1925

This page relates to the year 1925 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Europe

  • January 1st: The capital of the Norway Christiana takes again its old name of Oslo.
  • January 31st: Proclamation of the Albanian republic with Ahmed Zougu as president.
  • 5 - October 16th: Conference of Locarno which joins together Briand, Stresemann, Chamberlain, Vandervelde and Mussolini.
  • October 16th: Pact of Locarno. Germany, France, Belgium, Great Britain and Italy guarantee the Western borders of Germany, Belgium and France.
  • the island of Cyprus becomes a colony of the British crown.
  • the crown prince to Romania, the future Carol II, constrained by his/her father to give up his dynastic rights, prefers to be exiled.
  • Pacte of mutual assistance in the event of German aggression enters the Poland and the Czechoslovakia.
  • Czechoslovakia signs a treaty of military aid with the France.
  • First radio broadcasts in Hungary.
  • Norwegian Sovereignty on the Spitzberg.

Netherlands

  • Hendrikus Colijn, Prime Minister with the Netherlands.
  • Night of Kersten: In the Netherlands, the ultra-orthodoxe deputy protesting Gerrit Hendrik Kersten proposes to remove the embassy Dutchwoman with the the Vatican, which causes the bursting of the coalition of the denominational parties and the fall of the government.
  • SDAP (socialist party) accepts monarchy in the Netherlands.
  • Treated between the Netherlands and the Belgium on the water ways, rejected by the first room of the Netherlands in 1927.
  • the Zuiderzee is drained with the Netherlands.

Germany

  • February 9th: Gustav Stresemann sends a memorandum to Allied where he proposes that the the United Kingdom, the France, the Italy and the Germany pledge not to be made the war, that France and Germany sign a treaty of arbitration for the Pacific regulation of the disagreements, that Germany guarantees the borders of the Rhenish zone.
  • February 27th: NSDAP, authorized again, is reconstituted. Hitler takes the head of it.
  • April 26th: Paul von Hindenburg becomes president of the Weimar Republic. Its victory with presidential is also that of the count Westarp, chief of national-German (DNVP) who intends to impose a preserving orientation and monarchist. The DNVP is supported by the Stahlhelm (steel helmet), hostile nationalist paramilitary movement with the Traité of Versailles and parliamentarism, antimarxist and anti-semite.
  • May 1st: Creation by Hitler of the Schutzstaffel (S), guard which ensures the police force of the Nazi party.
  • July 1st: France evacuates the the Ruhr.
  • July 18th: Adolf Hitler publishes Mein Kampf .
  • October 12th: Commercial treaty with the Soviet Union.
  • October 16th: Agreements of Locarno: the Germany recognizes its Western borders. Signature of the Rhenish pact which fixes a guarantee scheme along the Franco-German borders and German-Belgian
  • Création of IG Farben under the impulse of Carl Bosch which gathers the six groups of chemical industry German (Badische Anilin, Bayer, Hoechst, etc).
  • Commercial treaty with the United States.

France

See also: 1925 in France

British Isles

  • the British Empire covers 15 million km ² and counts 390 million inhabitants.
  • May: Standard Gold Act : Churchill restores the Gold Standard.
  • The Economic Consequences off Mr. Churchill , of Keynes.
  • the benefit of the pension funds is applied to the widows and the orphans.

Italy

  • January 3rd: With the Room, Benito Mussolini takes openly made and causes for excesses squadrists and threat the country of a showdown. Federzoni, Minister of Interior Department, attacks with the press (the newspapers are seized daily), the political organizations, and orders the arrest of a hundred politicians and journalists. Justice (Rocco) made release all the held or condemned fascists. The close-cropped of Casement bolt, Farinacci, is named with the head of the PNF, which it radicalizes and uses to break the external oppositions in violence.
  • 1 {{er}} May: Creation by Mussolini of the “dopolavoro”.
  • November: Attack made by the socialist deputy Zamboni. It serves as a pretext for the elimination of the unit socialist party and freemasonry.
  • December 24th: Promulgation of a law which creates for Mussolini the function of chief of the government. Duce has the whole of the executive powers and is responsible only in front of the king.

  • Political of great work to reabsorb unemployment: construction of bridges, tunnels, the first highways or buildings in the large cities.

  • Balance of the budget of the State.

Spain

  • social Concessions: wage increase (26,5% between 1920 and 1925 whereas the prices drop by 6%), respect of the eight hours day, regulation of the night-work of the women, but prohibition of the strike, charter of work and joint committees inspired of the Fascisme supporter of corporatism, ignorance of the agrarian problem.

Portugal

  • November: Majority with the democratic party with the room and the senate.
  • December 11th: The attacks of the nationalists force the president Manuel Texeira Gomes to resign. Bernardino Machado replaces it like chair republic (end in 1926). The economic situation, financial and monetary starts to improve. The government considers a social plan, but the increase in the taxes necessary to finance it causes the desertion from the middle-class.

  • Capital flight: the Portuguese deposits abroad represent six times the money supply in circulation with the Portugal. The government must call upon foreign assets (French, German, Belgian, English) for its great work.

The USSR

  • December 18th: Adoption, at the time of XIVe congress of the PCUS, the thesis of socialism in only one country.

  • Economic recovery in Soviet Union (the production reaches its level of pre-war period).

  • the Soviet socialist République of Turkménistan is attached to the USSR.

Africa

  • Mars: Institution of electoral colleges in French Black Africa introducing some African members elected within councils placed near the governor.

  • Repression in Tunisia (left the Destour, the “constitution”).

  • the statesman Jomo Kenyatta founds the Kikuyu Central Association for the release of the Kenya.
  • Creation of the WASU ( West african Student Union ) with London and of the Universal League of Defense of the Negro Race to the Dahomey.
  • Strikes in the coal mines to the Nigeria. Burden with the railroad workers Thiès - Niger.
  • Realization with Sotuba of the first work of a gigantic agricultural unit (1925 - 1929).
  • Creation of the secondary Course of Dakar.
  • Creation of the College Prince de Galles of Achimota, close to Accra.
  • the Advisory committee on Teaching in the Colonies (British) declares that “teaching must be adapted to the mentality and the traditions of the various people, while preserving as much as possible all the healthy elements in the installation of their social screw”. Starting from 1927, teaching is done in the native tongue during the first two years, then in English for the remainder of schooling.
  • Creation of the Church of Chérubins and the Seraphes to the Nigeria.

Morocco

  • April 13rd: The troops of Abd el-Krim penetrate with the Morocco French.
  • May 14th: The French Communist party (Jacques Doriot) brings its supports in Abd el-Krim and claims the evacuation of Morocco and the recognition of the republic of the Rif, proclaimed in July 1923.
  • July 11th: Signature of a political cooperation agreement between the France and the Spain on the question of the Morocco.
  • July 17th: The marshal Pétain arrives at Rabat on mission special near the marshal Lyautey, in order to reorganize the French forces in Morocco (325  000 men) and to carry out the counter-offensive in the War of Rif, at the side of the Spaniards, against the troops of Abd el-Krim. The captain Charles de Gaulle belongs to his staff.
  • In August, resignation of Lyautey, resident general in Morocco. Pétain takes in hand military operations in Rif.
  • the September 8th, Spanish troops (100  000 men), under the command of Primo de Rivera, unload in bay of Alhucemas and walk towards the general headquarter of Abd el-Krim (75  000 partisans).
  • the September 28th, Theodore Steeg is named resident general in Morocco to replace the marshal Lyautey, who, repudiated, resigns.

The Middle East and Arab world

  • January: Maxime Weygand is recalled and replaced as High-Commissioner in Syria by the general Maurice Sarrail, who promises elections in Syria but refuses the reunification of the country.
  • Mars:
    • Egypt: New victory of the Wafd to the legislative elections. The king Fouad Ier dissolves the new room and a government won over to the king controls by decrees without taking account of the Constitution.
    • Iraq: The State Iraq IEN must grant a 75 years concession to the Turkish Petroleum Company on the oil exploitation in Mésopotamie.
  • July, Syria: Representatives of the big families of the mountain of the Druzes come to protest near Maurice Sarrail against the policy of their French governor. The High-Commissioner makes them imprison.
  • July 19th: A revolt directed by the Sultan Al-Atrach bursts in the djebel Druze. The French troops either are destroyed or encircled during several months.
  • September, Syria: Countryside of Raising. The general Gamelin manages to evacuate the French soldiers of the Mountain Druze. The revolt sets ablaze the country.
  • October, Syria: In the area of Hama, an insurrection is launched by an officer of the French special forces, Fawzi Al-Qawuqji and takes the control of the back-country. The rebellion gains the Ghouta, an oasis in the east of Damas, from where the nationalists launch raids on the city and propagate the insurrection.

  • Persian October 31st, : Ahmad Shah, the last of the Kadjars is officially deposited.

  • December 12th: Beginning of the reign of Reza Pahlavi, shah of Iran.

  • the States of Damas and Alep amalgamate and take the name of Syria, also including the Sandjak d' Alexandrette, while the territory Alaouite is withdrawn. The Eastern areas of the Syria (Euphrate) remain under French direct administration (Bedouin Control).

  • Dr. Shahbandar founds in Syria the Party of the people, composed of notable, which organize mass demonstrations at the time of the passage of Lord Balfour with Damas in 1925. He claims the unit of Syria and the return of individual freedoms.
  • the Egyptian University is nationalized and obtains many faculties (right, medicine).
  • 13,8 million inhabitants in Egypt.

Asia

  • Creation of the autonomous Republic of the Tadjikistan.

  • a liberal cabinet promulgates the law on the male vote for all with the Japan.
  • Creation of the Communist party Korea N
  • Believed of the Houang Ho making many victims.
  • 259  000 Chinese emigrates towards the Mandchourie.

India

  • Foundation of the nationalist party Hindu Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS, “Association of the nationalist volunteers”), in reaction to the mobilization caused by the movement of the Caliphate. Its objective is to gather the Hindus so that they can face the Moslems. The party obtains a paramilitary organization and the executives, formed as preachers, devote their life to the cause.
  • the Hindu Mahasabha, left nationalist resulting from the Left the Congress, will become independent in the years 1930. Located in the line of the Arya Samaj, its ideology turns into to Hindus the representatives of the Indian nation. The minorities must reduce their religious practices to the private sphere and accept the Hindu symbols like symbol of the nation.

Indonesia

  • the Volksraad receives some legislative power (statute applied in 1927) which cannot be translated in the facts that if there is agreement between the governor and Volksraad. The representatives indonésiens submit motions to increase their rights. They will be pushed back by the government but the fact that they have summers presented and discussed encourages the nationalists, in a context of reduced political life (the political assemblies are prohibited apart from the election times, the statutes of the parties are subjected to governmental approval and the arrests multiply as soon as disorders burst or threaten to burst.
  • unfruitful communist Rising in Indonesia (fine in 1926).

Oceania and the Pacific

Americas

Canada

  • October 29th: Legislative. The conservatives obtain 116 seats, but it is William Lyon Mackenzie King (liberal) which is elected thanks to the support of the progressists who, with them two, make elect 123 deputies. To the opening of the first parliamentary session, whereas the scandal of the ministry for the customs bursts, King goes obviously that the support of the progressists is not assured any more for him. Of the catches with a motion of censure (which it considers gaining), King requires of the general governor to dissolve the room, but this last refuses. King gives its resignation, Arthur Meighen succeeds to him the June 29th 1926.

the United States

  • January 5th: Nellie Tayloe Ross becomes the first woman governor of the United States.

  • February 21st: First number of the newspaper The New Yorker.
  • May 25th: Lawsuit Scopes with Dayton. John Scopes is a marked professor to have diffused the theories Darwin ists proscribed in the Tennessee.
  • June 6th: Foundation of the company Chrysler Corporation by Walter Percy Chrysler.
  • September 17th: Frida Kahlo takes the bus to return to it after its courses. But the bus leaves the road and strikes a tram. Several people found death on the place even of the accident. Frida, it was transpierced on the level of the abdomen by an iron stem to the vagina, the right foot was crushed, the left leg in thousand pieces (eleven fractures).

  • Decline of the second Ku Klux Klan following the corruption of some of its leaders. It counts 5 million members then.

  • Development of the highway network. Increase in the suburbs during the Twenties.
  • the Ford T becomes less expensive than a Cheval. The Ford factories leave every ten seconds there.

Latin America

  • January 1st: Carlos Jose Solórzano (preserving), elected president of the Nicaragua.
  • March 12th, Chile: The general Carlos Ibáñez del Campo reinstalls Arturo Alessandri Palma with the capacity for seven months. The president can launch reforms with supports army: he founds the direct poll, creates an electoral Court and makes adopt a new Constitution which establishes a presidential regime.
  • May: The the United States create an National guard with the Nicaragua (05), entrust the command of it to a North-American officer and the navy starts to be withdrawn in August.
  • July: Young officers launch the “revolution juliana” in Ecuador.

  • American Intervention with the Honduras.

Arts & culture

See also: 1925 with the cinema, 1925 in music, 1925 in literature, 1925 with the theater, 1925 as a cartoon, 1925 on television

With Paris, takes place the International exhibition of Decorative and industrial Arts modern.

Sciences and technology

Sports

Births in 1925

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Death in 1925

Beats-smg: 1925 Be-X-old: 1925 Map-bms: 1925 Simple: 1925 Zh-yue: 1925 年

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