1936

This page relates to the year 1936 Gregorian Calendrier.

Europe

January 26th: In Greece, monarchists and venizelists divide the seats with the legislative ones.
April 13rd: Ioánnis Metaxás becomes Prime Minister in Greece.
July 11th: Germano-Austrian agreement, recognizing the sovereignty of the Austria. The movement national-Socialist is again authorized there.
August 4th: The general Ioánnis Metaxás suspends the constitution and seizes dictatorial powers in Greece (fine in 1941).
September 27th: Failure of the deflationary policy to the Netherlands. Abandonment of the Gold Standard, which allows the recovery grace the depreciation of the guilder (- 20%).
October 6th: Died with Munich of the chief of the Hungarian government Gyula Gömbös. Kálmán Darányi succeeds to him (fine in 1938). After a short attempt at release, Darányi is constrained by Hitler to align the Hungarian policy on that of Reich. It launches a programme of a billion Pengös for the rearmament of the Hungary.
October 10th: Dissolution of the paramilitary formations in Austria.
21 - October 24th: Bringing together enters the Germany and the Italy operated by Ciano at the end of a series of discussions with Hitler to Berlin and Berchtesgaden.
October 25th: Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini announces their alliance:
November 1st: Speech of Mussolini announcing with Milan the Axis Rome-Berlin.
November 24th: Pact antikomintern between Germany, Italy and Japan against the International Communist.

Reform program economic and social in Belgium.
Portugal: Creation of Portuguese Youth. Armando Monteiro loses the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Salazar ensures it until 1946.
the Yugoslavia withdraws Little Entente.

Italy

the fascistic mode hardens with the imitation of Germany (1936-1937). The Duce seems to want to carry out a “Cultural revolution” to find the republican, religious spirit and anti-middle-class man of the first Fascisme (Renzo De Felice). The declining health of Duce involves increasingly contradictory decisions, blows of heads, unwise attitudes. The vacancy of the authority supports the resumption of the intrigues between Galeazzo Ciano, son-in-law of Duce, the Petacci clan (Clara Petacci, mistress of Duce) and the dignitaries of the mode.
Devaluation of the To read, in fact to counter a possible disaffection of the tourists, the government creates a " to see touristique" whose course is lower by 30% than the official lira.
42 024 600 inhabitants in Italy. The urban population passed between 1921 and 1936 from 45% to 55%.
Five million young people belong to youth organizations.

Germany

March 7th: Remilitarization of the Rhineland in reaction to the ratification of the Franco-Soviet pact. Germany installs troops in violation of the Traité of Versailles and Pacte of Locarno. London does not react. France seizes SDN. Hitler proposes in France and Belgium opening of negotiations in order to conclude from the non-aggression pacts 25 years guaranteed by Great Britain and Italy.
March 10th: The Great Britain disadvises in France any military action in the Rhineland.
March 29th: Elections with the Reichstag and votes by plebiscite in favor of Hitler.
April 8th: Germany rejects the peace plan proposed by France following the occupation of the Rhineland.
June 6th: Circulars in Germany against the " plague gypsy ".
July 16th: Creation by the Nazis of the first camp of Gypsies with Marzahn.
: Opening of the Olympic Games of Berlin.
August: Memory secrecy of Hitler on the four years plan, which lays down the objectives entrusted to Göring: operational army, economy able to face the war.
September: Congress of Nuremberg. Hitler announces the prolongation of the military service at two years, a new economic plan to accelerate rearmament, the will to regulate the accounts with the Bolchevism…
October: Joachim von Ribbentrop is named ambassador with London.
February 1st: Adhesion with the Jeunesses hitlériennes becomes obligatory for all the young people from 10 to 18 years. The last youth organizations not Nazis are dissolved.

a million unemployed in Germany. Economic crisis: difficulties of supply raw material, food shortage. Decline of the foreign trade.

Spain

January 15th: Common program of left establishments.
January: Dissolution of the Cortes.
February 16th: Electoral victory of the Frente Popular (PCE, PSOE, Republican left, republican Union, Esquerra), CNT having raised its instructions of abstention.
February 19th: Resignation of the Prime Minister Manual Portela Valladares. The republican of left Manuel Azaña succeeds to him.
March 14th: The Phalange is declared out the law and its chief Primo de Rivera is stopped.
Mars at July: Violences Libertarian S, ground occupation. The working parties reconstitute around PCE (102 000 militants in May against 35 000 in February). The YIELDED is dislocated and of many militants join the Phalange. In six months, 269 Spanish is victims of attacks of all edges (45 for the year 1935).
April 10th: The moderate president Niceto Alcalá Zamora is dislocated of his functions and deposited by the Popular front.
May 10th: Manuel Azaña becomes president of the Spanish republic.
July 13rd: the death of an officer of the Guards of attack causes in reprisals the removal and the assassination of the monarchist Jose Calvo Sotelo. Its tragic death is regarded as release of military rising.
July 17th: Rising of the military garrison of Melilla. Pronunciamiento of the “national” generals Jose Sanjurjo (he dies the July 20th of an air crash) and Franco.
July 18th: Beginning of the Spanish Civil war started by the general Francisco Franco (fine in 1939). Prepared well, the nationalist insurrection, left Morocco is diffused with other garrisons of the peninsula and Franco takes the command of the army. The Navarre, the León and the Vieille Castille join almost without engagements. The Andalusia falls because of standpoint from the authorities. But the insurrection does not rejoin the navy and the aviation of war, then fails in front of popular resistance with the Basque Country, with the Asturies, in Catalogne and with Madrid, led by the revolutionary organized labor organized in committees (Call of Dolores Ibárruri, the Pasionaria , as of the July 19th: “ No pasaran! ”).
July 19th: The government of Jose Giral, which has only one to be able of frontage, orders the distribution of weapons to the population.
July 20th: Failure of nationalist rising with Madrid and Barcelona.
July 24th: Beginning of the assistance of the France with the Spanish Republicans.
July 26th: Installation of the Spanish nationalist junta with Burgos.
July 28th: Arrival of the first Italian and German planes on the nationalist side in Spain. The nationalists take the Estrémadure and Badajoz at the beginning of August (battles of the connections).
: The government of Leon Blum authorizes the sending of planes to the republicans but lance a call to the other powers to lay down “common rules of non-intervention” in Spain continuations with the pressures of London.
August 8th: France closes its borders with the Spain.
August 28th: Pact of non-intervention in Spain signed by the France, the the United Kingdom, the Germany and the Italy, which do not respect it.
August: Engagement of the flotilla España , organized by Andre Malraux.
September 4th: Francisco Largo Caballero form a government made up of republicans, Socialists and Communists.
September 9th: Conference of London on nonthe intervention in Spain.
In September, the Komintern approves the creation of the international Brigades in Spain.
September 15th: The nationalists take Irun.
September 21st: Free is selected as general-in-chief by the nationalists.
September 27th: The arrival of the nationalist troops, puts an end to the seat Alcazar de Tolède.
September 29th: The “Junta de Defensa Nacional” names the provisional general Franco Head of government of Burgos and Ordering armed forces.
October 1st:

the Basque Country vote its autonomy.
the first core of volunteers called to form the international Brigades arrives at Alicante.
Free autoproclame Head of the State. He is recognized by the Germany, the Italy and the Portugal.

October 14th: Arrival of the first volunteers of the international Brigades with Albacete.
October 15th: The nationalists seize Oviedo.
October 23rd: The Soviet Union announces that it gives up the principle it non-intervention.
November 6th: First apparatuses of the Legion Condor sent by Adolf Hitler (10 000 soldiers of elite).
8 - November 18th: Failure of the pro-Franco offensive on Madrid. The republican government leaves Madrid besieged for Valence.
November 9th: The nationalists attack Madrid which resists (Jose Miaja, international Brigades) between October 1936 and February 1937.
November 26th: Secret pact of Salamanque between Free and the Italy which sends 10 000 then 70 000 men. (5000 Italian enlists in the international Brigades).

the United Kingdom

January 20th: Reign of Edouard VIII, king de Grande-Bretagne (fine the December 11th).
August 24th: The steamer Queen Mary obtains the blue Ruban after having crossed the Atlantic in three days.
August 30th: Launching of the operational startup of 38 new war buildings.
October, the United Kingdom: Oswald Mosley (BUF) converts with the anti-semitism and declares the war with the Juifs.
October 13rd: Rail link by ferry boat between Paris and London.
December 10th: In front of the scandal caused by its project of divorced marriage with American, Wallis Simpson, Edouard VIII of the United Kingdom abdicates in favor of his/her brother George VI (fine in 1952) and becomes duke of Windsor.

Appearance of the first telephone booths , famous red cabins drawn by Sir Gilles Scott.

Russia

Great purgings in Soviet Union.

19 - August 24th: First “Lawsuit of Moscow”, lawsuit of the “terrorist Center troskiste-zinovievist”. The 16 accused, whose Zinoviev and Kamenev, shown to plot with the Germany and the Japan, is carried out the August 25th.
December 5th: New Constitution founding a Supreme Soviet in particular composed of a Soviet of the Union and a Soviet of nationalities.

Stalin authorizes the vote for all.

Africa

April 6th: The troops of the Négus Hailé Sélassié are defeats by the Italians.
April 7th: The Representation off Native Act tiny room from 20% to 10% the proportion of the Black voters in the the Cape Province, the only one where exists such a right to vote in South Africa, and institutes a college separated to elect a white representative with the legislative Parliament for each of the three black districts.
May 5th: Fall of Addis-Abeba. The annexation of the Abyssinie by the Italy force the emperor Haile Selassie to be left in exile.
May 9th: Mussolini proclaims the “rebirth of the Empire”. The king Victor-Emmanuel III of Italy receives the title of Emperor of Ethiopia
July 4th: SDN raises the sanctions taken against Italy following the invasion of Ethiopia.
July 17th: Nationalist military rising with the Spanish Morocco.
October 17th: Foundation of the Communist party of Algeria.
December: First air-mail connection between Le Bourget and the Meeting.

Countryside of Nnamdi Azikiwe with the Nigeria for the “African personality” (1936 - 1937).
Creation of the Nigerian Youth Movement .
Constitution of a section of SFIO to the Senegal. Rolls Guèye and Léopold Sédar Senghor founds the African Block.
the tribal grounds of the Blacks in the African Southern Union pass from 8% to 12,3% of the total surface area. Any purchase of grounds apart from these spaces is interdict with the Blacks.

Americas

North America

Canada

June 11th: Louis-Alexandre Taschereau resigns after an investigation into the public accounts had accused it. The liberal Adélard Godbout becomes Prime Minister for the Quebec until August 1936.
August 17th: Victoire of the National union in Quebec.
August 26th: Maurice Duplessis (U.N.) becomes Prime Minister for the Quebec until November 1939. The government of Duplessis adopts the Law of the old-age pensions.
October 2nd: Creation of Radio-Canada.
November 18th, press: The Globe amalgamates with The Mail and Empire to form The Globe and Mail .

Adoption of the bilingual currency in Canada.

the United States

Strikes and first occupations of factories in the industry of the rubber (Firestone, Goodyear) to the beginning of the year. The strikes by occupation are spread (48 in 1936,447 in 1937).

January 1st: the Agricultural Adjustment Act is declared unconstitutional. The Supreme court cancels many measurements of the New Deal.
April 3rd: Bruno Hauptmann, author of the abduction and the murder of the baby of the aviator Charles Lindbergh, is electrocuted on the electric chair with the New Jersey.
June: Coughlin, Townsend and the last partisans of Long propose W. Leemke as president.
November 3rd: Triumphal re-election (60,8%) of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (D) like chair of the United States with 28 million voice compared with 17 the moderate republican candidate Alfred Mr. Landon.
November 12th: Bay Brigde , between San Francisco and Oakland.

Second law of neutrality. Prohibition very ready with the belligerent countries.

Latin America

February 18th: With the Paraguay, the government of Eusebio Ayala is reversed by a coup d'etat directed by the general Rafael Franco. Free, hero of the War of Chaco, carries out a anti-liberal revolution by being made the spokesperson of the war veterans. A group, the Febreristas , appears to support Franco in its initiatives reformists and nationalists.
February 21st, Mexico: Lázaro Cárdenas encourages the trade unionism. It governs the creation of the Confédération of the workers of Mexico (CTM).

the industrial middle-class of North, around Monterrey, engages in a political combat against Cárdenas following a social conflict where the government took party against it. It created the Started from National action (SIDE) in 1939.

May 16th: Jose Luis Tejada Sorzano is reversed in Bolivia. Germán Busch Becerra replaces it the May 22nd and a fascistic government of inspiration directed by Jose David Toro settles.

inter-American Conference of consolidation of peace with Buenos Aires. The the United States are committed not intervening “directly or indirectly and for some reason that it is in the interior matters and external” of the countries of Latin America (political of the “good neighborhood”). A pact of consultation is adopted, making it possible to coordinate the various treaties existing as regards maintains peace.
Apogee of the labor unrest in Argentinian, which declines until in 1943. Starting from 1937, the State intervenes more and more in the prevention and the payment of the social conflicts.
With the Venezuela, the government López recognizes 109 working trade unions and peasants between July and December 1936, but returns quickly to the repressive practices.
the Communist party Colombia N decides to support the liberals with the capacity.
Land reform in Colombia. The Law 2000 is not however able to call in question the domination of the coffee planters.
Brazil: Since 1827, the State of São Paulo with receipt 3 million immigrants: Italians (30%), Portuguese (13%), Spaniards (12%), Brazilian of the North-East (24%), Japanese (6%).
the Nobel Prize of peace is allotted to Argentinian the Carlos Saavedra Lamas.

Asia

February 20th, Japan: Victoire of the liberals to the legislative ones. For the first time, Socialists enter to the Parliament.
February 26th:

Incidental of the February 26th in China.
Japan: Plot of the young officers with Tokyo directed by the captain Nonaka Shirô; it fails (123 arrests the February 29th).

March 9th, Japan: The emperor Hirohito names a Prime Minister ultranationalist, Hirota Kôki.
March 22nd: The marshal Horloogiyn Choybalsan takes the head of the revolutionary Parti the Mongolian people and controls the Mongolia (fine in 1951). The forced collectivization of the grounds and the herds, the prohibition of the lamaïsme, involve a general insurrection repressed by the popular Army.
November 25th: Pact anti-Comintern between Germany, and Japan against the International Communist. Italy will sign it in 1937.
November: The Siam invalid in all the treaties which it had signed with foreign countries. Under the clauses of the new treaties concluded the following year, the government obtains its total independence.
December 5th: Administrative reorganization of the Central Asia:

the old RSSA of Karakalpakie joined the Ouzbékistan.
Creation of the Soviet socialist Republic (RSS) Kyrgyz, member of the USSR.
Creation of the Soviet socialist Republic of the Kazakhstan federate of the USSR. Hundreds of thousands of inhabitants are killed or flee towards the China. A policy of sedentarisation forced of the nomads and collectivization of the grounds destroys the culture and the Kazakh lifestyle.

December 12th, China: Incident of Xi' year. Tchang Kaï-chek is constrained to accept a common front with the Communists.

a small British mission is established with Lhassa with the agreement of the government Tibetan.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948), in favor of the partition of the India, is elected president of the Moslem Ligue. Certain Moslem nationalists, as Abul Went Maududi (1903-1979), gathered in the Jamaat-i Islami, claim islamist Pakistan. Jinnah and others are for a laic State which would protect the religious minorities.

Oceania & the Pacific

The Middle East

January - April: The Syria is in quasi insurrectionary situation with the beginning of the year. The general strike is issued by the national Bloc the January 27th. The country is paralyzed during 36 days. France imposes the martial law and carries out many arrests, but must yield in February. It returns the government Aldine Tajj, released the prisoners and opens negotiations with the national Block. It is committed to restore the constitutional life, to support the unit of the Syria and concluding a treaty similar to the treaty anglo-Iraqi. The negotiations open in April with Paris and are stopped until the summer because of the French elections of spring.
April: Treaty of fraternity enters the Iraq and the Saudi Arabia.
July 20th: The Convention of Montreux restores the sovereignty of the Turkey on the Dardanelles whose remilitarization is authorized.
September 9th: Viénot agreements on the independence of the Syria. The French protocol envisaging the independence of the Syria within three year is signed in Paris. It guarantees the entry of Syria to SDN. France preserves military facilities for 25 years. French troops will be stationed at the Druzes and the Alaouites during five years.
October 29th, Iraq: The general Bakr Sidqi organizes a military coup d'etat. laughed Nu' Sa' id manages to flee. Rashid Ali and Yasin Al-Hashimi is exiled. A government is formed around Hikmat Sulayman, chief of the old socialist opposition with a program of fight against corruption, of reinforcement of the army, development of teaching, establishment of economic monopolies, increase in the income taxes and the heritage and the installation of a social legislation. It runs up against the leading class of the land great landowners who exert pressures on the capacity. The only adopted social measures are the reduction of the daily duration of work for the employees. With the elections of the December 10th 1936 and February 20th 1937, company Al-Ahali obtains only 11 seats out of 108. Bakr Sidqi criticizes its socialist allies more and more openly.
November:

Syria: The nationalists gain a majority crushing with the elections of legislative.
the Turkish government requires the right to self-determination for the Sandjak d' Alexandrette. The France returns the payment of the business to SDN.

November 21st: Creation of the movement of the Lebanese Phalanges by a pharmacist Maronite of Beirut, Pierre Gemayel. It is a paramilitary youth organization in sporting matter which preaches a Lebanese and Christian nationalism. The Moslems of Beirut answer by the creation of the Moslem scouts.
December 5th: Dissolution of the RFSS of Transcaucasia, the Georgia, the Azerbaïdjan and the Arménie become republics of the Soviet Union (RSS).
December 21st: Hachem Al-Atassi, elected president of the Republic of Syria, indicates Jamil Mardam Bey as chief of the government.
December 27th: The treaty with the France is ratified in enthusiasm by the Syrian Parliament, but in France, the project will be deferred sine die by the Room.

In Syria, the national Bloc obtains a nationalist youth organization, the “steel shirts”.
Turbid with Beirut between hostile with the presence French and Christian Moslems Armenian favorable.
Attempts at takeover by the soldiers in Iraq (1936 - 1941).

Palestine

April 15th: Two Juifs are assassinated in the area of Nablus by an Arab group extremist. In reprisals, two Arabs are killed by radical Jews.
the April 19th, out of the farm laborers kill nine Jews in the area of Jaffa. The state of emergency is proclaimed by the British authorities. Violences continue. A strike of the Arabs spontaneous and popular is started in all the Palestine, that the parties decide to support. National committees are organized in all the principal cities to organize the dispute.
April 25th: The principal parties create an Arab supreme committee, under the presidency of Amin Al-Husseini.
Starting from May, urban violence extends to the campaigns. Rural bands attack the British and the Zionists and are joined by a few hundreds of Syrian, old volunteers of the Great revolt of 1925. British repression is moderate at the beginning. London promises sends it of a board of inquiry after the stop of the disorders and accepts the mediation of the government Arab of Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Transjordanie, which calls at the end of the strike. The Arab supreme committee accepts in exchange of one supports Arab countries vis-a-vis the British.

1 366 692 inhabitants in Palestine, of which 384 078 Jewish.

Egypt

April 28th: Died of the king Fouad Ier. His/her son Farouk succeeds to him at the sixteen years age. A council of regency is designated by the Parliament. The king is surrounded political advisers like Ali Maher, opposing to the Wafd. Farouk quickly becomes very popular (end of reign in 1952).
May 10th: Victoire of the nationalist party Wafd with the legislative ones. Mustapha Nahhas pasha founds a third government of national union. It engages immediately of the negotiations with the British for the concluding of a treaty.
August 26th: Treaty of London between the the United Kingdom and the Egypt. It envisages a perpetual alliance between the two countries including/understanding a co-operation as regards foreign politics and of the facilities in the event of war (ports, aerodromes, routes transportation). Manpower of the Egyptian army are not limited any more but the instructors remain exclusively British. A British garrison is stationed in the zone of the Suez Canal for twenty years. For the question of the Sudan, the treaty proposes the return to a condominium anglo-Egyptian. The Capitulations will be repealed gradually and the Egypt will be allowed with SDN.

the company of the Muslim brothers axis his propaganda on solidarity with the Moslems of Palestine.
15,8 million inhabitants.
Rise of teaching: since 1925, the number of pupils provided education for in the primary education passed from 193 144 with 661 025, in the secondary of 16 979 with 45 203.

Arts & culture

March 4th: First exposure to Munich “of art denatured” in order to discredit modern painting.
December 27th: With Santiago de Querétaro (Mexico, state of Querétaro de Arteaga), alternate third of Luciano Will counter, Mexican Matador. He had taken a first alternative the December 13rd 1931 and a second the September 6th 1932.
House of the Cascade, built in Bear Run (Pennsylvania) by the architect Frank Lloyd Wright.

Economy

According to the statistics of the Company of the Nations on the international business, the classification is the following: Great Britain (14%), the United States (11%), Germany (9%) which officially follows a policy of Autarcie, France (7%).

Sciences & technology

Sports

February 6th: Adolf Hitler opens the fourth Winter Olympics to Garmisch-Partenkirchen.
the Tour de France cyclist is gained by the Belgian Sylvère Maes, second the French Antonin Magne and third the Belgian Félicien Vervaecke, mountain the Spaniard Julian Berrendero.
: Opening of the tenth Olympic Games of summer to Berlin. The American black athlete Jesse Owens gains 4 there gold medals.
detailed Article: 1936 in sport