1959

This page relates to the year 1959 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Africa

  • 4 - January 7th: “Day of the martyrs”. Bloody riots with Léopoldville with the Belgian Congo. They involve the formation of a board of inquiry and the assertion of the king Baudouin Ier of Belgium which it would lead the country to independence (January 13rd). Declaration of the state of emergency. ABAKO enters clandestinity.
  • January 17th: 44 representatives of the Dahomey, of the the Upper Volta, the Senegal and the French Sudan vote the Constitution of the Fédération of Mali.
    • the Sudanese Parliament ratifies the federal Constitution unanimously. The Upper Volta rejects the Federation following a referendum ( March). In Dahomey, violent incidents burst with Porto-Novo close to the National Assembly that the opponents with the Federation of Mali try to invest, making about fifteen wounded ( February). The Prime Minister Sourou Migan Apithy, opposes the Federation in the terms suggested and constitutes the Republican party of Dahomey (PRD), which declares itself ready to consider a new formula of association with Mali. The federalists dahoméens are overcome with legislative in April. The president of the National Assembly of Mauritania, Sidi el Moktar Ndiaye, draft a bringing together with the Federation of Mali in January, but the project falls through.
  • January - February: Disorders in British central Africa. Revolt for autonomy with the Nyassaland (Malawi).
  • February: Conference of London on British Eastern Africa.
  • Mars:
    • Declaration of the state of emergency in Rhodesia of North. Repression accentuates antagonisms between Blancs and Blacks.
    • Congress constitutive of the National union Mauritanian, local section of the PFA.
  • April:
    • Congress of the Party of the African Federation (PFA), which proclaims that the Senegal and the French Sudan are ready to form one State within the Communauté. A federal assembly of 15 members by States is elected the April 3rd.
    • After the defection of the Dahomey and the the Upper Volta, Léopold Sédar Senghor is unanimously elected president of the federal Parliament of Mali and Modibo Keita (with 23 vote out of 24) president of the government. Mamadou Dia becomes vice-president.
    • Felix Houphouët-Boigny, Prime Minister of the Ivory Coast.
  • May: The Council of the Agreement, which associates five old French colonies of West Africa (Ivory Coast, Niger, the Upper Volta, Dahomey, Togo starting from 1966). Its goal is “to organize and develop solidarity and the economic cooperation between the Member States”.
  • May 1st: Philibert Tsiranana, president of the Republic of Madagascar.
  • June 26th: Creation of the Alliance of Bakongo, political party of the Belgian Congo which will become the Democratic republic of Congo.
  • July 7th: Creation by France of Make of assistance and co-operation (FAC), to replace the FIDES. France will sign 138 conventions or cooperation agreements with the new States of the Black Africa and 164 conventions or cooperation agreements with the States of the the Maghreb, including 72 for the Algérie, 49 for the Morocco and 44 for the Tunisia between on July 7th, 1959 and the July 17th 1963.
  • July: Declaration of Sanniquellie to the Liberia: Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana), Sékou Touré (Guinea) and William Tubman of the Liberia decides for the “Community” of State African which would preserve their sovereignty and would not interfere into the interior matters of the others.
  • September: Special session of UNO devoted to the Cameroun. The unanimous African States claim with the France the establishment of the democratic liberties before independence.
  • September 6th: Scission within the Istiqlal with the Morocco: Mehdi Ben Barka founds the National union of the popular forces.
  • September 16th: Speech of De Gaulle on self-determination in Algeria. Launching by France of a military plan of great scale, the plan Shawl.

  • IIe Conference of the independent African States with Monrovia.

  • First Panafrican Trade-union Conference with Casablanca.
  • Electoral victory of the partisans of the reunification of the Cameroun.
  • Suppression of the representation, by Europeans, Africans at the Parliament in South Africa.
  • Multiplication of the arrests under pretext of subversion in the Portuguese colonies (1959 - 1960). Arrest of the leader of the MPLA (Popular liberation movement of Angola) Agostinho Neto and of the father Pinto de Andrade.
  • Dissolution of the Sawaba party to the Niger, favorable to “not” with the referendum of 1958. Niger passes to the mode of Sole party.
  • Exile of the Tutsi of the Ruanda in Uganda.
  • Boycott of the shops held by Indians in Uganda (1959 - 1960).

Americas

North America

The United States
  • January 3rd: The Alaska becomes the 49e state of the United States.
  • April: Stating of the " Theory of the dominos " in connection with the Southeast Asia.
  • May 24th: Died of John Dulles. The administration Eisenhower launches out in an offensive of public relations making of the “crossed” President authentic of peace.
  • June 9th: Launching of the G. Washington , first nuclear submarine American SNLE.
  • July: Richard Nixon is sent to Moscow.
  • August 21st: Hawaii becomes the 50e state of the United States.
  • 15 - September 28th: Travel of Nikita Khrouchtchev to the United States. It is first leading Soviet in official visit. He makes an agreement for the nearest summit conference holding. A few weeks later, Eisenhower makes a round in the Tiers-monde.
  • February 1st: Signature with Washington of the treaty which holds the the Antarctic with the nonmilitary scientific activities.

  • the 50 most important firms produce 25% of GNP.

  • the Western oil companies impose sharp declines on the oil prices (1959 and 1960).

Latin America

  • Argentinian: The president Arturo Frondizi wishes to accelerate the industrialization of the country, but must face a difficult economic situation and applies the treatment of shock recommended by the the IMF. The results are encouraging, the growth returns (8% into 1959,7% in 1960) and inflation is brought back from 113% in 1959 to 27% in 1960 and 13,5% in 1961. Many new industries appear (automobile, iron and steel industry, etc). But the social costs are important and the purchasing power of the workers decreases of more than 25% in 1959, which causes many strikes and makes pass in the opposition holding them of the justicialism peronist. The opening to the foreign assets (exploitation of the Oil) strongly upsets the nationalist mediums.

Cuba
  • January 1st: The victory of the rebellious forces carried out by Fidel Castro is acquired in Cuba, whereas the dictator Fulgencio Batista takes refuge in Dominican Republic.
  • January 2nd: The forces of Fidel Castro enter to Havana. Installation of a collegial executive with Manual Urriata, president of the Republic, Jose Miró Cardona, Prime Minister and Fidel Castro, chief of the armed forces.
  • January 7th: The United States recognizes the government of Fidel Castro to Cuba.
  • January 8th: Entry of Fidel Castro to Havana and seizure of power at the 33 years age.
  • February 15th: Castro takes the post of Prime Minister.
  • April: While summary executions deteriorate the image of the new mode, Castro goes to the United States to reassure the administration Eisenhower on his intentions. He proclaims anticommunist and underlines the need for reforms, in particular agrarian, but does not have success and a mutual incomprehension settles.
  • May 17th: Castro proclaims the Land reform. It prohibits the great property and the abroads to have grounds in Cuba, which harms the North-American interests, in particular with the large companies which exploit the cane with sugar. More 400  000 ha of ground are confiscated with three American companies, of which the United Fruit Company. Criticisms are done pressing in the United States, relayed in Cuba by president Urriata. The response of Castro to the charges of communist drift engages the country in an authoritative way.
  • July: Castro denounces the enemies of the revolution and, assured of his popularity, resigns. Impressive demonstrations claim its return immediately, and whereas Urriata is withdrawn, Castro takes again his return triumphantly.
  • October: Castro makes stop the commander of the air force, the major Huberto Matos, who had complained about the increasing influence of the Communists. He is condemned to twenty years of prison.
  • October 29th: The government castrist restores the military tribunals and suspends certain civil laws.
  • the last months of 1959 are rates/rhythms by attempts of rebellion and the more or less founded North-American threats of intervention to restore Batista.

Asia

  • March 10th: Tibet: Revolt Tibetans with Lhassa against the Chinese occupation of the Tibet
  • March 31st: Following the insurrection of Lhassa against the Chinese occupant, the Dalaï LAMA takes refuge in India which grants the political asylum to him. The invasion of the Tibet began in 1949. The popular Armée with release enters in Tibet and meets little resistance on behalf of an army Tibetan weak and badly equipped. in 1956 began with Litang in the Kham a revolt from the Tibetans against the Chinese occupant, who extended to the other sectors from the Kham, then in 1957 and 1958 in the sectors from the Amdo, then in 1958 and 1959, in the U-Tsang, the Autonomous region of Tibet, before extending to the unit from the territory. In 1959, the insurrection bursts with Lhassa, the Dalaï Lama flees the Tibet to take refuge in India. It will be followed approximately 100.000 Tibetans. The number of Tibetans killed in the military action according to the report/ratio of an official Chinese soldier, was of 87.000, simply between March 1959 March and September 1960, and that only in the sector of Lhassa. Much more Tibetans were killed in the Amdo and the Kham which are more populated areas. The Chinese crush the revolt and name the Panchen LAMA with the report heading. The Khampas tribes continue their operations of guerilla a certain time, before being crushed. Tens of thousands of Tibetans flee abroad, the majority are accommodated like refugees in India, with the Nepal and the Bhutan.

  • Foundation of the liberal party Swatantra in India by Chakravarti Râjagopâlâchâri.

  • Visit of Eisenhower in India.
  • the territorial claims of China and the quarrel about the refugees Tibetans consolidate the relations between the Bhutan and the India (economic aids, military aid, diplomatic representation).
  • the Chinese build a road in Aksaï Chin to accelerate the standardization of the Tibet.
  • Famine in the Chinese campaigns (1959 - 1961).
  • Congress of Nagpur on the Land reform in India: Nehru revival the movement of the agricultural cooperatives which must make it possible at the State to relatively low ensure of the farm prices and to offer food products of first need in the stores of State. A limitation with extended from the properties is instituted to weaken the zamindars, as well as series of measure with the profit of the farmers not-owners. The land reforms, within the competence of the Regional assemblies, are implemented, are very slowly slowed down by the caste and class solidarities. They however succeed in founding a new form of property based on the Western legislation.

Indonesia

  • July 5th: Soekarno dissolves the Parliament of 1955 which does not manage to write a Constitution. It establishes a supreme Advisory counsel and the Council main road of planning. By its political proclamation (Manipol) of the August 17th, it restores the Constitution of 1945. As of the following year, a temporary popular Consultative Assembly, whose members are named by Soekarno, replaces the Room of the representatives, which marks the beginning of what Soekarno calls the “directed Democracy” (1959 - 1965). In its desire to support the idea of unit in diversity, the government develops an ideology of State called Pancasila , which includes/understands five basic principles: faith in God, a humanity right and civilized, the unit of Indonesia, social justice for all and the democracy guided by the consensus. The objective of Soekarno is the Nasakom , i.e. the participation in the same movement of three currents: nationalism ( nas ), religious forces ( agama ) and the Communists ( Komunism ).
    • the disorganization of the economy, corruption lead Soekarno to propose a “democracy directed” only able in its eyes to remake the unit of the country.

The Middle East

  • February 19th: The the United Kingdom grants to Cyprus its independence, effective in 1960 according to the agreement signed in London by the Prime Ministers of Greece, of Turkey.
  • February: Drop by 9% of the oil price involving a fall of the oil incomes in the producing states.
  • Mars: Failure of a coup d'etat of the Arab nationalists with Mosul, supported by RAU. The Kurdish Communists and the carry out a terrible repression in the panarabes mediums.
  • April: The LEA joins together with the Cairo the first Arab congress of the oil, which proposes to set up a policy of dialog and coordination between the producer countries. Five countries (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran and Venezuela) control 90% of the worldwide production then.
  • May 30th: After being itself withdrawn of the pact of Baghdad, the Iraq denounces the agreements of military aid and economic last with the the United States.
  • July 6th: Mahmoud Chaltout, vice-chancellor of the Mosquée Al-Azhar of the Cairo delivers a historical Fatwa recognizing the Jafarisme ( Ja' fari ) or ach-Shit Al-Imamiyya Al-Ithna `Achariyya (i.e. it twelfth Imam of the Chiites) like a Madhhab, a Moslem legal school which is religieusement correct to follow in the worship, like is other schools of thought sunnites.
  • October 10th: The Turkish government accepts the establishment on its territory of a launching base of American rockets of NATO.
  • November 13rd: Mgr Makarios, president of the Cypriot Republic.

  • Syria: Hourani and Bitar resign their governmental functions with the end of the year. The Egypt is pressed on the moderate Syrians, who will pass in their turn in the opposition after the nationalizations. The Left Baath, dissolves at the time of the creation of RAU, is reconstituted clandestinely. It is the only Syrian party to have a program: refusal of any foreign interference, land reform, industrial legislation. A military organization of tendency Ba' thist, the Military committee, is constituted around young officers, of which Hafez el-Assad and Salah Jedid.

  • the Iraq proposes the proclamation of a Palestinian Republic on the entirety of the Palestine agent (suppression of the Egyptian administration of Gaza and detachment of the the West Bank to the Jordan. Qasim form in Iraq an army of release of Palestine on the Algerian model. The RAU answers by the formation of a Palestinian National union.
  • Yasser Arafat founds with Kuwait the Liberation movement of Palestine, whose initial ones reversed in Arabic give the Fath (opening). It is primarily made up of members of the Palestinian diaspora of the Gulf.
  • In Egypt, the national revenue increases on average by 6% per annum between 1959 and 1965.

Europe

Western Europe

  • January 1st: First coming into effect of the Common Market, with the first effective fall of the customs duties in the construction of the EEC.
  • January 10th: Western refusal of the new statute of Berlin proposed by Soviet the Prime Minister Nikita Khrouchtchev.
  • January 13rd: Declaration of the Belgian government announcing the intention to carry out the independence of unit Congo quickly.
  • January, Portugal: The general Humberto Delgado is excluded from the army and is prohibited of exit of the territory. Taking to court its indicters, It takes refuge with the embassy of the Brésil and asks the political asylum, which it obtains.
  • : A referendum, in Swiss, rejects the possibility with the women of being able to vote during a federal voting.
  • April 19th: For the first time the women vote in Switzerland at the time of an local election in the Canton of Vaud.
  • July 6th: The Land of the Saar, managed since the end of the Second world war by France, returns in the bosom of the Federal Republic of Germany.
  • July 31st: Creation of the Basque separatist organization ETA ( Euzkadi your Azkatasuna , Pays Basque and freedom), which will profit from a support of the Spanish clergy.
  • October 8th, the United Kingdom: Victoire of the preserving to legislative with the slogan “ You never had it so good ”.
  • October 14th, the United Kingdom: Iain Macleod becomes Minister for the Colonies (fine in 1964). It manages the decolonization.
  • November 15th, FRG: with the congress of Bad Godesberg, SPD breaks with the Marxisme by accepting the principles of the liberal economy, while renonçant with the separation of the Church and the State and deciding in favor of the national defense policy.
  • November 20th: With Stockholm, the Austria, the Denmark, the Norway, the Sweden, the Swiss , the Portugal and the Great Britain sign the treaty creating the European Free Trade Association.
  • December 21st: Meeting in Paris of the general de Gaulle, of Eisenhower, Harold Macmillan (Prime Minister for the the United Kingdom) and of the chancellor Konrad Adenauer which propose with Khrouchtchev a meeting at the top devoted to the East-West relations, disarmament and the German question.

  • Spain: Application of the plan of stabilization and financial cleansing: recovery of the budget of the state by the reduction of the expenditure and the increase in taxation, devaluation of the currency of 30%, liberalization of the foreign trade.

  • Spain enters the OEEC which grants to him a loan of 420 million dollars.
  • Constitutional revision with the Portugal. The presidential election is reserved for a restricted body of 600 voters. The president of the Council can appoint in all quietude the president of the Republic.
  • Second development plan with the Portugal. Construction of stoppings.
  • Re-establishment of the convertibility of the Pound sterling.

Italy

  • Plane green to help the farmers to develop their activity by subsidies and appropriations.

  • Be: Considerable increase of growth rate until the end of 1963.

France

See also: 1959 in France

Eastern Europe

  • Soviet Refusal to help the China to develop its nuclear power.

  • the development of the Soviet economy after the Second world war follows the lines traced by the five-year plans or septennial (1959 - 1965). The totality of the contents of those is often revealed only one or two years after their application.
  • Romania: paid work is interdict in agriculture and the grounds which the peasants cannot cultivate are confiscated.
  • Yugoslavia: the congress of the Ligue of the Communists calls with the reorganization of the arable lands in larger socialized units. Collectivization is never forced and the collectivized grounds will not exceed 13%. Approximately 70% of the private exploitations lower than 5 ha and are badly cultivated. Intermittent food shortages due to the drynesses require the purchase of cereals to the the United States and the Soviet Union.

Oceania & the Pacific

  • Tahiti is integrated into the overseas territory (TOM) of the French Polynésie. Its will be amended with three recoveries, in 1977, 1984 and 1990, to answer the claims of the separatists.

Arts and Culture

See also: 1959 with the cinema, 1959 in music, 1959 in literature, 1959 with the theater, 1959 as a cartoon, 1959 on television

Sciences & technology

See also: 1959 in science

See also: 1959 in aeronautics

See also: 1959 in the railroads

Sports

See also: 1959 in sport

See also: 1959 in football

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Births in 1959

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

  • November 1st: Thierry Falque-Pierrotin, French business man (France)
  • November 2nd: Paul Morris (musician), American musician, member of the group Rainbow of Ritchie Blackmore ()
  • November 3rd: Dolph Lundgren, actor Swedish (Sweden)
  • November 5th
  • November 7th :
  • November 8th: Tom Novembre, singer and actor French (France)
  • November 9th: Jens Christian Grøndahl, Danish writer of international repute (Denmark)
  • November 10th: Laura Mackenzie Philips, singer and American actress ()
  • November 11th: Martina Kämpfert, East-German athlete, first athlete to run the 800m in less 2mn (Germany)
  • November 14th: Mireille Perrier, French actress (France)
  • November 18th: Marie-Dominique Simonet, Belgian political woman of French language (Belgium)
  • November 19th :
    • Lila Hanitra Ratsifandrihamanana, Malagasy political woman, former ambassadress of Madagascar (Madagascar)
    • Richard Attias, French business man, of Moroccan origin, President de Publicis Vents (France)
    • Allison Janney, American actress ()
  • November 20th: Sean Young, American actress ()
  • November 22nd: Jean-Marie Besset, French author
  • November 23rd: Maxwell Caulfield, actor of television and actor to the American theater of Scottish origin ()
  • November 25th :
    • Harlem Desire, French politician, former president of S.O.S Racism (France)
    • Charles Kennedy, Scottish politician, former leader of the liberal democratic party to the the United Kingdom ()
    • Steve Rothery, musician, English guitarist, member of the group Marillion (the United Kingdom)
  • November 26th :
    • Jamie Pink, American actress ()
    • Kai Wingenfelder, singer and German type-setter member of the group Fury In The Slaughterhouse (Germany)
  • November 27th: Charlie Burchill, musician, Scottish type-setter, cofounder with Jim Kerr of the group Simple Minds (the United Kingdom)
  • November 28th :
    • Stephen Rock, champion cycle Irish (Ireland)
    • Judd Nelson, actor, producer and American scenario writer , member of the Brat Pack ()
  • November 30th :
    • Sylvia Hanika, German tennis player (Germany)
    • Lorraine Kelly, journalist and presenter of Scottish television ()

December

  • February 1st: Loïck Peyron, navigator French (France)
  • December 3rd: Kathy Jordan, American tennis player ()
  • December 4th: Christian Jacob, French politician, former minister (France)
  • December 5th: Lee Chapman, football player English (the United Kingdom)
  • December 6th: Satoru Iwata, CEO President of Nintendo Japanese (Japan)
  • December 21st: Corinne Touzet, actress, director and producing French (France)
  • December 24th: Diane Such, musician, author, type-setter, interprets, producing and Québécois director ()
  • December 25th: Michael P. Anderson, American astronaut († 2003) ()
  • December 28th: Anna Torroja, Spanish singer, member of the group Mechanic (Spain)
  • December 29th: Paula Poundstone, American humorist, practitioner car-derision ()
  • December 30th: Tracey Ullman, actress, producing, Singer, scenario writer and British director (the United Kingdom)
  • December 31st: Val Kilmer, American actor ()

    • Bamboo (Caroline Von Paulus): Mannequin and French singer, egery of Serge Gainsbourg (France)

    • Aïchatou Mindaoudou, political woman native of Niger, former minister for the Niger (Niger)
    • Kate Malone, English artist ceramist (the United Kingdom)

Death in 1959

  • January 21st: Cecil B. DeMille, American Scenario writer (° August 12th 1881)

  • January 31st: Joseph Merlot, French-speaking Belgian politician (° September 14th 1886)
  • February 3rd: Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and The Big Bopper American Singer S of Rock' roll, killed in an air crash close to Clear Lake in the Iowa.
  • February 8th: Death of the American General William J. Donovan (76 years), chief of the office of the strategic services at the time of the Second world war.
  • February 12th: George Antheil, American Type-setter. (° July 8th 1900).
  • February 14th: Warren Dodds (64 years), one of most famous the Beater S American of Jazz of the New-Orleans.
  • February 15th: Owen Richardson (79 years), enquiring American Nobel Prize of physics to have discovered the movement of the electrons.
  • February 27th, Paul Chabanaud, zoologist French (° 1876).
  • March 3rd: Lou Costello, American actor (° 1906)
  • March 26th: Raymond Chandler, American Novelist
  • March 29th: Barthelemy Boganda, first President of the Central African republic
  • April 9th: Frank Lloyd Wright, pioneer of American architecture (° 1867)
  • April 23rd: Egon Reinert (50 years), president of the Land of the Saar, victim of an car accident.
  • April 27th: Gordon Armstrong, inventive American of the Incubating for babies.
  • May 5th: Carlos Saavedrg Spangled (80 years), Argentinian politician, Nobel Prize of peace in 1936.
  • May 14th: Sidney Bechet, Musician of American Jazz (° 1897).
  • May 15th: max of Ollone, Leader, Type-setter and musicographe French (° 1875).
  • May 20th: Alfred Schütz, Philosopher Austrian/American (° 1899).
  • May 24th: John Foster Dulles, diplomat and American geopolitician , Secretary of State of the republican president Dwight D. Eisenhower.
  • June 1st: Sax Rohmer, British Novelist , (° 1883).
  • June 23rd: Boris Vian, writer and Musician French (° 1920).
  • February 12th: George Antheil, American Type-setter. (° July 8th 1900).
  • July 10th: Marcel Van, Vietnamese redemptorist (° 1928).
  • July 17th: Billie Holiday, American Singer of Jazz and Blues (° 1915)
  • July 25th:
    • Narciso Bassols (62 years), following a fall of bicycle. He was the founder and the chief of the Mexican Popular party of left.
    • Isaac Halevi Herzog (70 years), of Polish origin, rabbi as a chief of Jerusalem and Israel.
  • August 6th: Wanda Landowska, Pianist virtuoso of Polish origin (° 1879)
  • September 7th: Maurice Duplessis, former Prime Minister for the Quebec (° 1890)
  • October 14th: Errol Flynn, American Actor (° 1909)
  • November 17th: Heitor Villa-Lobos, Brazilian Type-setter
  • November 25th: Gerard Philippe, Actor French (° 1922)
  • December 14th: Stanley Spencer, British painter (° 1887).
  • December 14th: Jean Grémillon, Realizer French (° 1898)
  • December 23rd: Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st count d' Halifax, British politician, ambassador, Viceroy of the Indies of 1926 with 1931. (° April 16th 1881).

Beats-smg: 1959 Be-X-old: 1959 Map-bms: 1959 Simple: 1959 Zh-yue: 1959 年

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