1953

This page relates to the year 1953 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Africa

  • April 8th: The nationalist leader Kenya N Jomo Kenyatta is condemned to 7 years of prison for his participation in the organization of the revolt of the Mau Mau.
  • August 10th: The British create the federation of Fédération of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, ensuring the 290  000 White a dominant position, whereas the Asian minorities have a big role in the economy and that the Blacks are most numerous (7,5 million). The Nyassaland African Congress (NAC) is opposed highly to this federation (end the December 31st 1963).
  • August 15th: The Glaoui, pasha of Marrakech, supported by the colonists and the administration, takes the head of a movement of antidynastic opposition and makes proclaim a new religious leader with the Morocco, Ben Arafa.
  • August 20th: Arrest and exile on order of the French Residence of the sultan of the Morocco Sidi Mohammed Ben Youssef to have recommended a revision of the mode of Protectorate to the detriment of the French authority. It is replaced by Ben Arafa, which will not have any authority. Serious deterioration of the free-Morrocans ratios. Terrorism anti-European and police repression develop.

  • Exile of the kabaka Mutesa II, supreme authority bugandaise, for two years. A party is formed, the Kabaka Yekka, to support it. State of emergency.

  • Famine with the Tanganyika (fine in 1954).
  • Dryness and famine in Ethiopia.
  • Hailé Sélassié Ier sign with the United States a treaty of mutual defense. They bring to him a help for the rebuilding of the country.
  • Creation of the colony of the Niger.
  • Life Panafrican Congress of Kumasi, organized by Kwame Nkrumah.
  • Strike in Guinea.
  • Revolt with São Divided into volumes. Repression.
  • the students speak , booklet published at African Présence which requires independence.
  • Development plans in the Portuguese colonies (1953 - 1958 and 1959 - 1964).
  • Foundation of the France-Maghreb committee by Louis Massignon, which seeks to bring closer Christianity and Islam.
  • Oran account 119  000 Moslems and 173  000 Europeans. 282 Moslems are provided education for in secondary education, for 5836 Europeans.

Americas

  • June 13rd: The general Gustavo Rojas Pinilla seizes the power in Colombia with the support of the political parties to put an end to violence (end in 1957). But the situation is worsened in the campaigns. Rojas Pinilla wants to destroy the system bipartisan, which causes the immediate reaction of the two traditional parties.
  • July 26th: Strikes coeds with Cuba. Missed barracks of Moncada in south-east attacks, with Santiago of Cuba, by Fidel Castro and 165 young partisans.
  • August 2nd: Land reform in Bolivia, inspired by the Mexican Constitution of 1917. It carries out the nationalization of the grounds and affirms the principle according to which “the ground belongs to that which cultivates it”. Two million Indians, who lived under a feudal mode, is released. Nearly 10 million hectares are distributed to 200  000 families, especially in the highlands.
  • August 10th: Louis Stephen the St. Lawrence (liberal) is re-elected Prime Minister of Canada.
  • October 10th: At the time of its lawsuit, Fidel Castro makes a long discourse “the history will exonerate me”. It purges 11 months of prison in the island with the Pines then profits from a general amnesty conceded by Batista and flees towards the Mexico.
  • November 8th: Jose Figueres To shoe, president of Costa Rica.
  • 4 - December 8th: Western summit with the Bermuda.

  • Mexico: obtaining the female right to vote

the United States

  • January 7th: the president Harry Truman reveals that the United States has the bomb with hydrogen a few days before finishing its mandate with the presidency. He prevents that a war would involve the destruction of the USSR (Strategy of the massive reprisals, 1953-1954). The explosion less than one year after a Soviet thermonuclear bomb inaugurates the era of the “balance of terror”.
  • January 20th: Beginning of the republican presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower (fine in 1961). John Foster Dulles is named Secretary of State.
    • the Eisenhower Administration chooses the “average way” of “conservatism progressist”. Its first cabinet, composed of businessman (eight millionaires and a plumber), wishes to join again with the economic liberalism quasi-total, the government ensuring only monetary stability. It succeeds in removing without disastrous effects the wages and price control as of the first months, but the recession which involves the end of the Guerre of Korea the constrained one, in front of the extent of unemployment (3,8 million, 6% of the active population), with tax reductions not very compatible with its objective of balance in the budget (3100 million deficit in 1953/1954, 4200 in 1954/1955).
  • June 19th: Ethel and Julius Rosenberg is carried out on the electric chair with the prison of Sing Sing. They were shown to have delivered, in 1944, with the Soviets of the atomic secrecies coming from the National laboratory of Los Alamos, where they worked.
  • July 27th: Armistice in Korea devoting the status quo handle. The United States lost 30  000 men and 115  000 were wounded.

  • the major part of the American assistance moves towards the countries in the process of development (23 billion dollars on 27 of 1953 with 1961).

  • the Nobel Prize of peace is allotted to American George Marshall.

Asia & Indian world

  • January: Fourth operation of the Kuomintang, against the China starting from the Burmese bases, which turns to the disaster. On the 30  000 engaged men, 6  000 only will survive.
  • March 25th: UNO condemns Taiwan and obtains repatriation out of Burma of the troops of the Kuomintang starting from the November 7th.
  • June 2nd: The prince Akihito, heir to the throne of the Japan, visit Europe at the time of the crowning of the Queen of England
  • July 27th: In Korea, signature of the armistice with Panmunjeom, on the line of demarcation enters the representatives of UNO, those of the China and the North Korea, which marks the end of the Guerre of Korea. South Korea is opposed to the text which recognizes the partition. A military government carried out by Park Chung-hee control surface by decree the South Korea until October 1963.
  • September, Indonesia: Disorders in the country of Atjeh under the direction of Dauh Beureuh in connection with the Darul Islam.
  • October, Burma: The two communist movements of guerilla (White Flag and Red Flag) are combined and launch riots in the capital Rangoon.
  • November 9th: Independence of the kingdom of the Kampuchea, obtained peacefully by the prince Norodom Sihanouk.
  • November 20th, War of Indo-China: Release of the Operation Beaver within the framework of the Navarre plan. Thousands of parachutists occupy Ðiện Biên Phủ which will be transformed into fortified camp. The goal of the operation is to constitute a base for the reconquest of the Thai country and to prevent a new invasion of the Laos by the forces of the Việt Minh.

  • the India recognizes the fastening of the Tibet to the China, and withdraws the garrisons which it maintained at the border Tibetan. The Dalai Lama is elected vice-president of the National congress of the people, which constitute the Chinese legislative assembly.

  • the India invites the Dalai Lama to come to attend the ceremonies which commemorate the 2600e birthday of the birth of the Bouddha. The relations between India and China worsen.
  • a commission is in charge of the recutting of the States of the India on a linguistic basis (1953 - 1956). Constitution of the Andhra Pradesh.
  • India turns to the Soviet Union to counterbalance américano-Pakistani alliance. Between 1953 and 1959, the volume of the exchanges between the two countries is multiplied by fifteen.
  • the Dutch military mission in Indonesia, shown to support certain hostile movements with the republican government is dissolved. All the conferences which must decide fate of the Western New Guinea fail.
  • Increase in sino-Soviet assistance to the Việt Minh at the end of the War of Korea.

Europe

Eastern Europe

  • January 14th: Tito becomes the president of the popular Federal republic of Yugoslavia.
  • March 5th: The death of Stalin, the conflicts working and the dissatisfaction with the farmers, the intellectuals and the students lead the Czechoslovakian leaders to liberalize the mode.
  • March 21st: Antonín Zápotocký becomes president of the Czechoslovakian republic.
  • 16 - June 17th: Riots of East Berlin. The state of siege is proclaimed. In spite of the intervention of the Soviet armoured tanks, the insurrection of extends to other cities and in particular to Leipzig (June 17th).
  • June 23rd: To alleviate the situation, the East-German government proceeds to the revision of the standards of productivity which had summers the independent factor of the insurrection of East Berlin.
  • July 2nd: Resignation of Hungarian the Prime Minister Mátyás Rákosi.
  • July 4th: The new Hungarian Prime Minister, Imre Nagy, announces a “new political course for his country”. The new Hungarian government liberalizes certain aspects of its policy. Imre Nagy launches a new less strict economic program (development of agriculture and industries of consumer goods, stop of the forced collectivation) and the government grants the amnesty to certain prisoners and removes the camps of internment. The reformists run up against Stalinist within the party that continuous Rákosi to direct.
  • September 25th: The cardinal Stefan Wyszyński, archbishop of Warsaw and primacy of Poland, is interned in a monastery (fine in 1956).
  • the Soviet Union and the countries of the Warsaw Pact take again the diplomatic relations with the Yugoslavia.
  • In Yugoslavia, the maximum size of the private pieces is limited to 10 ha.
  • the artists, the intellectuals, the students and the workmen Polish require governmental reforms and a greater freedom with respect to the USSR.

the USSR
  • January 12th: Arrest with Moscow of nine “terrorist doctors”, almost all Jewish, shown to have made an attempt on the life of several leader Soviet. Advertisement of this “Plot of the white blouses” mark the beginning of a campaign anti-semite.
  • February 12th: The USSR breaks its diplomatic relations with Israel.
  • March 5th: Died of Joseph Stalin.
  • March 14th: Nikita Khrouchtchev becomes secretary of the Central committee of the PCUS, within a collegial direction. It succeeds Stalin starting from the March 20th.
  • March 28th: Announces of a broad amnesty. A collegial direction takes the orders of the country: Gheorghi Malenkov, elected secretary of the party, with the presidency of the council (fine in 1955), Molotov with the Foreign affairs, Lavrenti Beria inside (end in June), Vorochilov with the presidency of the presidium of the Supreme Soviet, Nikolaï Boulganine and Lazare Kaganovitch at the posts of Deputy Prime Ministers.
  • August 12th: The USSR explodes its first Bombe H.
  • September 7th: Nikita Khrouchtchev is named first secretary of the PCUS. It succeeds Malenkov. The adoption by the Central committee of his report/ratio on the reorganization of agriculture and the breeding marks the end of the Stalinist era on the economic plan.
  • June 26th: Beria is eliminated for criminal activities and opposites with the party. He judged, is condemned to died and carried out the December 23rd. Several other dignitaries, friends of Beria, will be carried out in 1954.

Western Europe

  • Treated economic assistance and soldier enters the the United States and the Spain.

  • Legal settlement between the Spain and the the Vatican which legitimates the pro-Franco mode . “The Catholic religion is the only religion of the Spanish nation”.
  • Portugal: First development plan (1953 - 1958).

Italy
  • the Parliament approves the new electoral law in spite of a strong opposition of the Socialists and Communists (“law swindler”). The related party or parties having the majority of the votes will have 60% of the seats.
  • the Socialist Pietro Nenni proposes to take part in a governmental experiment of opening on the left with the Christian Democrat.

  • the Christian Democrat, divided by its right wing, loses forty deputies to the elections (40% of the votes). It obtains only 48,9% of the voices with its allies and cannot profit from the majority law. Alcide De Gasperi constitutes its eighth government then prefers to be withdrawn after an unfavourable vote of the Parliament. Way is led to the right wing of cd. of which principal leaders, Pella, Scelba and Segni follows one another the presidency of the Council. Incompetent to resist the pressures of the catholics or the leading classes, they are enlisent in a sometimes tinted opposition to progress of relents fascistic. The Italians ignore the political life more and more.

  • August 17th: Giuseppe Peeled, president of the Council (fine the January 12th 1954).
  • September 13rd: At the time of a speech to the Capitole, Pella proposes a plebiscite in the whole of the free Territoire of Trieste (TLT) to know the will of the inhabitants.
  • October 8th: By a joint statement, British and Americans affirm to want to return to the Italians the administration of the zone has free Territoire of Trieste.
  • 4 - November 6th: Trieste is the theater of bloody demonstrations, violently repressed by the Anglo-American police force.

  • Strong inequalities underlined by a parliamentary commission on misery: average revenue per capita of inhabitant and 349  000 liras with Milan and of 66.563 with Agrigente. 5 million small farmers divides 874  949 ha while 520 owners share 875  701 ha. The income per head of the Italians is approximately of 40% of that of the French, of 35% of that of the Belgians, 60% of that of the Germans. The emigration continues with 150  000 departures per annum.

France

See also: 1953 in France

Oceania & the Pacific

The Middle East & world arabo-Moslem

  • January, Syria: The opponents Hourani, Bitar and Aflaq flee with the Lebanon. The party of Hourani and the Ba' HT decide to amalgamate.
  • May 2nd:
  • May: Travel to the the Middle East of the American Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, which preaches the conclusion of alliance with the Arab countries clearly dissociating traditional relations between the Arab East and the colonial powers.
  • June 18th: The General Mohammed Naguib proclaims the Republic in Egypt. The the United Kingdom agrees to withdraw its troops of the zone of the Suez Canal and to hasten the emancipation of the Sudan.
  • July 11th: Adib Chichakli is elected president of the Republic of Syria with 99,6% of the voices.
    • Chichakli proposes opening of negotiations secret with Israel. It accepts the reinstalment of 80  000 Palestinian refugees in Syria and suggests a division of the demilitarized zone of the Lac of Tibériade. Israel refuses this compromise which would allow a return of Syria in the zone of the the Jordan.
  • August 19th: Violent riots with Teheran. The partisans of the shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, supported by the CIA, reverse the Iranian nationalist leader Mohammad Mossadegh which is stopped. The shah, who had taken refuge in Rome, returns to Teheran.
  • August 28th: The infiltrations of Palestinian refugees on the territory Hebrew starting from the the West Bank are transformed into true operations of commando. The Israeli army constitutes an irregular military unit, the Unité 101, ordered by Ariel Sharon, and intended to operate takeovers by forces on the Jordanian territory. In October, a raid of the Unité 101 causes the death of 63 Arabs. As from the summer 1954, the Arab legion manages to control the Palestinian infiltrations and the Israeli raids cease.
  • August: Johnston plan, presented by the American ambassador to manage an Israeli-Arab agreement by the means of the management of water. All the rivers of north would be gathered towards the Lac of Tibériade from which the networks would leave irrigation towards the south. The water stock made up would be distributed between Israel, the Syria and the Jordan. Israel claims a more significant part, including water of the Litani to the Lebanon. The Arab States refuse insofar as all the rivers are on their territories.
  • September: Israel installs a Kibboutz in the demilitarized band of el-Auja and asserts the sovereignty of the territory.
  • October 4th: Resignation of Israeli the Prime Minister , David Ben Gourion.
  • October 9th: First base of NATO in Turkey.
  • October 16th: Election legislative in Syria: the Liberation movement main road gains 60 parliamentary seats out of 82. The traditional parties clash for the capacity, letting develop new radical forces.
  • November 9th Died of Abdel Aziz Ibn Saoud. His/her son Saoud succeeds to him on the throne of Saudi Arabia while its second wire Fayçal takes the title of crown prince.
    • Saoud will be shown less reconciling that his/her father towards the Americans, reproaching them their policy of opening towards the Egypt and the Yemen, republicans. Saoud extravagant, close to the life Bedouin and is made little to direct the country. His/her Fayçal brother is an austere Moslem, monogamist, equipped with qualities of, former a Foreign Minister statesman of his father and large expert of the Western countries.

  • With the autumn, the Egyptian mode takes a definitely populist and authoritative way. A revolutionary tribunal, chaired by Sadate, is made up to judge and condemn the principal personalities of the old mode. The relationships of the capacity with the Muslim brothers worsen.

  • Saoud asserts the oasis of Buraymi against the sultanate of Oman and Abou Dabi.

  • In Iran, the Pétrole remains nationalized but its marketing turns over between the hands of a consortium of international companies. The Americans enter the consortium which succeeds Anglo-Iranian Oil to a total value of 40%.

Arts & cultures

See also: 1953 with the cinema, 1953 in music, 1953 in literature, 1953 with the theater, 1953 as a cartoon, 1953 on television

Sciences & technology

See also: 1953 in science

See also: 1953 in aeronautics

See also: 1953 in the railroads

Sports

Births in 1953

Death in 1953

Beats-smg: 1953 Be-X-old: 1953 Cbk-zam: 1953 Map-bms: 1953 Simple: 1953 Zh-yue: 1953 年

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