1954

This page relates to the year 1954 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

UNO

  • the Nobel Prize of peace is allotted to Office of the High Commission of UNO to the refugees.
  • First meeting of UNO.

Africa

  • January 15th: Foundation of the University of Lovanium to the Belgian Congo.
  • July, Tanganyika: Foundation of the TANU ( Tanganyika Africa National Union ), resulting from the TAA. It succeeds in collecting supports it population beyond cleavages ethnic or regional and imposes itself like the key of the combat anticolonial. It stresses progress of education and the suppression of the taxes which burden the agricultural productions and the breeding.

  • the Capverdiens obtain the Portuguese citizenship.

  • Lyttleton Constitution with the Nigeria.
  • Inter-union Congress of the civils servant with Conakry: several trade unions leave the CGT.
  • Mission of UNO to the Tanganyika.
  • the multiracial Council of the ministers to the Kenya.
  • Constitution in Uganda.

the Maghreb

  • January 25th: The sultan of Morocco relieved Sidi Mohammed Ben Youssef is transferred from Corsica to Madagascar.
  • July 31st: Speech of Pierre Mendès France with Carthage promising autonomy interns with the Tunisia and the Morocco.
  • August 2nd: The Tunisian nationalist leader Habib Bourguiba lance a call in favor of a cease-fire on the whole of the Tunisian territory.
  • August 4th: After the speech of Carthage, the partisans of the sultan of Morocco Sidi Mohammed Ben Youssef launch violent riots to Fès and Khénifra (24 dead).
  • August 15th: The troops of the Foreign legion occupy the Arab district of Fès to repress a nationalist rising: 130 Morrocans are stopped.
  • August 26th: Pierre Mendès France announces at the National Assembly the creation of a council of studies of the reforms to the Morocco.
  • September 9th: A Earthquake of magnitude 6,8 fact 1  450 victims with Orléansville in Algeria.
  • October 10th, Algeria: The CRUA (revolutionary Committee of unit and action) decides to start the armed insurrection. Creation of the Face of National Release (FLN) Algerian.
  • November 1st: Red All Saints' day , beginning of the insurrection in Kabylie and in the Aurès. Vagueness of attacks asserted by the Face of national release (FLN), which tackles the French positions: beginning of the War of Algeria. The insurrectionists cut off themselves in Aurès.

  • November 2nd: Zeddour Mohamed Brahim Kacem (wire of Sheik Tayeb Al-Mahaji), one of the " cerveaux" Algerian revolution, was stopped by the forces of repression a few days only after its return of Egypt, or it was student and at the same time one of the direct organizers of the nationalist movement in Caire.Il is the first martyrdom-student of the revolution. Indeed, He succumbed to Algiers, a few days after his arrest, under torture by the agents of DST. BelKacem was buried in a common grave in the Christian cemetery of extremely-of-L' water now called (Bordj El Kiffan).

  • November 5th, Algeria: The MTLD (Movement for the triumph of the democratic liberties in Algeria) east dissolves.

  • November 8th: the battle of Ghar Boudjelida (cave of bald person mouse) which is in the douar chorfa has El Gaada close to Oran which was the PC (station of the command) of the town of Oran during the revolution (Willaya V). , during which Ahmed Zabana was captured by the enemy colonialist after being reached of two balls. Ahmed Zabana the first martyrdom which was transferred towards the prison Barberousse (Serkadji) to be guillotine.

  • November 12th: With the Parliament, Mendès France affirms that it will defend the French Algérie. It appoints general governor a liberal gaullist, Jacques Soustelle.

  • December 9th: The Tunisian and French authorities announce that more than 2500 Fellagha S returned the weapons.
  • December 22nd: Police operation against the nationalists in Algeria. Arrest of 150 members of MTLD dissolved. 56  500 French soldiers are engaged in the Algerian conflict.

Americas

  • Mars: Xe inter-American conference of Caracas. “Declaration of solidarity for maintains integrity political of the States American against the intervention of the international Communism”, voted at the request of the United States against the opinion of Argentina, Mexico and Guatemala.
  • May 4th: Military coup d'etat to the Paraguay.
  • June 27th: the CIA organizes a coup d'etat to the Guatemala since the Honduras. Shown communist sympathies, the Guatemalan president Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán resigns without being able to resist (it prepared with exproprier 90  000 ha not exploited pertaining to the United Fruit Company). A new period of repression and militarism opens. The vote with secret bulletin is removed and of the thousands of opponents are imprisoned. During the three following decades, the coups d'etat and the governments military followed one another Guatemala.
  • July 8th: Dictatorship of the colonel Carlos Castillo Armed with the Guatemala (fine in 1957). It restores 950  000 hectares of grounds to the United Fruit Company, expropriée in 1952. It removes the tax on the interests and the dividends touched by the foreign investors.
  • August 15th: Beginning of the dictatorship of the general Alfredo Stroessner with the Paraguay. It is eight times re-elected between 1954 and 1989.
  • December 5th: Beginning of the dictatorship of Julio Lozano Díaz with the Honduras (fine in 1956).

  • Great strike with the Honduras. Social agitation causes an opening of the mode then its hardening.

Brazil

  • the Minister for Labor João Goulart proposes to double the wages. A proclamation of the colonels requires his resignation, showing it of demagogy. Getúlio Vargas moves away Goulart but increases the wages.
  • August 5th: Attack against the leader-writer of the Tribuna da Imprensa , Carlos Lacerda, fomented by close relations of Vargas. The armed forces ask for the resignation of Vargas then deposit it the August 24th.
  • August 24th: A military Coup d'etat to the Brazil, pushes the president Getúlio Vargas, summoned to resign, to put an end to its days. The vice-president João Fernandes Campos Café Filho gives up the policy of Vargas. He entrusts Finances, Justice and the Foreign affairs with members of the União Democratica Nacional .

Canada

  • May 13rd: The Canada and the the United States get along on the project of new sea route of the the St. Lawrence to connect the Big lakes.
  • October 15th: The hurricane Hazel made 81 died on Toronto.

the United States

  • January 12th: Doctrines of the massive reprisals (John Foster Dulles).
  • January 21st: The first Sous-marin with nuclear Propulsion in the world (the Nautilus) leaves the shipyard and crosses in front of New York.
  • February 18th: The senator McCarthy is caught some to the persons in charge of the army (18/02). But the inquisitorial methods of the commission of the antiaméricaines activities make the object of criticism more and more sharp.
  • April 13rd: The physicist nuclear physicist Oppenheimer sees himself prohibiting any participation in American military research because of his communist sympathies and his opposition to the experiments of the Bombe H expressed in 1950.
  • May 17th: The stop Brown v. Board off Education of the Supreme court of the United States orders the end of the racial segregation in the schools.
  • June 17th: End of the McCarthysme, this one being attacked with the American army.
    • the American senator Joseph McCarthy is discredited by incapacity to prove its dires on the communist penetration with the the United States.
  • August: The private companies obtain the right to build nuclear reactors for the electrical production.
  • December 2nd: By 67 votes against 22, the Senate votes a motion condemning the methods of McCarthy.

  • Democratic Majority with the Congress.

  • Foundation of the Church of the Scientology by L. Ron. Hubbard.

Asia & Indian world

  • Traité mutual safety enters the United States and the government of Taiwan.

  • the Panchen Lama and the Dalai Lama are received with Beijing by Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong.
  • the roads connecting the Tibet to the China are completed.
  • the Soviet government launches the program “virgin and unoccupied Lands” in order to quickly increase the ground surface sown in Western Siberia and with the Kazakhstan. The continuation of Russian immigration and industrialization within the framework of the planned economy of the Soviet Union cause to make the population kazakhe minority in its republic.
  • Indonesia: 96% of the large plantations belong to foreigners.
  • Creation with the Japan of the Forces of self-defense.
  • the India occupies the Portuguese enclaves.

Indo-China

  • January 25th - February 18th: Conference of Berlin, announcing the Conference of Geneva.

  • February 5th: Diên Biên Phu is encircled by the Vietnamese soldier-Minh.
  • March 13rd: Great offensive of the Vietnamese soldier-minh on Diên Biên Phu. Three fulcrums fall as of the first days.
  • March 16th: The artillery Vietnamese soldier-Minh damages the aerodrome of Diên Biên Phu, compromising the supply of the encircled garrison.
  • April 3rd: The first reinforcements of French troops are parachuted on Diên Biên Phu.
  • April 11th: The French troops push back an attack of the Vietnamese soldier-minh in the zone of the aerodrome, which is taken the April 23rd. The Vietnamese soldier-minh is to 600 m of the headquarters of the general Christian de Castries.
  • May 3rd: The conference of Geneva, open the April 26th, invites the Vietnamese soldier-minh and the governments of Vietnam, Laos and Kampuchea to be taken part in the negotiations on Indo-China.
  • May 7th: Defeat and French capitulation with the Battle of Diên Biên Phu. The general Võ Nguyên Giáp takes Diên Biên Phù and made 10  000 prisoners.
  • May 10th: Pham Van Dong, vice-president of the Democratic republic of Vietnam, presents to Geneva the proposals of the Vietnamese soldier-minh: recognition by France of the independence of Vietnam, Kampuchea and Laos, withdrawal of the foreign troops and organization of free elections, cease-fire and prisoner exchange.
  • June 18th: The new government Mendès France negotiates, mainly with the Chinese Zhou Enlai, a cease-fire in Indo-China.
  • July 1st: The troops free-Vietnameses evacuate the southern zone of the delta of the Tonkin and organize their defense around Hanoi and of Haiphong.
  • July 14th: Beginning of the release of the prisoners of Diên Well Phù.
  • July 20th: Peace agreement of fine Geneva putting at the War of Indo-China. Not signed by the United States, they recognize with the Communists the Northern half of Vietnam. The French must withdraw themselves from Indo-China. Independence total of the Laos and the Kampuchea, evacuated by the Vietnamese soldier-minh. The Vietnam is divided in two States by the 17 {{E}} parallel provided general elections take place in the two years for a reunification.
  • August 16th: Beginning of the operation “ Passage to Freedom ”. The units of the American fleet evacuate towards the Vietnam of the South several thousands of North Vietnameses.
  • September 19th: The United States commits itself helping financially with the maintenance of the French task force. They will also provide an direct aid to the associated States.
  • October 9th: The troops Frenchwoman evacuate Hanoi.
  • October 24th: The the United States grant a help to the Vietnam south.

  • Laos: a column of volunteers Hmongs share to try to disenclose the fortified camp from Diên Biên Phu. After independence, the Pathet Lao, movement procommunist directed by Souphanouvong, radical national chief, called the “red prince”, supported by the forces of the Vietnamese soldier-minh, controls the provinces of North, the Phong Saly and the Sam Neua, where the royal army directed by the prince Souvanna Phouma had taken refuge, its cousin, supported by France and the United States. The Vietnamese soldier-minh evacuates the country, whereas the United States is opposed to the reunification envisaged by the agreements of Geneva.

  • In 1954, the United States finances the war of Indo-China for nearly 80%.
  • the Guerre of Indo-China made 64  officially; 150 “killed, died or disappeared” in the French camp, of which 12  550 French. The war cost 3000 billion francs (1953), including more than 60% with the load of France, that is to say 10% of the French resources during the ten years of conflict. It prevented the realization of the plan of industrialization of 1946 and marks the failure of the federal project desired by France in Indo-China.

Europe

Eastern Europe

  • Tito makes steps to form a group of neutral countries, or non-aligned countries. He travels to India in 1954 and 1955.

  • Revolt in the Soviet camps.
  • the the Crimea, which belonged to the republic of Russia, is attached to the Ukraine by Nikita Khrouchtchev.
  • the Soviet Union proposes a total disarmament (1954 and 1959), but these proposals fail when the USSR is opposed to the provisions of checking agreements.
  • Poland: Release of Gomulka excluded from the Polish Communist party in 1948.

Western Europe

  • Cooling of the spring temperatures in Western Europe (1954-1965).

  • January 21st: With Grenade, members of the Phalange express in favor of the restitution of Gibraltar to the Spain.

  • March 5th, the United Kingdom: Discusses on the Bombe H with the House of Commons. The Labor opposition requires of Winston Churchill to intervene with the United States so that they cease the tests of bombs thermonuclear. Churchill refuses, estimating that these tests rather increase the chances of peace in the world than they do not compromise them.
  • May: First conference of the Atlantic group Bilderberg, held with the hotel Bilderberg in Osterbeek, close to Arnhem (Netherlands).
  • August 30th: The French Parliament rejects the project of a European Community of defense by 319 votes against 263.
  • September 28th: Beginning of the Conference of London: the representatives of Great Britain, of France, of FRG, of Italy, of Canada, of Belgium, of the Netherlands, of Luxembourg and the United States meet in order to find a replacement solution with the European Community of defense.
  • October 3rd, Conference of London: Re-establishment of the total sovereignty of the FRG, which will adhere to NATO. It will have a clean army but will not be able to produce of atomic weapons, biological or chemical.
  • October 6th: The Great Britain, the the United States, the Italy and the Yugoslavia sign the treaty of London which puts an end to the conflict on the statute of Trieste: the British and American troops will evacuate the zone has which returns to the Italy, the zone B being allotted to the Yugoslavia. Trieste remains a free port.
  • October 23rd:
    • Signature of the agreements of Paris which take again the principles defined in London. Installation of the Western European Union which is based on the Traité of Brussels modified (London-Paris, Oct. 3-23), to which the FRG and the Italy adhere (which are thus rearmed). The Soviet Union protests against these agreements and renews its proposal for a European pact of collective security.
    • Agreement on the Saar signed by Pierre Mendès France and Konrad Adenauer which envisages the maintenance of the economic union free-of the Saar and the organization of a referendum allowing the population of the Saar to come to a conclusion about this statute.
  • December 30th: Ratification by France of the agreements of Paris on the Western European Union and NATO.

  • Freedom of movement of labor in the Scandinavian countries.

France

See also: 1954 in France

Italy
  • January 3rd: beginning of the tele emissions of the Spoke in Italy.
  • January 12th: The president of the Council Giuseppe Pella resigns.
  • January 18th: Amintore Fanfani form a homogeneous government cd., but does not manage to obtain confidence.
  • February 10th: Mario Scelba constitutes a coalition government with the participation of the social democrat , the liberal and the republican .
  • June: Congress of the Christian Democrat. The left wing of cd., supported by the great holdings of State threatened by the integral liberalism preached by the Confindustria, takes the direction of the party in the person of Amintore Fanfani which considers a collaboration with the center-left, including the Socialists nenniens.
  • August 18th: Died of Alcide De Gasperi.
  • September 16th: Following a press campaign implying his son in a scandal, the Foreign Minister, Attilio Piccioni, one of the historical leaders of cd., resign.
  • October 5th: The Italy and the Yugoslavia manage an agreement on the partition of the free Territoire of Trieste and sign with London a “memorandum of agreement”.
  • December 23rd: The Italian Parliament ratifies the treaty of UEO.

  • the pope Pie XII prohibits the experiment of the working priests, started in 1943.

  • 2  197  300 unemployed (300  000 of more than in 1950).

Oceania & peaceful

The Middle East & Arab world

  • June: The regent Abdul Illah organizes free elections in Iraq. The majority of the seat is gained by partisans of Nouri Saïd, hostile with the project of the “fertile Crescent”.
  • June 27th, Iraq: Nouri Saïd restores an authoritarian regime and suspends the Parliament.
  • September: Israel sends one of its commercial ships towards the Suez Canal. The ship is confiscated by Egypt and its stopped crew.

  • the LEA presents a against-plan to the Johnston plan. The Lake Tibériade would not be used as tank and the Israeli share would be reduced.

  • semi-official Negotiations between the Egypt and Israel (Moshé Sharett). The Egyptians propose an peace agreement based on the retrocession in Egypt of part of the Negev and the reinstalment of Palestinian refugees in the Arab countries. These openings obtain supports it of Great Britain and the United States, which prepare with the end of the year the “Alpha plan”, peace process resting on the principle of non-aggression between Egypt and Israel, in exchange of Israeli concessions in Negev. The situation is degraded by the opposition to the policy of conciliation in Israel (Moshe Dayan, Shimon Peres). Sharett encounters difficulties more and more and must fight against the projects of military intervention of Ben Gourion and the army.

Syria

  • January: Violent demonstrations against the mode in Syria in the areas Druzes and certain cities like Homs and Alep, supported by the Iraq. Israeli persons in charge propose an military intervention. Repression is very hard, but the Syrian army, inspired by colonel Malki, near to the Ba' HT, is raised.
  • February 25th: The chief of the Syrian government Adib Chichakli exiles himself for the Lebanon.
  • March 1st:
    • Hachem Al-Atassi turns over to Damas and takes again its president's functions of the Syrian republic.
    • Sabri Al-Assali, notable traditional, supported by the coalition of the national party and the party of the people, becomes Prime Minister of Syria. He secretly starts again the negotiations with the Iraq on the projects of union, but armed there is hostile. Its capacity is weakened by the strong opposition of the Ba' HT, of the PS, the Communists and the Muslim brothers.
  • June 19th: Sabri Al-Assali is reversed and a new government is formed around Said Al-Ghazzi, which organizes elections the September 24th. The independent ones, near to the capacity, obtain 64 seats out of 142, the party of people 30, Ba' TH 22, which is a political victory.
  • November 3rd: Farès Al-Khoury, Prime Minister of Syria (fine in 1955).

Egypt

  • January: Confrontation between Muslim brothers and militants of the Popular assembly founded by Nasser. This last issues the dissolution of the Muslim brothers.
  • February 25th: Mohammed Naguib protests and requires a right to veto on the Council of the revolution. Shown to seek a capacity dictatorial and put in minority, he resigns. The colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser becomes Prime Minister.
  • February 27th: Nasser is constrained to recall Naguib in front of the opposition of the army. Naguib receives all the capacities. Nasser resigns, the censure is abolished, the restored multi-party system, of the elections will replace the Council of the revolution by a constituent Assembly. Nasser takes again the control of the army and organizes the opposition.
  • March 28th: The nassériens launch a general strike.
  • April 17th: The Naguib general remains Head of the State but the capacity is transferred to the Council, whose Nasser is the president.
  • August: Nasser declares that Egypt wishes to receive the assistance of the United States to defend oneself against an external aggression, and proposes a pact of collective defense of the Arab States. The British government is divided: Churchill is favorable to a reconquest of Egypt by the force, Eden and the Foreign Office proposes the establishment of relationships of trust with the Arab countries and approves the pact of collective defense.
  • October 19th: Agreement abrogeant the treated of 1936 with Great Britain. The canal zone will be evacuated within twenty month. The British will be able however to have bases in the event of armed attacks carried out by a country not making party of the Middle East.
  • October 30th: Following the assassination attempt against the Prime Minister Abdel Nasser with Alexandria the October 26th, the brotherhood of the Muslim brothers is dissolved. Its chief Ahmed Hassan el-Hodeibi is stopped and shown plot against the State.
  • November 14th: The general Mohammed Naguib is reversed by a junta carried out by Gamal Abdel Nasser which becomes Prime Minister and the Master of the country.
  • December 7th: Twelve members of the brotherhood of the Muslim brothers are carried out. Ahmed Hassan el-Hodeibi is pardoned. The movement is exiled in Saudi Arabia.

Arts & culture

See also: 1954 with the cinema, 1954 in music, 1954 in literature, 1954 with the theater, 1954 as a cartoon, 1954 on television

Art schools

Press, Radio & Télévision

Sciences & technology

See also: 1954 in science

See also: 1954 in aeronautics

See also: 1954 in the railroads

Sports

Births in 1954

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

  • Angelica Ionatos

Death in 1954

Random links:Open mediums of the regional natural park of the Vosges of North | Sea Dogs of Midsummer's Day | Leslie Allen | Łukasz Załuska | Allen Fox