5%. The monetary difficulties prevent the plan from being applied and the ministry is removed in 1967.
a car for seven inhabitants in the Common Market.
Taken again economic expansion in Italy. 49% of the families have a television set and 55% a refrigerator. 4 is counted; 670 000 private cars. Abolition of the share-cropping.
In Spain, the electrical production was multiplied by more than 4 since 1960.

France

Oceania & the Pacific

February 20th: Go for Freedom in Australia. Non-violent demonstrations against the segregation and the injustice.
December 16th: Beginning of the reign of Taufa' ahau Tupou IV, king of the Tonga (fine in 2006).

Arts & cultures

August 8th: With Benidorm (Spain, Province of Alicante), alternate of Jose Subdued, Spanish Matador.

Sport

Sciences & technology

Religion

December 8th: Enclose council the Vatican II by the Pape Paul VI.

Paul VI proclaims the principle of the collegial structure between the bishop S and the Pape, this last continuing to profit from a jurisdictional superiority. In its constitution Gaudium and spes , the Église recognizes its errors passed, preaches a Economic development with the service of the Homme, condemns the war and preaches a universal Fraternité; it reaffirms its attachment with the Sainteté Mariage and family, like with the Property right.
It turns to the others Religion S, recognizes that it is not the only one to hold the truth, asserts the Religious liberty for all, denounces the Antisémitisme and innocent the Juifs, taken collectively, of died of the Christ. The Dialog inter-monk is the subject of the declaration Nostra Ætate of Paul VI on October 28th, 1965.
the Liturgie is modified, in particular the mention of " populate déïcide" concerning the Juif S is removed; the Latin is abandoned; the priest will say the Messe in vernacular Language, vis-a-vis crowd.
the ecclesiastics are allowed with the retirement at 75 years. The Curie is reformed; the chancery of State plays a part there dominating. The Holy Office is replaced by a Congrégation for the doctrines of the faith and the index is removed.