1923

This page relates to the year 1923 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Europe

There are 23 States in Europe for close to 18 000 km of borders (51 States in 2006 for 40 000 km of borders).
October 6th: Manual Teixeira Gums, democrat, becomes president of the republic of the Portugal.
Budgetary restrictions with the Netherlands applied by the Minister for Finance Hendrick Colijn (1923 - 1926).

British Isles

April 27th: End of the Irish civil war: Frank $aiken, new chief of the WILL GO ( Irish Republican Army ) since the death of Liam Linch, and Eamon De Valera, deposits the weapons and decides to continue the fight on the political plan.
May 22nd: Beginning of the preserving ministry of Stanley Baldwin, Prime Minister for the the United Kingdom (fine in 1924).
December: Defeat of the Conservatives to legislative (258 seats for 191 members of the Labor Party and 159 liberals).

Spain

September 13rd: Beginning of the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera in Spain (fine the January 30th 1930). Miguel Primo de Rivera, commander general of Catalogne, proclaims chief of a military directory that the king recognizes immediately.
September 14th: The chief of the government Garcia Pietro resigns. It is the end of the constitutional mode: dissolution of the the Cortes, establishment of the censure, administration under military supervision, creation of middle-class militia (the Somatenes ). Certain men of the left like Largo Caballero, secretary of UGT, agree to collaborate, allured by the reforming and regenerating ambition acknowledged.

Loss of 12 000 soldiers of the Rif between 1919 and 1923.
the production of steel will be multiplied by 2,5 between 1923 and 1929. The State will support the creation of monopolies (electricity, telephone, oil) to which take part of the foreign interests.
Operation of great work: town planning, roads, railways, commercial aviation, electrification, irrigation.
December 13rd: birth of that which will be regarded as the Spanish great painter according to war, Antoni Tàpies

Germany

January 2nd: Cordial rupture, between the France and the Great Britain: joined together with Paris, the Allies do not manage to find an agreement on the question of German repairs. Poincaré announces that France will pass in addition to the British opposition and will make occupy the the Ruhr in order to control the activities of the factories and the mines of the area.
January 11th: French and Belgian troops occupy the area of the the Ruhr claiming the payment by the Germany of the war debt. It is a good part of the German industrial production which is thus confiscated.
January 15th: A passive resistance, in the form of generalized strikes, and financed by the Weimar Republic is organized.
: a dollar exchanges 47500 marks.
March 1st: The Sections of attack (SA), reorganized in combat units, are placed under the command of Hermann Göring.
March 31st: Fifty thousand workmen of the factories Krupp express with Essen to protest against the requisition of trucks by the French Army. Force repression which makes 13 dead.
May 1st: The manifestations of May 1st are disturbed by patriotic associations and SA. Trade unionists are attacked and the police force does not intervene.
the May 16th, following a blaze of the prices, a wild strike is started in the Ruhr. Street battles burst.
May 26th: In reprisals with the attacks made against the troops of occupation, the nationalist militant Leo Schlageter is judged by a French and shot court.
July 6th: Fulfilling the British requirements, the French government repeats that he will refuse to study the proposals of Germany as long as the passive resistance will last in the Ruhr.
July 12th: The Communist party decides to organize one day antifascist the July 29th. It rejoins many trade unionists and of without-party. The demonstration is prohibited in the majority of the States.
August 12th: Fall of the government Wilhelm Cuno in front of the multiplication of the confrontations between demonstrators and police force.
August 13rd: Hyperinflation (mid-November 1923: 1 French franc = 18 billion German marks). The values registered on the tickets are modified several times per day according to the courses as well as the labels of the goods. The workmen remunerated by the day, to work with bags in order to will be able to carry the mass of tickets necessary to the payment of their pay.
August 13rd: Gustav Stresemann chancellor.
September 25th: End of the passive resistance in the Ruhr proclaimed by Gustav Stresemann.
In September, thanks to the Sturmabteilung, Adolf Hitler makes sure the direction of Kampfbund, leagues formations of extreme right-hand side.
September-October: Carried out separatist.
September 26th: In Bavaria the government proclaims the state of emergency, suspends the basic rights and grants to the general police chief of Reich Gustav von Kahr of the dictatorial capacities.
September 27th: In Saxony, the Müller general, ordering Wehrkreis III , assumes all the capacities.
October 10th, Saxony: Refusing submits itself to the general Müller, the social democrat Erich Zeigner form a new government including/understanding three Communists.
October 13rd: Gustav Stresemann obtains the full powerss of the Reichstag.
October 21st: Proclamation of an independent Rhenish republic.
October 22nd: Failure of the communist insurrection with Hamburg.
October 26th: Poincaré accepts the constitution of a commission of experts charged to examine the question of repairs.
the October 29th, the government names a police chief of Reich in Saxony. The army invests the ministries for the Land.
October 30th, Saxony: The Zeigner government resigns and yields the place to a government without Communists.

8 - November 9th: Failure of the Putsch of the brewery of Munich, (Adolf Hitler and Erich Ludendorff). Escorted by SA, Hitler makes irruption in the Bügerbraükeller brewery where a meeting is held of support for Gustav von Kahr and announces that the Bavarian government is reversed. Gustav von Kahr pretends to join and a government Nazi is formed. The following day, the Wehrmacht encircles Munich and car on SA which ravel in the street.
November 11th: Hitler and Ludendorff is captured and put in prison.
November 15th: To stop the inflationary spiral, the government (Luther, Minister for Finance and Schacht, president de Reichsbank) creates a new currency, the mark-revenue, whose course, guaranteed on the totality of the German economy, is fixed at 1.000 billion mark-paper.
November 23rd:

the Communist Parties and Nazi are prohibited.
the government Gustav Stresemann is reversed following the withdrawal of the social democrat ministers.

November 30th: Plane Dawes.
February 1st: Dr. Wilhelm Marx of the Zentrum: new chancellor
December 14th: Fixing of the working time at 54 hours for the civils servant and 59 hours for the workmen of the iron and steel plants.
December: Tax reform: raise taxes and compression of the expenditure.

In the Ruhr, the production crumbles: 63 million tons of coal for 132 in 1922 and 6 million tons of steel for 11 in 1922.

---- Hyper inflation: Whereas mark-but 46 mark-paper in January 1922 was worth it is worth 84.000 of them in July 1923, 24 million in September, 6 billion in October and 1 000 billion with the end of the year 1923.

France

Italy

Recrudescence of fascistic violences in 1923. The short-nap cloths (Farinacci, Bandimarte, Misuri) organize punitive forwardings, lynchings, settings with death. They are opposed the ones to the others for the domination of cities or areas. Violences multiply against the catholics with Bescia, between rival bands fascist with Rome or Venice, between fascists and nationalists with Genoa. Brandimarte delivers Turin to the squadre during three days (22 dead). Mussolini does not react.
January 14th: The fascistic government creates the voluntary Milice for the national security (MVSN) charged, with the police force and the army, to ensure the law and order. Recruited among the fascists, it is placed under the direct orders of Duce.
March 1st: Commission italo-Yugoslavian of Abbazia for the question of Fiume.
April 12th: The national congress of the Italian Popular party joined together with Turin decides not to support the fascistic government more.
April 23rd: Seeking to make disappear the popular party and to rejoin part of the catholic electorate, Mussolini revokes the popular ministers.
May 1st: The fascists invade the Labor market with Milan. The government, which seeks to attract itself the sympathy of the preserving mediums, orders the arrest of the culprits.
July 16th: The seat of the catholic daily newspaper Italia is set fire to by the fascists.
July 23rd: The room approves a new electoral law, approved by the Senate the November 13rd.
December 10th: The king puts an end to the parliamentary session.

Tax reform to encourage the investments from abroad (abolition of the surtaxes of war on the high wages and graduated income on the income).

Central Europe & Balkans

February 19th: The king Georges II of Greece leaves the Greece.
June 9th: In Bulgaria, officers carried out by Alexandre Tsankov seize the capacity. The Prime Minister Alexandre Stambouliski is relieved, then assassinated the June 14th.
July 24th: Treaty of Lausanne. The Greece must give up Smyrna and the Thrace in the east of the river Evros. Exchange populations.
August 27th: The members of an Italian military mission whose Tellini general, charged to establish the border between the Albania and the Greece, are killed close to Janina, in Greece.
August 31st - September 28th: After having required of the Greek government humiliating repairs, Mussolini orders the bombardment and the occupation of Corfou. Yielding to the English pressures and SDN, it accepts a formula of compromise. The Italian fleet evacuates Corfou.
September: Communist insurrection crushed in Bulgaria.
December 16th: Victoire of Eleftherios Venizelos with legislative in Greece.

Hungary: the count Mihály Károlyi is condemned by contumacy for high treason.
Constitution in Romania. Creation with Bucharest of a Fascia with the imitation of the model mussolinien. The professor of the University of Iasi A.C. Cuza develops theses anti-semites and nationalists through the “League of Christian National defense”.
5% of industrial growth on average in Romania thanks to a protectionist policy. The index in value passes from 100 in 1923 to 219 in 1938.

Poland, Baltic States, Russia

January 4th: In a postscript added to its political legacy, Lénine recommends to eliminate Stalin.
February 3rd: The Council of SDN proposes a frontier line between the Poland and the Lithuania, thus recognizing the annexation of Vilnius by Poland.
the February 16th, the Allies recognize the fastening of Memel to the Lithuania as an autonomous territory.
the March 6th, Lénine breaks definitively with Stalin. The March 10th, an attack of apoplexy deprives it of all means of action and expression.
April 17th: In front of the 12th congress of the PC, Trotski denounces the “crisis of the scissors”, i.e. the variation growing of the industrial and agricultural prices.
December 15th: Stalin lance his first personal attack against Trotski which has just published a letter in the Pravda showing the bureaucrats to refuse the “new course”. It forms a first troika antitrotskist with Kamenev and Grigori Zinoviev.

Africa

August 31st: The Ruanda and the Burundi, old German colonies, are entrusted to the Belgium by SDN under the name of Ruanda-Urundi.
September 28th: The Ethiopia between with the Company of the Nations.
December 18th: Tangier becomes international city until in 1956.

the Rhodesia becomes colony of the British empire. It obtains an internal autonomy which ensures in fact the preponderance Europeans.
the Devonshire White Paper proclaims that “the Kenya being before a whole African territory, the interests of the Africans were to pass there above all”. The colonial government concedes the creation of a Legco ( Legislative Council ) where elected members represent Europeans, the Indians and the Arabs, while the interests of the Africans are defended by a missionary designated by the governor.
Third Panafrican Congress with London and Lisbon.
Strikes, riots and plunderings with Porto-Novo.
Incidental on the building site of the railway line Dakar - Bamako.
Decree establishing that teaching in the French colonies must be done in French or Latin, by instructors having obtained French diplomas.
Palate of Njoya to Foumban (1917 -1923, kingdom of the Bamum, Cameroun).

Americas

Canada

January 1st: Creation of the Department off National Defense
February 5th: Louis-Alexandre Taschereau (liberal) is re-elected Prime Minister for the Quebec.
March 2nd: The Canada sign only the treaty passed with the the United States relative with the fisheries of the Peaceful (Halibut Treaty). The Canada obtains the right to organize its own foreign politics at the time of an imperial conference.

the United States

February 19th: The Supreme court decides that the United States can refuse naturalization with any immigrant, except for the Russian white.
February 22nd: The Room of the representatives of Oklahoma approves an amendment prohibiting the purchase by the State of handbooks taking again the evolutionary theories of Darwin.
April 18th: inauguration of the Stadium Yankee has New York (in the bronx) on April 18th, 1923.
August 2nd: Beginning of the republican presidency of Calvin Coolidge with the the United States (fine in 1929) with died of the president Warren Harding. Integrate, it gives to the Republican party the respectability of which it largely needs in these times for corruption.
November: “Plan Melon”, which recommends a general fall of the income tax (reduction from 50% to 25% for the highest incomes and from 3 to 4% for low).

Decline of the working trade union AFL, which lost 1,4 million adhere on 5 million since 1920.
Between 1923 and 1929, the manpower productivity increases by 32% on average, the wages of 11% and the profits of 62%.
the United States repeals the “Corollaire Roosevelt”, but the “Doctrine Monroe” remains in force with the tacit assent of the States of the area to the hands of the land great landowners who control the States, their administrations and their armed forces, installing juntas with the capacity.

Latin America

July 20th: Pancho Villa is assassinated.
December, Mexico: The the United States give their support for the mode Obregón at the time of a fallen through revolt carried out by Adolfo of Huerta.

Repression of the strike of the workmen of the mines in Bolivia.

Asia & India

September 1st: a Earthquake destroys the towns of Tōkyō and Yokohama making 140 000 victims.
October 6th: Ts' ao Kouen is made appoint president of the Chinese republic.

In China, Sun Yat-SEN reorganizes the Guomindang and its army with the assistance and the councils of the Komintern.
the government Japan board recognizes the Soviet Russia.
Turbid and terrorist activity with the Bengal (1923 - 1932).
the independence of the Nepal is recognized by the the United Kingdom.
Escape in China of the ninth Panchen Lama, following misunderstandings with the Dalai Lama.
Reforms in Afghanistan. Constitutional government. The titles of nobility are abolished, teaching for the women is issued, and other radical measures intended to modernize the traditional institutions are imposed.
Creation in Holland among the students indonésiens of the Perhimpunan Indonesia (the Union indonésienne) which brings together and trains men like Mohammad Hatta, Sutan Sjahrir and Ali Sastroamidjojo.
Of 1923 with 1929, 2 859 000 Chinese colonists emigrated in Mandchourie.

The Middle East & Arab World

April 19th: Adoption of a Constitution in Egypt, which envisages a bicameral parliamentary mode with a House of Commons elected with the Vote for all and a Senate made up of personalities elected or named by the king. This last holds important capacities of which right to appoint the Prime Minister, to return the government and to dissolve the room. The Islam remains the religion of State. In spring, Saad Zaghlul is released and the Wafd authorized to take again its political activities. In July, the martial law is raised.
May 29th: The Constitution of the Palestine is suspended by the English, because it refusal to cooperate of the Arab .
During the summer, the religious main leaders Chiites of Iraq are stopped and off-set in Perse. The election of the assembly then takes place and the treaty of Protectorat with the Great Britain is ratified the June 10th 1924.

nonwell informed or unknown Dates :

the British decide to stop the payment of subsidies to the Saoudi sultanate. Abdelaziz Ibn Sa' ud is released from the British pressure.
In Egypt, a magistrate, Ali Abd Al-Raziq, stresses that it is never mentioned the Califat in the Coran as an political institution, and that it is only one institution imposed by the force and concerning State. He is condemned in 1924 by the Université Al-Azhar, which rises against the fact that the Islamic law can not have a relationship with the capacity.

Turkey

January 30th: Gréco-Turkish agreement which envisages the exchange of the populations between the two countries (1 500 000 Greeks and 500 000 Turks).
July 24th: Treaty of Lausanne, putting fine at the gréco-Turkish War, and modifying the Treated of Sevres, with the profit of the Turkey which takes again the Arménie and part of the Thrace. The treaty recognizes the independence of Turkey, abolishes the Capitulations, and devotes the return of the country in the international community. France (Syria and Lebanon) and the United Kingdom (Iraq, Palestine and Transjordanie) divides the Arab provinces. The straits remain demilitarized. Turkey recovers all minor Asia and Eastern Thrace. It is not any more independent question of Arménie, the allies having given up, under the influence of Great Britain, which intends to negotiate this abandonment against the attribution of Mosul to the Iraq.
October 1st: Breaking with the tradition of the Othomans, whose capital was Istanbul, Atatürk makes Ankara, in Anatolia central, the capital of the Turkey.
October 29th:

the Turkish National Assembly proclaims the République.
Mustafa Kemal is elected president of the Turkish republic (fine in 1938). The sole party (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi) directed by Kemal begins the transformation of the old empire into a modern state.

Arts & culture

March 2nd: The Time Magazine is in kiosk for the first time.
the American realizer Cecil B. Of Thousand directs its biblical epopee “ the Ten Commands ”.

Music

King Oliver' S Creole Jazz Band is the first black orchestra with being recorded.
the violonist wonder Yehudi Menuhin makes its public beginnings with the 7 years age.

Art schools

February 9th: Scandal with the Living room of Independent the, the work of Rene Iché Forfaiture is censured by the police force for " indécence". First participation of max Ernst, presence also of Raoul Dufy and Jacques Lipchitz.
August 15th: First exposure of the Bauhaus to Weimar (Gropius, Crumbs van der Rohe, Poelzig, Mendelson, Le Corbusier).

Bullfighting

April 22nd: With Carthagène (Spain, province of Murcie), alternate of Enrique Cano Iriborne known as “Cavira”, Spanish Matador.
June 23rd: With alternative Valence (Spain), of Jose García Carranza known as “Algabeño hijo”, Spanish Matador.

Sciences and technology

Sports

April 28th: Inauguration of the stage of Wembley to London.
May 27th: First edition of the 24 hours of Mans.
July 6th with London: The French tennis player Suzanne Lenglen gains for the fifth time the final the tournament of the tennis of Wimbledon.

Births in 1923

January

January 1st: Ousmane Sembène, Realizer and writer Senegalese († June 9th 2007).
January 2nd: Pierre Schwed, resistant French, specialist recognized in the questions of Géostratégie. († August 10th 2006).
January 11th: Jacqueline Maillan, French actress, († 1992).
January 31st: Norman To net, writer and American Journalist († November 10th 2007)

February

February 4th: Belisario Betancur Cuartas, president of the Republic of Colombia of 1982 with 1986.
February 12th

Charles Elwood Yeager, aviator étatsunien, first pilot to cross the Wall of the sound
Free Zeffirelli, Italian director

February 26th: Claude Parent, Architect French.

March

March 8th: Cyd Charisse (Tula Ellice Finklea, known as), actress and American dancer
March 9th: Andre Courrèges, French dressmaker
March 11th: Agatha Barbara, political, old Maltese woman president of the Republic of Malta († 2002).
March 12th: Walter Schirra, American astronaut († May 3rd 2007)
March 16th: Heinz Wallberg, German Leader, († 2004).
March 21st: Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi, Indian founder of the Sahaja yoga
March 22nd: Marcel Marceau, MIME French († September 22nd 2007)

April

April 5th: Ernest Mandel, economist and political personality Trotski co., German, († July 20th 1995).
April 17th: Jacques Sternberg, Franco-Belgian author of Science fiction († October 11th 2006)
April 25th: Albert American King, bluesman, († December 21st 1992).

May

May 10th: Claude Piéplu, actor French († May 24th 2006).
May 27th: Henry Kissinger, political economist and American Secretary of State.
May 28th: György Ligeti, Type-setter Hungarian († June 12th 2006).
May 29th: Bernard Clavel, French writer
May 31st: Rainier III, future prince of Monaco, († April 6th 2005).

June

June 7th: Jean Churn, French footballer, († July 1st 1986).
June 10th

Robert Maxwell, British press baron († November 5th 1991).
Paul Brunelle, singer Québécois country († November 24th 1994).

June 15th: Erroll Garner, Pianist of American Jazz († January 2nd 1977).
June 17th: Claude Santelli, Realizer of television, French († December 14th 2001).
June 24th: Marc Riboud, photographer, French.
June 25th: Gilbert Bourdin, inhabitant of Martinique spiritual leader of the community of the Mandarom († March 20th 1998).

July

July 2nd: Wisława Szymborska, Nobel Prize of Polish literature
July 6th: Wojciech Jaruzelski, general and Polish statesman

November

November 12th: Piem (Pierre de Montvallon, known as), French draftsman
November 18th: Alan Shepard, first American astronaut in space († July 21st 1998)

December

February 1st: Morris, Draftsman of Cartoon, Belgian, († July 17th 2001).
December 2nd: Leon Schwartzenberg, French doctor († October 14th 2003).
December 2nd: Maria Fixed, professional singer Greek († September 16th 1977).
December 10th: Jorge Semprun, Spanish, known author in particular for its fictions on the concentration camps.
December 25th: Jacques Toutain-Dorbec, painter, French.
December 31st: Louis Vuillermoz, artist painter and Lithographer French.