1960

This page relates to the year 1960 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

  • Three billion inhabitants on planet.
  • world Year of the refugee
  • March 2nd: The Pape Jean XXIII names the cardinal first not white: an African, a Japanese and a Filipino.
  • May 5th: Khrouchtchev announces that an American plane was cut down above the Soviet territory.
  • May 6th: Washington affirms that it is about a stray weather plane.
  • May 7th: Moscow announces that it holds the pilot, Gary Powers, and that he admitted having been in charge of a mission of espionage on an especially designed apparatus, the U-2.
  • May 11th: After having denied that the president was with the current, the American Administration affirms the opposite and Eisenhower precise which it itself authorized these flights in 1956 and which it refuses to stop them. In front of the international reaction, Eisenhower, arrived at Paris, announces officially that the overflight of the Russian territory by U-2 is suspended.
  • May 14th: Summit conference of the four great powers, in Paris, with Eisenhower, Macmillan, Khrouchtchev and De Gaulle.
  • May 16th: In front of the refusal of Eisenhower to make public excuses in the USSR and to punish the persons in charge, Khrouchtchev boycotts the conference of Paris.
  • September 20th: The fifteenth version of the General meeting of the United Nations opens by the adhesion of thirteen new States which acquired their independence during the year (Cyprus, Togo, Cameroun, Madagascar, Somalia, Congo-Léopoldville, Congo-Brazzaville, Dahomey, the Upper Volta, Ivory Coast, Chad, Gabon, Central African Republic. The Senegal and the Mali will be allowed the September 28th and the Nigeria the October 8th.
  • October 20th: Stormy debate at the General meeting of UNO. To protest against the intervention of deputy the Filipino which compares the countries of Eastern Europe to colonies of the USSR, Khrouchtchev gives a blow of shoe on the table.
  • December 14th: The OEEC becomes OECD.

Africa

  • January 1st: Independence of the Cameroun.
  • January 20th - February 20th: Belgo-Congolese roundtable where representatives Congolese and Belgian S fix the following stages for the independence of Belgian Congo. Refusal of the nationalists to accept the parliamentary mode suggested by the Belgians. They ask independence, which the metropolis accepts the June 30th.
  • January: Modibo Keita, come in official visit with the Dahomey as a president from the federal government, is accommodated with stone blow by a hostile population.
  • February: Two members of the National union Mauritanian are stopped to have recommended the union of their country with the Fédération of Mali
  • March 21st: Riots and Massacre of Sharpeville, meadows of Johannesburg in South Africa. The police force opens fire on a group of not armed black demonstrators: 69 died and 180 wounded.
  • April 19th, New York: Creation of SWAPO (Organization of the people of Africa of South-west).
  • April 27th: Independence of the Togo granted by France. Old German colony, the country was under deputy administration of UNO.
  • April: The Guinean president Sékou Touré shows the leaders of the Fédération of Mali to deliver himself, in agreement with France, with subversive activity against his country.
  • May 5th: Ahmadou Ahidjo, president of the Cameroun.
    • Civil war in Cameroun enters the governmental forces and the UPC. Armed intervention with France.
  • May 17th: Inauguration by the queen mother Elisabeth of the stopping Kariba on the Zambezi (Rhodesia). With its 270 km length, this artificial lake is to date largest of the world.
  • June 20th: Independences of the Mali and the Senegal granted by France. The two countries form the Fédération of Mali which will burst in August.
  • June 26th: Independence of Madagascar. Philibert Tsiranana, president of the Malagasy Republic (fine in 1972).
June 29th: One day before l´indépendance of Belgian Congo, the CONAKAT tries to proclaim l´indépendance d´une areas, Katanga this will be prevented by the secret services Belgian.

  • June 30th: Independence of the Belgian Congo granted by the Belgium, president Joseph Kasa-Vubu. At the time of ceremony d´indépendance the Lumumba Prime Minister makes a very critical unexpected speech with respect to the colonial past, this dicours will be qualified d´insolent.

  • June: Failure of fusion enters MPLA and the UPA (Popular union of Angola) of Roberto Holden. A peaceful demonstration of supports with the leader of the MPLA Agostinho Neto is dispersed in blood.
  • July 1st:
  • July 4th: ** Beginning of the Congolese Crisis (fine in 1965). After the independence of the Congo-Belgian, l´armée national is always directed by white officers, the black soldiers rebel and kill their officers and violent one their wife. The Lumumba Prime Minister answers by l africanisation of the executives and a doubling of balance. Belgium refuses this and sends airborne troops. On what the Prime Minister Lumumba call the Soviets to the assistance what pushes Belgium withdrew his troops. The July 11th, the Katanga, rich mine field of the south, tries a secession under the control of Moïse Tshombe, independent Katanga will be recognized and supported financially only by Belgium. The Mobutu general will send Lumumba to Katanga or this one will be finally assassinated. The secession katangaise will be finally broken by the forces of UNO the January 15th 1963.

  • IIIe Conference of the independent African States with Addis-Abeba.

  • Given economic :

    • Foundation of the Economic community of West Africa by seven old French colonies, equipped with a common currency, CFA franc, supported by the French Treasury.
    • 273 million inhabitants in Africa (9% of the world population). 9% of the population live downtown on average.
    • 225  000 white colonists and three million Africans in Rhodesia.
    • 800  000 Mozambicans work in South Africa.
    • 45% of the South-African population lives downtown.
    • 82% of the large companies of the Belgian Congo is with the hands of foreign assets.
    • Angola: 172  500 White for 4,6 million Blacks.
    • the assistance of the France to its old colonies amounts to 1,38% of sound GNP (0,66% in 1970). The Great Britain devotes to it 0,56% of its GNP (0,37% in 1970), the Belgium 0,88% (0,46% in 1970).
    • Installation of organizations of stabilization of the prices and of supports with the agricultural production in Ivory Coast and the Cameroun.
    • the groundnut oil mills ensure 38% of exports of the Senegal. 83% of the active population work in the primary sector.

The Maghreb

  • Conflit enters the Morocco and the Algérie.

  • IIe conference of the African People with Tunis.
  • France provides 83,9% of the imports of Algeria and 80,8% of its exports buy to him.

Americas

Latin America

  • Of young officers revolts with the Guatemala against the president Ydígoras. It is a failure, but a movement of Guérilla combat the mode during more than thirty years. The inequalities shouting between the Mayas and the remainder of the population support the movements of guerilla among the autochtones which are repressed with an extreme violence by the army and the groups of extreme right-hand side supported by the successive governments. Repression reaches its paroxysm in the Années 1970.

Cuba

  • February: The cuban revolution approaches the Soviet Union and breaks with the the United States. Fidel Castro claims in the United States an exorbitant economic assistance of 30 billion dollars, which is refused to him. It turns then to the USSR which grants to him a help of 100 million dollars and promises to buy 4 million tons of sugar per annum.
  • May: Diplomatic relations are established with the Soviet Union, then Cuba imports Russian oil at better price than that of the Venezuela. But the American companies installed in Cuba refuse to refine it and Castro confiscates them. In reaction, Eisenhower cancels the quota whose Cuba in the North-American imports had sugar. Castro answers by confiscating all the North-American companies of island (telephone, mines, cigarettes, etc).
  • July: A camp of North-American drive is installed with the Guatemala for an intervention in Cuba, from which the cuban secret services learn the existence.
  • August 7th: Nationalization of the American companies on the cuban territory by Fidel Castro. During the summer Castro nationalizes also all the cuban banks and some 380 companies. Eisenhower issues the total economic embargo then.
  • With the autumn, Castro created of the Defense committees of the revolution (CDR) to mobilize the population against a possible invasion, but also to supervise it and frame it. An authoritative order is set up. Justice loses its independence, the trade unions are controlled by the government, the press is muzzled. Reforms are launched. The mode arrives thanks to a large campaign, with éradiquer illiteracy. Health, housing receive a priority attention.
  • October 29th: Nikita Khrouchtchev promises, during an interview, to provide to Cuba missiles to prevent an American attack.
  • December 31st: Castro shows Eisenhower to prepare an invasion of his country and reduces the personnel of the embassy of the United States.

Canada

The United States

  • : First “ sit-in ” of Black students with Greensboro, North Carolina.
  • February 18th: Opening of the 8 {{E}} Winter Olympics to Squaw Valley in California.
  • February 28th: Creation with Atlanta of the movement of the knights of the Ku Klux Klan gathering the disparate racist movements of 17 southernmost States.
  • April 21st: The Civil Rights Bill gives the effective right to vote with the Blacks.
  • May 1st: A American Reconnaissance aircraft of type U2 (spy plane) is cut down above the Soviet territory .
  • May 9th: Legalization of the contraceptive pill on the American territory. The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approves the pill like average contraceptive.
  • May 11th: President Eisenhower recognizes publicly that the the United States carried out reconnaissance missions air above Soviet territory during the four last years. The May 15th, it announces that more no flight of espionage will be made.
  • June: The Japanese government, exceeded by the anti-American demonstrations, is constrained to cancel its invitation with president Eisenhower.
  • July 11th: With the national convention of the democrats with Los Angeles in California, the senator John F. Kennedy is named as of the first turn of vote. It is the youngest candidate for being named for this election.
  • September 13rd: The hurricane Gave , regarded as most destroying by the Americans, keep silent 30 people and leaves behind him thousands of the homeless people on the Atlantic coast, of the Florida to the Canada.
  • November 8th: Election of John Fitzgerald Kennedy ( democratic party ) like President of the United States with 49,7% of the voices (34  221  463 votes) against Richard Nixon (R) 49,5% (34  108  583 votes), and becoming young person President of the United States (70% of the American blacks would have voted for him), at the conclusion of the largest electoral campaign of the history of the country (37% of abstentions).

  • Beginning of recession. Deceleration of the growth.

  • the United States counts 180 million inhabitants. The active population is made up of 9% from farmers, 33% of workmen, 48% in the tertiary sector. 36% of the women of more than 16 years (23 million) are paid. 20 million trade unionists.
  • 500 billion dollars of GNP. The industrial production passed from index 65 in 1945 to index 110. The productivity grew from 35 to 40%. 31,8 billion dollars are invested abroad (35% manufactured goods, 34% oil, 9% raw materials, 22% tertiary sector).
  • 187 of the 500 most important firms (40% of the national sales) is multinational corporations.
  • the military budget is of 45,8 billion dollars (49,7% of the global budget).

Asia

  • January 19th: Ratification of a treaty of safety and one ten years duration co-operation between the the United States and the Japan which puts definitively fine at the occupation of Japan by the American army.
  • March 27th, Indonesia: The Parliament Gotong Rojong east establishes. It sits there the representatives of nine political parties and 21 “functional” groups. In August, the advisory Congress of the people is set up, composed of the Gotong Rojong , of the representatives of the areas and the “functional” groups.
  • May 1st, India: The Gujarat is detached from the State of Bombay, which becomes the State of the Maharashtra.
  • In June, the Japanese government, exceeded by the demonstrations antiaméricaines, is constrained to cancel its invitation with President Eisenhower.
  • July 15th: Nobusuke Kishi, Prime Minister for the Japan, resigns in front of agitation antiaméricaine and is replaced by Hayato Ikeda (July 19th) which promises the doubling of the national revenue in ten years, promise which more than will be held.
  • July 20th: For the first time in the world, a woman Sirimavo Bandaranaike is elected chief of a government with Ceylon.
  • August 17th: Rupture of the diplomatic relations between the Netherlands and the Indonesia on the question of the Irian Barat. Fixings occur between commandos indonésiens parachuted in Irian and the Dutch forces.
  • October 12th: Assassination of the socialist leader Japanese Inejirō Asanuma.
  • October 24th: Explosion of a Soviet rocket R 16 with Baïkonour: 123 dead.
  • December: The king of the Nepal Mahendra declares that the mode is corrupted and ineffective then the dissolution of the government pronounces and suspends the Parliament.

  • the India is condemned by the the International Court of Justice of $the Hague to restore the Portuguese enclaves.

  • China: Rupture sino-Soviet and failure of the Great Jump. Vis-a-vis the disaster of the “Large Step ahead”, Liu Shaoqi, supported by Deng Xiaoping, engages of the reforms.
  • Soekarno prohibits the Socialist party indonésien.
  • the Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso establishes a government in exile in India, with Dharamsala.
  • Famine with the Tibet.
  • Creation in India of the system of the panchayats or “council of village” starting from a project to work out by the Americans. Each village must elect its panchayat which works out then a kind of rural development plan based on the creation of a co-operative.
  • Indonesia: agrarian Law fixing the maximum ones of variable land and buildings according to the areas. The plantations become gradually properties of State. Plan of the eight far-sighted increase in industrial sector. It cannot be implemented because of the economic difficulties.

Indo-China

  • January: Formation of the Democratic republic of Vietnam (Northern), supported by the Soviet Union and the China.
  • April 4th: Resounding Victoire of the faction of U Naked with the elections in Burma. Its decision to promote Buddhism with the row of religion of State and its tolerance with respect to ethnic separatism precipitate a coup d'etat without bloodsheds which restore the military domination of Win in March 1962.
  • June 5th: Norodom Sihanouk becomes Head of the State to the Kampuchea. Its policy of neutrality, supported by the socialist countries, and of the frontier quarrels leads it to the rupture with the Thailand and the Vietnam of the South, then with the United States (1961 - 1964). The nationalization of the economy and the corruption of the administration dissatisfy the people.
  • August 9th: To the Laos, the takeover by force of the uncommitted captain Kong the carries to the capacity Souvanna Phouma (August 11th). The country tears. The zone Vientiane, wedged between the North dominated by the neutralists and the Pathet Lao and the South with the hands of the right-hand side, agrees to be supplied by a Soviet airlift, via Hanoi. Souvanna Phouma must take refuge soon with the Kampuchea ( December).
  • December 20th: Creation of the Front National de Libération (FNL), organizing resistance to the dictatorship of Diêm to the Southern Vietnam. It organizes the rural population by the means of self-management. Beginning of the War of Vietnam.

  • the Laos, country little populated (6 inhabitants with the km ² in 1960), is composed of a mosaic of ethnos groups. The Lao , mainly installed in the valley of the Mekong where they practice irrigated rice growing, form the dominant unit and represent with the other groups Thai S half of the population. The mountain dwellers of North are composed of several groups, arrived of China several centuries ago - Miao S, Yaos where Hmong (Meo) - which cultivates pieces gained on the forest by denshering (ray), and of an small group of origin tibéto-Burmese. In the South live the Khas , a group “proto-Indochinese” living of an itinerant agriculture on denshering.

The Middle East

  • January 9th: Beginning of the construction of the stopping of Aswan in Egypt, allowing the irrigation of more than one million ha of grounds and cultures. Its construction threatens several monuments of which the Temples of Abou Simbel which will have to be moved.
  • May 27th: Military coup d'etat in Turkey. The president Celal Bayar is reversed by the general Cemal Gürsel.
  • May: Kennedy lance a peace initiative for the the Middle East. It wishes the application of the recommendations of UNO on the Palestinian refugees and the resurrection of the Commission of conciliation of 1949. The Arab refugees could see themselves granting the right to emigrate in North America, Latin America and Australia, except 25% which would return in Israel. David Ben Gourion refuses any return of refugees before the durable payment of the whole of the question. It goes to the United States (May) and seeks an American intervention against the deliveries of weapons of the Soviet Union with RAU.

  • Iraq: Qasim réautorise political parties in order to minimize the importance of the Communists. Without political role, they end up disappearing in 1962.

  • Saudi Arabia: The United States supports the policy of preaching of the wahhabites which seems to them a means of fighting the revolutionary Arabism and the Marxism.
  • Nationalization in RAU involving the development of the bureaucratic apparatus. The stations with responsibility in Syria pass more and more in the hands of the Egyptians. The Syrian industrial middle-class is initially favorable to the union which, thinks you it, opens to him the Egyptian market by the means of the syro-Lebanese communities of Egypt. But these last are despoiled by the new mode and the country does not intend to open its interior market with the Syrians. A nationalist feeling develops in Syria.
  • the United States benefits from the estrangement between Nasser and the Soviet Union to establish relations with RAU. The USSR continues to bring its economic aid, in particular for the financing of work of the stopping of Aswan and the creation of an heavy industry.
  • 38% of the Egyptian population lives downtown (22% in cities of more than 100  000 inhabitants).

Europe

Eastern Europe

  • February 5th: Incident of U-2.
  • February 16th: Failure of the summit conference of Paris.
  • May 7th: Nikita Khrouchtchev reaches the presidency of the USSR.
  • October 12th: The Soviet president Nikita Khrouchtchev striking on its desk with its shoe at the General meeting of UNO to protest of the discussion on the policy of the Soviet Union with regard to Eastern Europe.
  • November: Rupture sino-Soviet. The relations between the two countries worsen because of an ideological dissension on the interpretation of the Marxisme, in particular with regard to the revolution in the countries in the process of development.

  • the Soviet Union announces a reduction of approximately a third of its military power, but the Western nations do not want to follow such a proposal without the USSR agreeing to subject itself to controls.

  • the Moslems of Bosnia-Herzégovine obtain a distinct ethnic statute to put them on an equal footing with the Croatian Serbes and .
  • the industrial production in Romania has quintuplet between 1938 and 1960. In the Years 1960, the average growth rate of Rumanian industry is one of highest of Eastern Europe.
  • the USSR: Economic reforms launched under the impulse of the Prime Minister Alexis Kossyguine to mitigate the dysfunctions of the system and to establish mechanisms of market likely to give him more effectiveness. The experiment turns short, because it blames the authority of the party on the companies and carries in germ the weakening of the central bodies.

Western Europe

  • National question in Belgium which opposes minority Wallons to the Flemish majority. General strike of the winter 1960-1961

  • Santiago Carrillo becomes general secretary of the Communist party of Spain.
  • Spain: 40% of the credits work in the primary sector. 27% in the tertiary sector.
  • Portugal: The country opens with the foreign assets. 800 companies will be created thus between 1965 and 1970. 42% of the active population work in the primary sector. 1,5 million Portuguese will emigrate between 1960 and 1973 (75% towards France).
  • the United Kingdom: 7,5 million people lives in lower part of the poverty line.

France

See also: 1960 in France

Italy
  • 6 - February 11th: Official trip of the president of the Republic Giovanni Gronchi in Soviet Union.
  • March 23rd: Deprived of the support of the Liberal party which wanted to oblige cd. with a clearly center choice, the president of the Council Antonio Segni resigns and is replaced by Fernando Tambroni which constitutes a homogeneous government cd. (March 25th).
  • April: Political crisis when alliance objectifies between cd. and Néo-fascistes appear too openly.
    • Aldo Moro, general secretary of cd., considers under the influence of Fanfani the opening of the government on the left. Experiments of government of center left take place at the municipal level with Milan, Genoa, Florence. The Church and the catholic Action of Gedda make pressure on Aldo Moro to stop the process. The president of the Republic Giovanni Gronchi returns Tambroni to the Room although it was not indicated by the majority of the Parliament. But it will fail in its attempt to give to the Constitution a presidential interpretation.
  • June 30th - July 6th: The Italian Social movement, of neofascist tendency, having convened its national congress with Genoa for the beginning of July, the General Confederazione Italiana del Lavoro , of socialist and communist tendency, proclaims a general strike in the city. The MSI gives up the convocation of its congress, but that does not prevent a second demonstration in Genoa the July 2nd, giving place to clashes violent one with the police force. Series of demonstrations shake the country whose principal one, in Rome the July 6th, is dispersed by a load of police officers with horse. Violences make ten deaths.
  • July 1st: After violent demonstrations with Reggio Emilia, Palermo and Catane, the Tambroni government must resign.
  • July 26th: Amintore Fanfani form its third government with the support of the republican and the social democrats. The Socialists abstain from.

  • Two million cars in circulation.

  • School reform.

Oceania & the Pacific

Arts and Culture

See also: 1960 with the cinema, 1960 in music, 1960 in literature, 1960 with the theater, 1960 as a cartoon, 1960 on television

Sciences & technology

See also: 1960 in science

See also: 1960 in aeronautics

See also: 1960 in the railroads

Sports

See also: 1960 in sport

See also: 1960 in football

Births in 1960

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

to also see: : Category: Birth in 1960

Death in 1960

to also see: : Category: Death in 1960

Be-X-old: 1960

Beats-smg: 1960 Map-bms: 1960 Simple: 1960 Zh-yue: 1960 年

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