This page relates to the year 1944 of the Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

.

Second world war

  • January 1944

    • - 4: beginning of the Battle of the Mount Cassin in Italy.
    • - January 22nd: unloading of Anzio in Italy.

  • February 1944

    • - 22: Stockholm is bombarded by the the USSR.

  • March 1944 - 26: Militiamans and Germans give the attack to the Maquis of Glières in the Département of Haute-Savoie

  • May 1944 - 8: The day-J for the Opération Overlord is fixed at the June 5th

  • June 1944

    • - 4: The allied forces enter Rome.
    • - 6: The Opération Overlord is launched by the Allies, to invade the Normandy (D Day). 176  000 men unload on the coasts Normans.
    • - 10: Massacre of 642 victims of Oradour-on-Glane by the S.
    • - 12: British the Prime Minister Winston Churchill visit beaches of the unloading.

  • July 1944

    • - 9: the ruins of Caen are released by the Britanniques after terrible bombardments
    • - 20: Winston Churchill visit ruins of Caen.

  • September 1944

    • - 2: The allied troops enter in Belgium.
    • 5 and 6: Bombardment of the Harbor (Normandy) without true reason which made more civilian victims than military.
    • - 10: Conference Churchill - Roosevelt with Quebec, devoted especially in the future of the Germany. The Plan Morgenthau proposes to make a primarily agricultural country of them.
    • the allied troops enter in Germany.

  • October 1944

    • - 2: End of the Insurrection of Warsaw.
    • - Battle of Aachen: the 21 Wehrmacht capitulates there and the city becomes the first German big city taken by the allies in the west.
    • - 14: Athens is released by the Allies.
    • - 23 - 26: Half of the Japanese navy is destroyed with the gulf of Leyte.
    • - the admiral Horthy is reversed by the Cross-Fléchées.

  • November 1944

    • - 11: Winston Churchill assists with the procession on the Fields-Élysées at the sides of the general de Gaulle.
    • - 23: Leclerc and its 2nd dB releases Strasbourg, thus respecting the oath of Koufra

  • December 1944 - 16: German counter-offensive in the the Ardennes

Europe

  • February 16th: The Royal Air Force lance on Berlin the most violent air attack since the beginning of the conflict. 2500 tons of bombs are released.
  • May 25th: Referendum in Iceland which decides total independence with respect to the Denmark and of the institution of a republic.
  • June 7th: Arrest of the king Léopold III of Belgium which is taken along to Germany.
  • June 17th: Proclamation with Thingvellir of the independence of the Republic of Iceland - until attached there to the kingdom of Denmark - the day of the 133e birthday of the birth of Jón Sigurðsson, the chief of the Icelandic pacifist movement. Sveinn Björnsson is elected president of the Icelandic Republic (fine in 1952).
  • June: Bombardment of London by the missiles V1. Advances Russian in Eastern Europe.
  • July 20th: Assassination attempt against Hitler at its general headquarter of Rastenburg. This conspiracy organized especially by senior officers will be followed by a wild repression.
  • September 2nd: Entered in Belgium of the forces américano-British which release Brussels the September 3rd.
  • September 4th: The allies go on the the Rhine and occupy Antwerp.
  • September 8th: The first missiles V2 are launched on London at a distance of 300 km, a speed of 650 km/h. 46% of them touch their target.
  • 17 - September 26th: Failure of the the airborne operation Market Garden, most important of the war, on Arnhem. Montgomery wanted to take the bridges on the Meuse, the Waal and the the Rhine.
  • October 14th: The marshal Rommel, suspected of complicity in the attack of Rastenburg, is constrained to commit suicide.
  • October: The first tests of V3 are carried out close to Nuremberg. This weapon would have a ray of destruction twice higher than that of the V1 and V2.
  • November 28th: Insurrectionary general strike with Brussels, following the obligation made with resistant return the weapons.
  • December 16th: German counter-offensive in the the Ardennes. Counter-offensive allied in the Ardennes. The surrounding of Bastogne is broken (December 26th).

  • Spain:

    • Operation on the Valley of Aran of the Junta of national union (Communist).
    • general Misery, shortage, famine.
  • the United Kingdom:
    • Law Butler on the education, which places the education system under the supervision of a specific ministry and reorganizes it in three distinct cycles. Compulsory education is increased to 15 years.
    • the ministry for Agriculture grants 215 million £ of assistance to the farmers in 1944 (+198% in four years).

France

See also: 1944 in France

Italy

  • January: Lawsuit with Vérone of the hiérarques fascists who voted Grandi motion the July 24th 1943. Ciano and other stopped leaders are condemned to died and are carried out the January 11th.
  • January 22nd: Anglo-American unloading with Nettuno and Anzio, 55 km in the south of Rome.
  • 28 - January 29th: A congress of the committees of Italy of the South requires the abdication of the king like condition of entry of the antifascists to the government. Churchill reacts violently by recalling that he recognized like interlocutors only Badoglio and the king. One period of tension follows between antifascists and Alliés until the April 21st.
  • March 1st: A spontaneous strike which bursts with Milan spreads quickly in all Italy of North.
  • March 14th: The Soviet Union establishes diplomatic relations with the government Badoglio.
  • March 24th: Massacre of the pits ardéatines. The Germans carry out 335 hostages following an attack with Rome Via Rasella against a detachment of S.
  • March 27th: Arrival in Italy of the secretary of the Italian Communist party Palmiro Togliatti, from the USSR.
  • April 12th: The king, under the pressure of Combined and the antifascists, announces his intention to withdraw public life and to name his/her son Humbert lieutenant of the kingdom (12/04).
  • April 21st: Entry with the Badoglio government of the Communist leader Palmiro Togliatti. He claims the constitution of a government of national union to drive out the Germans and a compromise is elaborate. The king must entrust his capacities to the crown prince who would be appointed as general lieutenant of the kingdom once released Rome. The six parties antifascists agree to enter the government of national union chaired by Badoglio.
  • May 11th: Release at 23 hours of the final offensive of Alliés between the Mont Cassin and the Tyrrhenian Sea. The objective is to eliminate all the German troops in the south from Rome.
  • May 18th: The British occupy Cassino. The ruins of the monastery Benedictine fall to the hands from a Polish regiment. The Americans advance on the coast. The battles of Casino carried out since January cost 115  000 men with the Allies.
  • June 3rd: Pact of Rome. Reconstitution of the CGIL, which gathers all the Italian trade unions.
  • June 4th: The Allies enter Rome evacuated by the Germans. Victor-Emmanuel transmits his capacities to the crown prince.
  • June 8th: Institution of the general command of the volunteers for freedom ( Corpo Volontari della Libertà ), military body and policy gathering the five formations partisanes under the direction of Ferruccio Parri, Luigi Longo, and as from August, of the general Cadorna.
  • June 10th: The parties antifascists require the departure of Badoglio and form a new government under the direction of Ivanoe Bonomi, with Gronchi, Croce, Sforza, De Gasperi, Togliatti, Saragat. This last carries out purification with mollesse. It envisages to temporarily entrust the waste lands to the country co-operatives, but this agrarian reform project suffers from the unwillingness of the owners and the calculated slowness of the administration. The question of the institutions divides the government (withdrawal of the Socialists and the party of action), which is saved by the liberals and the Christian-Democrats attached to monarchy and the Communists who refuse to pose the constitutional problem before the complete release of the country.
  • 4 - August 5th: The allied troops enter Florence where partisans have fought for a few weeks against the German troops.
  • September 26th: In a Joint Declaration, Roosevelt and Churchill ensure that they will gradually give to the Italian authorities the administration of the released territories and invite the government to name its representatives with London and Washington.
  • a zone released in Piedmont by the partisans resists until the October 22nd. Resistance in North shows an increased effectiveness and the Germans devote themselves against it to an atrocious repression as to Sant' Anna di Stazzema (August 12th) or to Marzabotto in the Piedmont (September 29th).
  • November 3rd: In a proclamation with the partisans, the general Alexander, who controls the operations in the Mediterranean, exhorts them to give up military operations of great scale during the winter.
  • November-December: The left parties conduct campaign to confer a greater political authority and institutional on the Committees of release. But the monarchy, helped by the Allies, manages to reaffirm its role. After having resigned the November 26th, Bonomi form a new government.
  • December 7th: In Rome, the allied staff agrees to collaborate with the Committee of national release of High-Italy (CLNAI) providing him weapons and material to protect the economic potential from the area and to maintain there the law until the arrival of the Allies. The Bonomi government delegates to the CLNAI its powers in occupied zone.

  • Approximately a million Italians under the flags at the end of the war: 50  000 fight with the Allies in regular divisions (more 200  000 men in the services not combatants); 250  000 in the maquis; 400  000 in fascistic and German divisions.

Eastern Europe

  • January 1st: The Ukraine is taken again by the Red Army, which takes Olevsk, in the west with Kiev, and reached the Polish border of 1939.
  • January 27th: Leningrad festival lifting of the German blockade in place since two years and half.
  • March 17th: Stormy interview of Klessheim-Obersaltzberg between Miklós Horthy and Hitler, at the conclusion which the German troops occupy the Hungary by fear of a bringing together of the country with the Allies (March 19th).
  • March 23rd: With the assent of Horthy, the Germans install a puppet government directed by Döme Sztójay which launches out in a terror campaign against all the dissidents and the Juifs Hungarian of which several hundreds of thousands are off-set (first convoy on Auschwitz the April 28th).
  • Spring:
    • Négociation of Cairo enters the Romania and the Allies to: suspension of the engagements against the Soviet Union, declaration of war to the Germany, unrestricted passage of the allied troops in Romania and repairs n the other hand of the restitution of the Transylvania of North. The First Rumanian minister Ion Antonescu refuses the proposals of Cairo.
    • the Red Army occupies the Bessarabia and the Bucovine.
    • the British bombard Budapest in April.
  • April 2nd: The Red Army occupies part of the Romania. Parts of the Bessarabia and north of the Bucovine which were Rumanian are attached to the Ukraine.
  • April 4th: Anglo-American massive bombardment on Bucharest.
  • April 10th: Odessa and taken again (Battle of the Crimea).
  • April 26th, Greece: Government of national union formed to the Cairo by the social democrat Georges Papandreou.
  • May: Agreements of the Lebanon. Unification of principle of Greek resistance and the government.
  • July 8th: Miklós Horthy succeeds in stopping the deportations of Juifs to Budapest.
    • Since 1941, approximately 63  000 Hungarian Jews died in the “service of work” on the face Russian or off-set as stateless people. 440  000 Hungarian Jews on 762  000 are gathered in Ghettos and are off-set between the May 15th and on July 8th, 1944. A hundred thousands will survive in the camps. 105  000 Jew of Budapest on 230  000 will be victim of the deportations after October 1944.
  • July 13rd: Catch of Vilnius. The Soviets re-occupy the Lithuania, which becomes again a Soviet republic. They carry out approximately 2  000 people for collaboration with the Germans and off-set many anticommunists towards the Siberia.
  • July 18th: Advances Russian in Eastern Europe. The Red Army with the marshal Constantin Rokossovski, helped of some Polish quotas, enters in Poland.
  • July 23rd: The Soviet government encourages the establishment of a Polish Committee of national release, made up mainly of Communists who settles with Lublin and proclaims provisional government of Poland in December.
  • : Insurrection of Warsaw (fine the October 2nd).
  • August 23rd: The king Michel Ier of Romania, by a true coup d'etat, dismisses Ion Antonescu which is stopped, and a coalition government, the democratic Face, is made up with members of the Communist Parties, liberal and country national under the direction of the general Constantin Sănătescu.
  • August 25th: The king Michel Ier of Romania declares the war with the Germany and the Hungary.
  • August 26th: Release of Bucharest.
  • August 29th:
    • Slovakia: Insurrection of the Slovak National council which tries to reverse the mode, repressed by the Germans.
    • Hungary: In spite of the German protests, Miklós Horthy load the general Géza Lakatos to train a “mixed” cabinet in party faithful to the regent, who tries to return to a policy of neutrality.
  • August 30th: The Red Army enters to Bucharest already released.
  • August 31st: The Gypsies of the camp of Auschwitz - Birkenau is killed by gas.
  • August: The Moldavie, taken again by the Red Army , reinstates the Soviet Union. At the end of the month, one fights in Poland and Romania.
  • September 8th: Offensive of the Carpates. The Soviets enter in Hungary and Bulgaria.
  • September 12th: The Romania sign the armistice with Moscow then turns over the weapons against Germany and Hungary.
  • September 15th: The Soviets are with Sofia.
  • September:
    • the Hungarian army engages in Transylvania South against the Rumanian and Soviet troops.
    • the Soviet armies unite the forces of Tito and launch an offensive against the German occupying army in Yugoslavia.
    • Return of the Soviet troops in Estonia. More 60  000 Estonians flee in Sweden or Germany to escape the return from the communist capacity.
    • the Bulgaria joined the camp of the allies.
  • October 2nd: The rising of Warsaw is crushed by the Germans, who systematically destroy the city after having off-set the population.
  • October 7th:
    • the Soviets invade the Hungary, whereas Horthy has just sent a delegation of armistice to Moscow.
    • Rising of the deportees of Auschwitz, who are massacred.
  • 9 - October 18th: With Moscow, Churchill and Stalin divide the Balkans in zones of influence.
  • October 13rd: Athens and Pirée are released by the British.
  • October 15th: Horthy announces with the radio that he asked the armistice and gives the order to cease the combat. The Germans discuss at once the strategic points. A commando removes the son of Horthy. This last yields.
  • October 16th: The regent of Hungary Miklós Horthy sign the nomination like Prime Minister for the chief of the Hungarian Nazis, the “fléchées Crosses”, Ferenc Szálasi. This one launches the Hungarians in the continuation of the fight to the sides of the Wehrmacht in rout. The genocide of the Juifs begins again. The fléchées Croix are delivered to terror. They capture the chiefs of military resistance and make them carry out, with many other resistant civilians, patriots, Communists and others and take again the deportation of the Jews (December).
  • October 18th:
    • Albania: Enver Hodja and the communist partisans drive out the Germans of Tirana.
    • Greece: The government of Georges Papandreou arrives in Greece. Rupture enters the Greek Communists and the government of Georges Papandreou.
  • October 20th: The Germans are driven out of Belgrade by the Yugoslav resistance.
  • December 3rd: The Communists start with Athens an insurrectionary general strike. The British troops intervene. Beginning of the Greek Civil war.
  • December 6th: A government with communist participation is formed by the general Nicolae Rădescu in Romania.
  • December 22nd, Hungary: A national provisional Parliament settles with Debrecen and elects a provisional government chaired by the general Béla Miklós de Dálnok.

  • the Soviet Union is the most touched countries combatants with 7,5 million soldiers killed between 1941 and 1944. Russia of Europe is completely devastated. 20 million men died during the war.

Africa

  • Conference on organized Africa with New York by the CAA. It makes reappear the idea of Ve Congrès Panafrican.

  • Creation with London of Panafrican Federation (PAF).
  • First Africans at the Legislative council with the Kenya.
  • Increase in the agricultural production and lowers price of the food products to the Belgian Congo.
  • Creation of the Association of the students of Stanleyville.
  • Retreat of the instruction in Algeria: eight Arabs out of nine are illiterate, whereas in 1847 “the instruction in Arabic was rather general, at least with regard to reading, writing and to count”.

The Middle East & Arab world

  • September 25th: Preparatory congress with the protocol of Alexandria.
  • October 7th: Protocol of Alexandria. Creation of a league of the Arab States, made of all the independent Arab States wishing to adhere to it. A council of the League will represent on equal footing the Member States. The Council Decisions will be executory and obligatory. The return to the force is proscribed between the countries of the LEA and the council will ensure the mediation in any disagreement. The sovereignty and the independence of the Lebanon are pointed out. The committee points out its support for the cause of the independence of Arabic of Palestine, request maintains it stop of Jewish immigration and the safeguard of the Arab grounds.
  • November 6th: Two young Israelis, Eliahou Hakim and Eliahou Study Bureau Zouri, shoot with the Cairo in its car Lord Moyne, High-Commissioner of London in the Middle East. the EC-last had refused the accosting of the Struma , a boat of Romania bringing 700 refugees including 300 children of Central Europe. The pushed back boat was torpedoed in Black Sea. Decrees at once, Hakim and Study Bureau Zouri are hung in their prison of Cairo in 1945 by the government of the king Farouk Ier under the orders of British protectorate.

  • the Great Britain and the the United States sign an oil act, agreeing on the “principle of an access equal” to the oil of the Middle East.

  • the CASOC, American company having the most important oil concessions of the Middle East, takes the name of Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO) and reinforces its bonds with the Saoudi kingdom.
  • Saudi Arabia: the Americans launch out in a construction schedule of transport infrastructure, dispensaries, vocational schools and of irrigation.
  • 1,76 million inhabitants in Palestine, including 1,2 million Arabs and 550  000 Jewish. The Arab population doubled since 1922.
  • Death with Geneva of Abbas II Hilmi, Khedive of Egypt (1882 - 1914)

Asia & India

  • May 2nd: Catch of Rangoon by the Japan.
  • May 6th: Gandhi is released. It in vain tries to treat with Jinnah.
  • May 9th, China: The Japanese launch an offensive in the Henan and cross the river Jaune.
  • May: First American bombardments of B 29 on the Kyushu.
  • July 18th, Japan: Resignation of the government directed by the general Hideki Tōjō, with the capacity since 1941.
  • July 22nd: The general Kuniaki Koiso is appointed Prime Minister of Japan.
  • , Thailand: The government Phibun Songkram, pro-Japanese, is reversed in July. Khuang Abhaiwongse (Pridi) seizes the power and is interdependent of the Allies.
  • October 20th: American unloading with the gulf of Leyte (Filipino). In spite of the use of Kamikaze against the American ships starting from the October 25th, the Japanese are overcome after a great naval battle (23 - October 29th). The Japanese navy does not constitute any more one threat.
  • November: In China, the Japanese took all the American bases of bombardment, except Chongqing. With the Japan, the Americans bombard the cities.
  • December 22nd: Võ Nguyên Giáp creates the Armée popular Vietnamese.

  • In front of the degradation of the situation in India, Lord Wavell press London to negotiate the formation of a temporary government but runs up against Churchill. The strikes and the demonstrations multiply. The consecutive difficulties with the war (food shortage, inflation), cause riots.

  • Famine with the Vietnam (winter 1944-spring 1945).
  • Tibet : Opening of a British school with Lhassa, which must quickly close because of the monastic opposition.

Indonesia

  • country Revolt caused by the abuse the rice requisitions by the Japanese.
  • the difficulties of the forces of the Axis (be) support the organization of a movement antijaponais. The September 7th, Japanese the Prime Minister promises independence “for the very near future”.
  • After the release of the Netherlands, the Dutchmen install with Brisbane a provisional government of the the Indies Dutchwomen and gathers civils servant and troops to leave in Indonesia. The government of the queen recognizes “the legitimate right of the Indonesia have a clean national existence” but does not envisage the disappearance of the bonds of dependence.

Oceania & the Pacific

  • Australia: Demobilization of the Black Diggers , soldiers of origin aboriginal. Several thousands of Aborigènes mobilized during the war, which touched only one negligible share of the pay, are private of war pension.

Americas

Canada

  • : Creation of the ministry for national Health and the social Wellbeing. “Adoption of the federal program of the family benefits; live opposition among traditionalists of the Quebec who see there an attack with provincial autonomy and the Christian design of the family”.
  • August 8th: Government of Maurice Duplessis (National union) with the Quebec.

  • Crisis of the conscription.

  • the banks lose the right to emit currency, a privilege reserved henceforth for the Banque of Canada.

The United States

  • Strikes of minors. Law Smith-Connaly anti-strike.

  • G.I. Bill off Rights envisaging a government aid with the reconversion of the combatants.
  • 700  000 unemployed. GNP (213 billion dollar) doubled since 1940. The benefit of the companies passed from 6,4 billion dollars in 1940 to 10,8 in 1944.
  • Reprise again birthrate.

Latin America

  • January 26th: The Argentinian president Pedro Pablo Ramírez breaks the diplomatic relations of the Argentine with the Germany and the Japan.
  • February 25th: The general Edelmiro Julián Farrel, hostile with the allies, becomes president in Argentine (fine in 1946). He succeeds the Ramírez general with the favor of one internal conflict to the army.
  • May 8th, Costa Rica: Calderón, which support on the Communists and the Catholic church, makes elect president of Costa Rica Teodoro Picado Michalski at the end of a fraudulent procedure (end in 1948).
  • May 9th: The Salvadorian dictator Maximiliano Hernández Martínez is reversed.
  • May 31st: A popular rebellion brings back to the capacity in Ecuador the populist leader in exile Jose María Velasco Ibarra. It tries to democratize the mode (Constitution and elections in 1945).
  • June 7th: Juan Perón becomes vice-president of the Argentine.
  • June 29th: The Guatemalan dictator Jorge Ubico, private of supports, must resign in front of social agitation. The junta which replaces it (Juan Federico Ponce Vaides) tries to pass in addition to the requests for democratization.
  • October 20th: Revolution with the Guatemala (fine in 1954). The soldiers seize the capacity and announce legislative and presidential elections for December. An exiled academic, J.J. Arévalo, is elected with 85% its votes cast, opening one ten years period of democratization (beginning on March 15th, 1945). The Communists support his government actively while the line plots (nearly thirty coup attempts of State in five years).

  • In Colombia, after the failure of an coup attempt of State carried out by the soldiers close to the conservatives ( March), the president López declares the state of siege and issues new measurements favorable to the trade unions, of which the Closed shop .

  • With the Nicaragua, the dictator Somoza answers social agitation by promising that he would not seek to obtain new a eight years mandate at the time of the elections of 1947.
  • Creation of the Trade union federation of the workers of the mines in Bolivia.
  • Brazil: A task force of 25  000 men is sent in Italy (451 killed, 2000 wounded).

Arts and cultures

See also: 1944 with the cinema, 1944 in music, 1944 in literature, 1944 with the theater, 1944 as a cartoon, 1944 on television

Sciences & technology

See also: 1944 in science

See also: 1944 in aeronautics

Sports

  • Hockey: The Canadians of Montreal gain the Stanley Cut.
  • Rugby to XIII: on September 16th and 17th, in Toulouse, the former leaders of the clubs of Nationale division (obliged to play Rugby with 15 of October 1940 in June 1944 to save their club) hold meeting and start again as well the French League of Rugby to XIII as Rugby with XIII in France
  • detailed Article: 1944 in sport

Births in 1944

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Death in 1944

Bonds over the year 1944

  • Overlord44 : complete site on the unloading in Normandy

Beats-smg: 1944 Be-X-old: 1944 Map-bms: 1944 Simple: 1944 Zh-yue: 1944 年

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