1919

This page relates to the year 1919 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Europe

Peace treaties

  • January 18th: Opening of the conference of Peace to the Quay of Orsay to Paris (1919-1921). Clemenceau is elected by it president.
  • February 3rd: Greek the Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos presents to the council of the Ten the claims of the Greece: the Thrace, Smyrna, Cyprus and the Epire of North.
  • April 22nd: After being parvenu with an agreement on German repairs and the the Saar, the Allies get along on the temporary occupation of the the Rhineland by the French troops.
  • April 28th: Pact of the Company of the Nations (SDN), installed with Geneva.
  • June 28th: Signature of the Treated of Versailles between France, its allies and Germany, which puts an end to the First World War.
    • Germany loses 10% of its territory: Alsace-Lorraine, cantons of Eupen, Malmedy and Moresnet (with the Belgium), North of the Schleswig (Denmark), Luxembourg, Posnanie and Western Prussia (Poland). The the Saar concerns for 15 years SDN. The the Rhineland is demilitarized and occupied by the Allies during 15 years. The Allies impose the delivery of all the military material, the prohibition of the obligatory military service and the dissolution of the large staff. The army will have to be limited to 100  000 men. Germany is held for person in charge of the war damagees.
    • Lloyd George is opposed to the plan of Clemenceau of annexation of the the Rhineland while accepting a temporary military occupation. It suggests that the Franco-German border is guaranteed by London and Washington and requires that repairs cover the pensions of the widows of war.
  • September 10th: Signature of the Treated Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer with the Austria. Dismemberment of the Austro-Hungarian empire. The Anschluss (unification between Germany and Austria) is prohibited.
  • November 19th: The Senate states-unien refuses to ratify the Treaty of Versailles.
  • November 27th: Treaty of Neuilly: the Bulgaria yields the Thrace to the Greece.

The United Kingdom

  • Churchill with the secretariat with the War.

  • Creation of a ministry for Health.
  • Confrontations in Ireland between British troops and nationalist forces (1919-1922).
  • Social crisis with the the United Kingdom: 146 million day's works lost due to strikes between 1919 and 1921.

Germany

  • January 1st: Foundation of the Communist party of Germany (KPD) or Leagues Spartakus.

  • January 5th:
    • Creation of the Party of the German workers, which becomes in 1920 the Parti national-Socialist of the German workers (NSDAP).
    • Beginning of the insurrection Spartakiste carried out by the Berliner leaders of the independent social democrat party, the revolutionary delegates and the spartakists. The insurrection is crushed by the social democrat Minister for the Reichswehr Gustav Noske and by the irregular forces. A Soviet republic is proclaimed with Bremen in January. She lasts four weeks.
  • January 15th: Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg is assassinated by members of the assembled guard.
  • January 19th: Elections with the constituent National Assembly. Victoire of the SPD, the Zentrum and the DDP (democratic) which obtain the 3/4 of the votes.
  • February 6th: The new assembly meets in Weimar.
  • February 21st: Assassination of the social democrat leader of the Councils of Bavaria, Kurt Eisner, with Munich.
  • March 3rd: With the call of the German Communist party, the working councils of Berlin start a general strike. The Minister for Reichswehr proclaims the state of siege followed the following day by confrontations between the demonstrators and the army.
  • 9 - March 13rd: Repression it general strike in Berlin by the police force and the army. Arrest of militants spartakists.
  • March 12th: The seat of the Large working Council of Berlin is occupied by the troop. Repression makes nearly 1200 victims.
  • April 7th: Communist attempt at revolution in Bavaria. Proclamation of the Republic of the Councils of Munich.
  • April 22nd: Temporary occupation of the the Rhineland by the French troops.
  • April 28th: The Prussian forces enter in Bavaria to crush the started insurrection the April 7th.
  • May 12th: The German constituent National Assembly, joined together in extraordinary session, rejects the draft treaty submitted to the German delegation in Versailles the May 7th.
  • June 16th: The Allies address an ultimatum to the Germany. Berlin has five days to accept the conditions of peace.
  • June 21st: Scuttling of the fleet of German war with Scapa Flow in the islands the Orkneys.
  • 22 - June 23rd: The assembly of Weimar inclines itself with 237 votes against 138. She however rejects the articles on the responsibility and the war criminals.
  • June 26th: The Government Scheidemann, refusing to take the responsability to sign the text, resigns. Friedrich Ebert remains at its station and entrusts to a cabinet of coalition the task to accept the “Diktat”.
  • June 28th: The Traité of Versailles is signed, including the articles considered to be “ashamed” by the assembly.
  • July 31st: The National Assembly adopts the Constitution of Weimar: the Chancellor of Reich and the Gouvernement of Reich will be responsible in front of the Reichstag, elected for four years by the vote for all and which can be dissolves by the President of Reich (elected for 7 years). The Reichsrat, formed of the representatives of different Länder, replaces the Bundesrat but sees its reduced competence (suspensive capacity). Reich includes/understands 17 Länder instead of 25, following the fusion of seven principalities in a State of Thuringe. The federal capacity is reinforced (perception of almost all the taxes).
  • September 12th: Adolf Hitler adheres to the German party workers founded in January.
  • the November 18th, before the board of inquiry of the Reichstag, Hindenburg, which with resigned the June 25th, rejects the responsibility for the defeat on the dissensions between parties and revolutionary propaganda (thesis of the “stab in the back”).

France

See also: 1919 in France

Italy

  • January:
    • a sicilian priest, Gift Luigi Sturzo, founds a catholic party, the Italian Popular party, which is declared political but nondenominational.
    • nationalist Agitation (Gabriele D' Annunzio).
    • Creation of the Arditi , former members of the irregular forces of the Italian army.
  • March 23rd: Foundation with Milan, of the Italian Beams of combat ( Fasci Italiani di Combattimento ), by Arditi , interventionists of left, nationalists and the futuristic ones, of which Benito Mussolini. These paramilitary groups will form the embryo of the fascistic left.
  • April 26th: Business of Fiume. Vis-a-vis the refusal of Wilson, Clemenceau and Lloyd George to allot Fiume to Italy, the president of the Council Orlando gives up the Conference of peace and returns to Rome. The National council of the town of Fiume proclaims fastening with the peninsula.
  • Spring: Series of wild strikes in the cities caused by the expensive life. Hundreds of stores and deposits of vivres are plundered with Forlì, Milan and Florence, where a republic of the Soviet is constituted which lasts three days.
  • June 23rd: Shaken by diplomatic failures, the president of the Orlando Council falls on a question of procedure. Francesco Saverio Nitti succeeds to him (fine in 1920). It tries to form a government expressing the national community. It reintroduces the representation proportional, maintains the price political of the bread, plans to nationalize the trade of certain products of first need (sugar, coffee, coal, oil), founds the royal guard for maintains order while adopting vis-a-vis the strikes a tolerant attitude. Outside, he refuses to take part in a Franco-English forwarding against the Soviet Russia, gives up the project of a military forwarding to the the Caucasus and condemns the action of Annunzio to Fiume.
  • June 28th: A new Italian delegation by taking again her place with the negotiations of Paris. It is authorized to sign the peace treaty with Germany.
  • June 6th: Publication in It Popolo d' Italia of the first program of the Fascism centered on the reforms agricultural, administrative, tax and electoral (vote for all at 18 years).
  • June 29th: Secret agreement between the Greece and the Italy. Italy supports the Greek claims on the Eastern Thrace and in Epire of North in exchange of the Greek support to its aimings on the Albania and Vallona.
  • July: In the Latium, in the South then in the valley of the Po, the returned peasants of the face occupy, red flag at the head, the grounds of the latifundia . The Nitti government authorizes the occupation of the grounds in exchange of guarantees of setting in culture. Farmers and braccianti (daily) are organized in co-operatives and trade unions to negotiate their wages. The Italian Popular party of gift Sturzo deals with the new groupings. The surface of the “occupied” grounds does not exceed 180  000 ha, but that is enough so that the agrarian ones set up militia deprived to recover their grounds.
  • September 10th: Italy annexes the Trentin, the Venezia Julienne and the Haut-Adige with the Traité Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer. The border is deferred to north with the Brenner. The Eastern Istrie, the Dalmatie and Fiume, promised in 1915, are not recognized in Italy.
  • 11 - September 12th: Gabriele D' Annunzio, with the head of a task force legionaries (20  000 men), enters Fiume and proclaims its fastening in Italy.
  • October 5th: Opening to Bologna of the 16th Italian socialist congress: the left, which counts 200  000 members, decides to adhere to the IIIe Internationale.
  • October 9th: Opening to Florence of the first congress of the Beams of combat: Mussolini decides in favor of the participation in the elections and alliance with the interventionists groups of left.
  • November: Dissolution of the Room. The elections proceed for the first time by the vote for all and the proportional one. The Socialists (156 deputies out of 508) and the “popular ones” (catholic, 100 deputies) obtain a considerable success. Mussolini, candidate for Milan, obtains only 1  064 votes. Meanwhile, the country is shaken by a wave of strikes.
  • December 21st: After having tried in vain to be made vote by plebiscite by the population of Fiume, Gabriele D' Annunzio breaks the negotiations with the Italian government.

  • Fair of Milan.

  • industrial Crisis of reconversion. The State answers by the loan, the increase in the taxes and inflation. The economic difficulties and financial are translated with the social plan by an extremely hard proletarian revolt ( bienno rosso ) which leads to a movement of reaction of the having classes which rest on the Fascisme to defend oneself.
  • 40% of the imports comes from the the United States. The loans of the United States reach 1,5 billion dollars in 1919. The trade balance records 10,5 billion reading deficit, mainly with the food product imports: the production of corn dropped between 1913 and 1919 of 52 million quintals to 46 million (28 million in 1920), that of corn from 25 to 22 million, that of sugar beets decreases by half.

Iberian peninsula

  • Political instability with the Portugal.

  • Fusion of the evolutionary party and the unionistic party in a republican nationalist party.
  • Strikes: 80% of absenteeism to Lisbon.
  • the national working Union becomes the General confederation of work.
  • Compulsory schooling from 7 to 12 years.
  • Salazar is shown to have soaked in a royalist plot.

  • Spain: CNT account 714  000 members. UGT 211  000.

Central Europe & Balkans

  • January 8th: A “general meeting of Saxon” joined together with Media in Transylvania accepts the resolutions of Alba Julia and requests their incorporation from the Romania.
  • the January 24th, the Parliament of Bucharest approves this union and that of the Bessarabia.

  • March 20th: In front of an ultimatum of the Agreement requiring a new retreat of the Hungary (note Vix), president Mihály Károlyi and its Prime Minister Dénes Berinkey estimate not to be able obtempérer. The government resigns and Mihály Károlyi announces its intention to indicate a social democrat government.

  • March 21st: In Hungary, after the fusion of the Communist Parties and social democrat, Béla Kun seizes the power and proclaims the République of the Councils on the model of the Soviet S Russian. This communist interlude lasts until.

  • April 16th: The Rumanian troops intervene in Hungary until the the Tisza.
  • May 1st: Czech offensive in Hungary. More 40  000 workmen enlist in the Red Army with the call of Béla Kun.
  • In June, the supremacy of the Hungarian Communists is devoted to the congress of the party, follow-up of Assemblé national of the Councils, a kind of Constituent which adopts the principle of the Dictatorship of the proletariat and the name of federative socialist State. In fact, the dictatorship is exerted by Béla Kun and its directory of five members. The mode practices terror using a terrorist special unit of the government, a parapolice familiarly called “the guy of Lénine”.
    • the government of Béla Kun nationalizes all the industrial companies and commercial. It takes social decrees for the women and the children, of the control measures on the press, the culture and the liberal professions. It attribute grounds confiscated with the great landowners with co-operatives, whereas the peasants and the agrarian proletariat expect their distribution. The Hungary knows soon the shortage, rationing and inflation (the crown falls of 90%).
  • June 29th: The Czech army puts an end to the republic Slovak the Councils proclaimed the May 16th with the assistance of the Hungarian Red Army.
  • July 20th: The Hungarian Red Army launches an offensive against the Roumanians but is crushed with Kisujszallas the July 24th.
  • July 31st: Resignation of the Government of the Councils in Hungary. Béla Kun is exiled with Vienna.
  • August 4th: The Rumanian troops occupy Budapest after the fall of Béla Kun and remain there until in November.
  • September 10th: Creation of Large Romania to the treated Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer between the Romania and the Austria.
  • September 19th: Treaty of Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer enters the Yugoslavia and Austria.
  • November 25th: Government of Károly Huszár in Hungary (fine in 1920).
  • November 27th: The Allies sign the Traité of Neuilly with the Bulgaria, which loses the southernmost Dobroudja and yields the Western Thrace to the Greece. The borders are delimited with the Yugoslavia.
  • December 9th:
    • the Romania sign in Paris the treaty of the minorities at the conclusion of the Conference of peace: equal rights, freedom of religion and teaching in the native tongue. The Juifs which are not claimed another nationality are considered as Roumanians.
    • Government of Alexandru Vaida-Voevod in Romania.

Poland

  • January: First independent government. Józef Piłsudski is elected Head of the State. Ignacy Paderewski becomes president of the Council.
  • June 28th: The treaty of Versailles fixes the Western borders of the Poland which obtains an access to the sea with Western Prussia (the Polish Corridor) except for Dantzig and the Posnanie.
  • the Eastern Galicie becomes a Polish protectorate after the Conference of Paris.
  • War polono-Soviet (1919 - 1920). The Poles refuse the Ligne Curzon and advance until Kiev (May 1920).

Russia

  • January 1st: Independence of the Bielorussia, set up in Soviet socialist republic (end in 1921).
  • March 2nd: Congress of foundation of the communist IIIe International with Moscow.
  • March 14th: Proclamation of the Soviet republic of Ukraine.
  • May 18th: With the congress of the Communist party of RSFSR, creation of the political office made up of five permanent members (Lénine, Kamenev, Trotski, Stalin and Kretinski) and of three temporary members (Zinoviev, Kalinine and Boukharine).
  • August 31st: In Ukraine, the nationalist troops of Simon Petlioura seize Kiev, taken in February by the Red Army.
  • October 30th: Success of the Red Army: the white Russian troops ebb in the area of the the Ural while the Bolsheviks gain ground on the Eastern face.
  • December 8th: The Allies allot the town of Wilno to the Lithuania.
  • December 16th: The Red Army takes again Kiev with the nationalists.
  • December 30th: The Red Army seizes Ekaterinoslav and occupies all the south of the Ukraine.

Africa

  • First Panafrican Congress in Paris (W.E.B. Dubois, Blaise Diagne). He seeks to obtain colonial powers a recognition of the services rendered by the Africans during the war and a new statute for the black race to Africa.

  • Creation of the West African National Congress by archie Casely-Hayford in Gold Coast.
  • Creation of the Industrial and Commercial Workers Union , first black trade union in South Africa. It counts 60  000 members in 1926.
  • Mission directed by the engineer Emile Bélime (1919 - 1920), at the conclusion which one decides to use the risings of the Niger to develop the culture of cotton in his central delta. A five-year plan is established in 1921.

Americas

Canada

  • Appearance of the National Progressive Party born from rural dissatisfaction in the Ontario and the provinces with the West. The liberals absorb the movement quickly.

  • the bus takes up duty to Montreal.

The United States

  • January 16th: 18th amendment of the constitution of the United States, ratifying the Prohibition alcohol.

  • February 6th: General strike with Seattle.
  • May 1st: Riots with Cleveland.
  • August 31st: Foundation with Chicago of the American communist workers party in rupture with the Socialist party.
  • October 9th: burden with the police force with Boston.
    • Started with the beginning of the year (Seattle), the protest movement for the defense of the purchasing power of the workmen reaches his apogee with the autumn with the strike of the police force in Boston and that of the workers of steel (350  000 strikers in Pennsylvania). These movements cause a revolutionary psychosis in the United States (Red Scare).
  • October 28th: Volstead Act . Prohibition of sale and alcohol consumption at the restaurants and the bars (end in 1933).
  • October 29th: Opening to Washington of the first International Conference of work.
  • November 19th: The Senate refuses to ratify the Traité of Versailles and rejects the treaty of the Société of the Nations.
  • December 22nd: Beginning of the Raids Micrometer caliper and evictions of radical opponents (1919 - 1920) on the initiative of the secretary with justice Alexander Mitchell Micrometer caliper. Nearly 250 anarchists (whose Emma Goldman and Alexandre Berkman), Communists and trade unionists are expelled towards the Soviet Russia.
  • December:
    • the Nobel Prize of peace is allotted to American Thomas Woodrow Wilson.
    • Chute of the farm prices whereas the farmers are strongly involved in debt by mechanization (the number of tractors passes from 80  000 in 1918 with 850  000 in 1929).

  • Law Edge. The subsidiary companies of the US banks abroad are disengaged from the antitrust continuations.

  • At the exit of the war, the United States holds half of the world gold stock.
  • brutal Inflation.
  • AFL account 4 million trade unionists.
  • First transatlantic flight by Alcock and Brown.
  • Purchase by Conrad Hilton of its first hotel, it is the beginning of the group Hilton Hotels Corporation.

Latin America

  • In January, the “week tragic” with Buenos Aires causes the death of more than 200 workmen.
  • March 1st: Jose Batlle Ordóñez is beaten there with the presidential elections in Uruguay in connection with the constitutional reform.
  • April 10th: Assassination of Emiliano Zapata on order of the Mexican president Venustiano Carranza.
  • July 4th: Augusto Bernardino Leguía is carried to the capacity with the Peru following a populist campaign. Its mode quickly becomes dictatorial and must face the dispute coed. Return to militarism ( Oncenio , 1919 - 1930). Leguía promulgates a new Constitution in 1920.
  • October 7th: Presidential decree Hipólito Yrigoyen taking again almost completely Proclamation of Córdoba for the reform of the Argentinian university in . The provisions are applied to the other universities in Argentina, and the reform is diffused in all the Latin America.

  • the wave of strikes reaches its paroxysm with the Brésil, with 64 strike movements in the only town of São Paulo (1919 - 1920).

  • 367 strikes with Buenos Aires in 1919.

Asia

  • February 20th: The king of Afghanistan Habibullah is assassinated. His/her son, Amanullah, given to completely put his country at the variation of the British sphere of influence, declares the war in the United Kingdom in May. The British, confronted with the same moment with the growing movement of Indian release, negotiate a peace treaty (August).
  • 1 {{er}} March:
    • Declaration of independence of the occupied Korea by the Japan. A civil government replaces the military government.
    • nonviolent Demonstrations in Korea at the time of the funeral of the last king of the Dynasty Chosŏn, repressed by the Japanese empire (7  509 killed, 15  961 wounded and 46  948 arrests).
  • March 19th: Formation of a government Korea N in exile with Shanghai.
  • April 30th: Wilson, Clemenceau and Lloyd George grants to the Japan the rights, titles and preferences acquired by Germany in China, in the Shandong. The “Twenty and one requests” against the China are refused but if the Japan receives compensations, it is not estimated any less not humiliated on the international scene.
  • May 4th: Movement of May 4th. Demonstrations coeds with Beijing (Beijing) in China, for modernization, the democracy, and against Japan and the other powers imperialists. Awakening of Chinese nationalism. Certain demonstrators will join the Chinese Communist party later (PCC).
  • June 28th: The Chinese government refuses to sign the Traité of Versailles.
  • August 19th: Independence of the Afghanistan. By a concluded agreement with Rawalpindi, the British recognize the sovereignty and the independence of the Afghan nation.
  • November 22nd: The Chinese government announces by decree the suppression of the autonomy of the Mongolia.
  • December 2nd: A Chinese garrison settles with Ourga and disarms the Mongolian troops.

  • the Kirghizie, after having resisted to the Bolsheviks, is attached to the autonomous Soviet socialist Republic (RSSA) Turkestan within the Soviet federative socialist République of Russia (RSFSR). The Red Army overcomes in 1919 - 1920 the Russian troops counter-revolutionaries taken refuge in the steppes and occupies the Kazakhstan.

  • Indonesia: The Sarekat Islam conducts a campaign so that one reduces the surface of the fields of cane to sugar with the profit of the rice plantations.
  • Birth with the Japan of vigorous running ultranationalist and activist.

India

  • Awakening of Indian nationalism.
  • the Réformes Montagu-Chelmsford extend the representation of the various Indian communities to the elected provincial assemblies and the central assembly.
  • Government off India Act . The authority of the provinces is reinforced according to the principle of the “dyarchie”. Certain sectors up to that point reserved for the provincial governments (education, health, agriculture, local government agencies) are transferred to responsible ministers before the legislative assemblies, while the others (finances), remain reserved for ministers named by the British.

  • March 18th: Rowlatt Act founding courses special and authorizing with the viceroy and the governors detention without lawsuit for subversive activities. These laws cause a recrudescence of the nationalist activity. Gandhi, then with the head of the Indian National congress, starts a satyâgraha (“force of the truth”, action of mass, non-violent) to protest against the exile of two nationalist chiefs.

  • April 13rd: The British authorities counteract by the Massacre of Amritsar, with the Pendjab (city of the Sikhs), shooting at crowd and making nearly 400 died and more than 1000 wounded. Riots follow with Bombay, Calcutta, Ahmedabad and Delhi. Rabindranath Tagore, Nobel Prize of literature, returns its title of knight ( knight ) in sign of protest.
  • September: The Indian Moslems, who worry about the fate reserved to the Othoman caliph after the defeat of Turkey, found the Conference panindienne for the Caliphate (All-India Khilafat Conference) which elects Gandhi like chair in November.

  • the Moslems represent the quarter of the Indian population.

  • the school reformist of Deoband, opposed to the partition of India, founds the Association of the Oulémas of India (Jamiyyatululama-yi Hind).

Oceania & the Pacific

The Middle East

  • January: Memorandum of Faysal: the Great Britain, which regards the Hedjaz as a belligerent power being part of the camp of the winners, fact pressure so that the emir Faysal is the only one representing Arabs with the conference of Versailles. It prohibits to the Palestinians, in Mésopotamiens and to the Egyptians to send a delegation. Framed by British officers (T.E. Lawrence), Faysal exposes the Arab claims, definitely favorable to the British influence: he proposes a confederation of State under the direction of his father Hussein, made up of the Syria, the Iraq, the Palestine, the Hedjaz, the Yemen. In Syria and Iraq, Faysal asks for the support of foreign advisers, without specifying nationality of it. In Palestine, it estimates that the potential conflict between Juifs and Arabs requires a direct foreign supervision. It does not mention French claim to the Lebanon and in Syria.
  • January 3rd: Agreement signed between Faysal and Weizmann. He speaks about an Arab State in Palestine but also affirms that the statutes of the latter must be defined according to the terms of the declaration Balfour. The immigration of the Jews will be free and the Organization Zionist will help with the development of the Arab State. Faysal adds that this agreement is conditioned by the satisfaction of the requests for independence which it exposed to Versailles. The failure of the Arab claims in front of the powers makes the agreement null and void and in summer Faysal asserts the Palestine like part of the Arab kingdom of Damas. The nationalists of Palestinian origin, in the entourage of the emir, approach the project of integral Syria of France provided that any Zionist project is refused.

  • January 27th: Notable Palestinian organizes a congress islamo-Christian with Jerusalem and requires the application of the principle of right of the people, their fastening with the Syria and refuses the French claims on the Palestine. They ask a British supervision if this one rejects the Zionist project. The congress votes a permanent organization, Association islamo-Christian woman, under the authority of the mayor of Jerusalem Musa Kazim Al-Husseini.

  • January 18th - June 28th: Conference of Versailles

    • the France, opposed to the memorandum of Faysal, supports the presentation in Versailles of delegations Syrian woman and Lebanese. The Syrian claims are exposed by Syrian Central committee, composed of francophile personalities. Its delegation, received in Versailles the February 13rd, request the constitution of Large a Syria including the Palestine and the Lebanon, placed under has supervision of France. The Lebanese delegation, primarily made up of Maronites asserts the creation of Large Lebanon of Tripoli to Saïda, including Beirut, under French supervision.
    • the delegation Zionist in Versailles reaffirms the need for the free emigration towards the Palestine. She does not claim a State directly but request which one leaves with the Juifs the possibility of building “a nation as Jewish as the French nation is French and than the British nation is British”. This declaration is included/understood by the Palestinians like the prelude of the taking possession of the country by the Jews.
    • notable the Chiites sends an address to the president Wilson who asserts the self-determination and the independence of the Iraqi people (February 21st). Great Britain prevents any Iraqi national delegation from going to Europe.
    • the Syrian question envenime Franco-British relations during the conference of Versailles. Wilson proposes the sending of a board of inquiry charged to collect the opinion of the populations of Syria. France and Great Britain refuse to take part in it, and the conclusions returned by the commission with the autumn remain without effects. Because of the disorders which shake its Empire, Great Britain finally decides to withdraw its troops of Syria to the autumn, recognizing the French influence on the area.
    • Private of the British funds, the Syrian Congress proclaims the total independence of the Syria under the protection of Faysal. France hardens its position. It sends a military force to the Lebanon ordered by the general Gouraud. Irregular Arab troops penetrate in Lebanon to tackle the French positions or take actions of sabotage against the railway lines carrying out towards the French frontlines against the kemalists.
  • Mars:
    • nationalist Revolt in Egypt carried out by the party Wafd of Saad Zaghlul against the refusal of the British to take into account the request for independence of the country. The arrest and the deportation of the chiefs of Wafd in Malta in March start a true revolutionary wave. British repression, carried out by the general Allenby, made thousands of deaths. The chiefs of Wafd however are released.
    • the Italians occupy the South-west of the Anatolia.
  • April: Saad Zaghlul goes to Versailles but does not manage to prevent the international recognition of British protectorate on the Egypt.
  • May, Arabia: The forces of Abdelaziz Ibn Sa' ud demolish the troops of Abdallah, wire of Hussein. The conflict is accompanied by an intense religious propaganda, Ibn Its' ud showing the sheriff to have betrayed the Islam, Hussein showing Her' ud to be an heretic. Saoudi successes are braked under the pressure of the British. Ibn Its' ud turns then to the south and occupies the interior of the Asir, between the Yemen and the Hedjaz.
  • May 7th: Intervention of Soviet in Georgia (country) after the departure of the Germans. The country must sign a treaty of alliance in exchange of the recognition of its independence.
  • May 16th: The Greek forces unload with Smyrna with the agreement of the Allies. The confrontations between Greeks and Turks make 300 dead.
  • May 19th: Mustafa Kemal unloads with Samsun.
  • June 22nd: Mustafa Kemal lance of Amasya a proclamation condemning the imperial policy of resignation.
  • July 5th: To Constantinople, the leaders Young person-Turks Talaat Pasha, Enver Pasha, Djemal and Nazim are condemned to death in absentia by the martial court for their responsibility in the massacre for the Armenians.
  • July - September: Mustafa Kemal organizes the meeting of national congresses to Erzurum ( July) and to Sivas (September 4th) where are posed in theory the integrity of the territories populated mainly of Turks and considered the creation of a popular government.
  • In August, a board of inquiry is sent by London to find a solution against the revolutionary agitation which continues in Egypt but it is boycotted by the Egyptians. The commission proposes, in his report/ratio of April 1920, the conclusion of a bilateral report between the Great Britain and Egypt.
  • October: Turkish offensive in Cilicie.
  • December 27th: Mustafa Kemal arrives at Ankara after the victory of the nationalists at the legislative ones.

  • Resistance of the Kurdish in Iraq between 1919 and 1944.

Arts & culture

See also: 1919 with the cinema, 1919 in music, 1919 in literature, 1919 with the theater, 1919 as a cartoon, 1919 on television

Painting

Structure

  • the American architect Mies van der Rohe projects a skyscraper out of glass and steel.
  • April 12th: Foundation of the Staatliche Bauhaus, school of architecture and art, by Walter Gropius with Weimar in Germany.

Bullfighting

Sciences & technology

See also: 1919 in science

Sports

Births in 1919

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Death in 1919

Beats-smg: 1919 Be-X-old: 1919 Cbk-zam: 1919 Map-bms: 1919 Simple: 1919 Zh-yue: 1919 年

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