1914

This page relates to the year 1914 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Europe

  • January 15th: The liberals arrive at the capacity in Romania. Ion Bratianu becomes Prime Minister (fine in 1918). It prepares a land reform and an electoral reform.

  • February 12th: Ivan Goremykin becomes president of the Council in Russia (fine in 1916).

  • February 17th: Government Hammarskjöld in Sweden (fine in 1917).
    • Gustave V of Sweden wishes to exert a personal power in the field of Defense and the Foreign affairs. It benefits from an opinion campaign culminating with a demonstration of peasants going on Stockholm, which puts in difficulty the liberal government of Karl Staaff, to set up a “neutral” cabinet, especially composed civils servant, led by Hammarskjöld, which it holds well in hand. Officially, Sweden observes a strict neutrality, but the king and the government express a tendency favorable to the Triple Alliance, while the liberals and the social democrats lean towards the France and the the United Kingdom.

  • May 19th: Obligatory education up to 14 years in Belgium.

  • May 20th: The German general Moltke request with the Wilhemstrasse to make preparations politico-soldiers for a preventive war against the Russia and the France.
  • June 16th: Guillaume II of Germany, meeting the archduke heir to Austria-Hungary promises to him an “unconditional” support in the event of new Balkan crisis.
  • June 25th: Guillaume II of Germany inaugurates the channel of Kiel.
  • June 28th: Assassination in Sarajevo of the archduke François-Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the Austria-Hungary and its wife Sophie by the Serb nationalist of Bosnia-Herzégovine Gavrilo Princip, member of the secret society of the “black Hand”. Although organized without the knowledge of the government of Belgrade, it is the event release of the First World War. Charles, a small nephew of the emperor François-Joseph I {{er}} of Austria, becomes first in the row of succession, after the assassination with Sarajevo of the François-Ferdinand archduke of Austria.
  • June - July: Massive strikes with Bakou and Saint-Pétersbourg. Social agitation falls after the beginning from the war.

  • July: Anglo-German warming in the first months of 1914. An English squadron goes to Kiel for a visit of courtesy.

  • July 15th: Visit of the president of the French Republic Raymond Poincaré and of the president of the council Rene Viviani in Russia. Return in France the July 29th.
  • July 17th: The Austrian ultimatum with the Serbia is developed with the Germans.
  • July 23rd: The Austrian ultimatum is launched to the Serbia.
  • July 28th: Following the attack of Sarajevo, Austria-Hungary, suspecting the Serb government of having financed the assassin, declares the war in Serbia.
    • the Sweden declares its neutrality and signs an agreement with the Denmark and the Norway to preserve it and protect the common economic interests from the Scandinavian countries.
    • the Romania, the Netherlands and the Spain proclaim their neutrality.

  • August, Great Britain: Laws on the defense of the kingdom (GILDED): curfew, censures press, judgment by courses martial of the suspectés civilians of intelligence with the enemy. They will extend thereafter to the schedules from opening from the pubs and to rationing.

  • September, Great Britain: signature of the Home Rule by the king George V of the United Kingdom. Taxation of war: the income tax and the supertax double.
  • October 10th: Beginning of the reign of Ferdinand Ier of Romania (fine in 1927).
  • December: Creation of the “League for the political unit of all the Roumanians”, chaired by Transylvanian the Vasile Lucaciu, hostile with the Austria-Hungary and favorable to the engagement of the Romania at the sides of the Agreement.
  • the leader of the British workers party, Ramsay MacDonald, too pacifist, is constrained to yield the place Arthur Henderson.
  • national working Union in Portugal.
  • Creation of the monarchical Cause, aiming to the Manual re-establishment of II of Portugal.

Albania

France

See also: 1914 in France

Swiss

  • the national Exposure opens its doors with Bern.
  • Switzerland issues the general mobilization ().
  • Opening of the Swiss National park.

Italy

  • Mars: Pact Gentiloni: alliance enters the governing parties and the catholics. It causes a blaze of anticlericalism on the left.
    • March 21st: Giovanni Giolitti runs up against the opposition of the left and the conservatives when he asks an increase in the taxes to compensate for the effort of war in Libya. It is withdrawn with the profit of the conservative Antonio Salandra supported by the nationalist fraction of the middle-class.

  • In June, of true jacqueries bursts in Emilie and Romagna, followed flight, of plundering and fire of the churches and residences of great landowners. Country agitation in the South.

  • June 8th: Confrontation between anarchist-trade unionists and police force to Ancône at the time of a demonstration against the inflicted punishments with two national servicemen. The General confederation of work (Errico Malatesta, Pietro Nenni) lance a call to the general strike for all the Italy. During five days, the big cities are the theater great insurrections repressed by the army (“red Week”). With Ancône and Bologna, the red flag is hoisted and the proclaimed republic.

  • August 3rd: Following the attack of Sarajevo, the Italy proclaims its neutrality, the Austria not having respected the obligation to consult the Italy in the event of conflict.

  • Return of many emigrants to the advertisement of the war: 470  000 Italians, of which 150  000 coming from France, return to the country between July and August.
  • Agreement between the German and Italian staffs: Italy will support Reich by sending on the Rhine three army corps and two divisions of cavalry.
  • August 20th: Died of Black and white X.

  • October 16th: Died of the Foreign Minister San Giuliano. Sidney Sonnino replaces it in November.

  • 19 - October 20th: Meeting of the direction of the socialist party. Mussolini is opposed to the formula absolute neutrality. Put in minority, it gives up the direction of Avanti! .

  • In the South, since 1864, ten million people emigrated.

First World War

  • July 28th:
    • Declaration of war of the Austria to the Serbia and bombardment of Belgrade.
    • the Serb government accepts the Austrian ultimatum partially.
  • July 29th: The International office Socialiste meets in Brussels to define the position of the Second International vis-a-vis the crisis.
  • July 30th:
  • July 31st:
    • the Belgian government issues the general mobilization after having refused the passage by its territory of the German troops.
    • the French socialist director Jean Jaurès, favorable to peace, is assassinated by Raoul Villain. The pacifist ones lose their best leader.

  • August, Poland: The Socialist Józef Piłsudski organizes and takes the head of the legions of Polish volunteers who will fight at the sides of the Austro-Hungarians. In Russian Poland, the national-democrats and their chief Romance Dmowski, hostile with the central Empires, join themselves the tsar against the promise of the unit and the autonomy of Poland within the Russian Empire.

  • :
    • the Germany declares the war with the Russia.
    • General mobilization in France and Germany.
  • August 2nd: German ultimatum with the Belgium.
  • August 3rd:
  • August 4th:
    • German Invasion of the Belgium and the Luxembourg. The Germans penetrate in Belgium close to Aix the Vault. The king Albert I {{er}} lance a call in France and Great Britain.
    • the the United Kingdom declares the war with the Germany after the violation by Kaiser of Belgian neutrality.
    • the French president Raymond Poincaré calls with the Sacred union with the room and the Senate which votes the appropriations of war unanimously.
    • the social democrat deputies unanimously vote the appropriations of the war to the Reichstag in spite of their engagements against the arms race.
    • the evening, Germany declares the war in France and Russia.
  • August 6th: The Austria-Hungary declares the war in Russia.
  • August 8th:
    • the French troops enter to Mulhouse, which fall to the hands from German two days later.
    • Sacred union in Russia: the Duma vote appropriations of war. Division of the Socialists (rallying to the Sacred union, internationalism, defeatism).
  • August 11th: France declares the war with the Austria-Hungary.
  • August 12th: General mobilization in Russia.
  • August 15th: Creation of the Office of the raw materials of war in Germany, which Walter Ratheneau will direct, president of AEG.
  • August 16th: Catch of Liege by the Germans.
  • August 17th: Russian offensive in Eastern Prussia. German Victoire with the Battle of Stalluponen.
  • August 19th:
    • the German troops enter to Brussels.
    • Failure of the French opening in Lorraine (19 - August 20th). Armed IIIe and IVe are folded up behind the Meuse.
    • the president Woodrow Wilson proclaims the neutrality of the the United States in the conflict.
  • August 20th:
    • Austrian Failures on the Russian face with Gumbinnen vis-a-vis the troops of Rennenkampf.
    • Capitulation of Namur. The Belgian army is folded up on Antwerp.
  • August 21st: France loses the battle of the borders (21 - August 23rd).
  • August 22nd: Massacre of Tamines
  • August 24th: Austrian failures of Conrad von Hötzendorf on the Serb face with the Cer.
  • August 25th: Fold of Combined on Large-Crowned Nancy. Battles of Charlerois. The Allies must be folded up.
  • August 26th: With Tannenberg , the Germans stop the Russian offensives (end the August 31st).
  • August 29th - September 2nd: The French government leaves Paris threatened by the German projection and settles with Bordeaux leaving the capital under the military government of the general Gallieni.
  • August 31st: The Franco-British troops cross the Marne. The Germans enter to Senlis.
  • September: The German Sous-marins (U-Boot) make great devastations in the allied fleet.
  • October 3rd: A first Canadian battalion (of 32  000 men) takes the boat to go to fight in Europe.
  • October 4th: Publication in Germany of the Proclamation of the 93 which shows the univocal support of the Germanic intellectuals for Kaiser.
  • October 5th: First air duel of the war close to Rheims: a two-seater German Aviatik is cut down with the rifle by French Frantz and Quénault.
  • October 9th: Capitulation of Antwerp.
  • October 19th:
  • October 20th: The Germans beat a retreat in front of the Russians in the loop of the the Vistula.
  • October 27th, Belgium: German massive onslaught started in north, the east and the south of Ypres.
  • 29 - November 20th: The Turks bombard the Russian coasts of the Black Sea.
  • November 1st: Von Hindenburg becomes commander-in-chief of the German armies on the face of the East.
  • November 2nd: The Serbia declares the war with the Ottoman Empire which joined the Germans and the Austrians.
  • November 3rd: The Amirauté makes undermine the the North Sea declared “zone of war”. The the United Kingdom makes confidence in its navy to protect the country and to establish an economic blockade. It has indeed only one professional army of 250  000 men dispersed throughout the world of which 60  000 only are ready to leave for the France.
  • November 5th: The British annex Cyprus, which they up to that point managed under Othoman sovereignty.
  • November 6th: Economic blockade of the Germany.
  • November 10th: The Russians must cease the offensive in front of the push of the German troops on Lodz.
  • November 15th: Fray of the Flandres. Victoire of the French Armies, British and Belgian around Ypres and of Dixmude.
  • December: 6  550  000 Russian soldiers are mobilized (15 million in 1917).
  • December 6th: Catch of Lodz by the Germans. The German offensive in Russian Poland is stopped before Warsaw.
  • December 7th: Serb Victoire of the Putnik mounts: the Austro-Hungarians must fold up themselves towards Belgrade.
  • December 15th:

  • After being itself opposite with the war (István the Tisza), the Hungarian political leaders support the Austrian effort of war mainly because they fear that a Russian victory does not involve the secession of the Slavic minorities of Hungary, then the dismantling of the country. 3  800  000 soldiers will be mobilized in Hungary; 661  000 will be killed, more 700  000 wounded and made captive as much.

Africa

  • 1 {{er}} - August 4th: Beginning of the First World War.
    • Louis Botha, supported by the Parliament, decides to engage the African Southern Union in the war at the sides of the Great Britain. Before the end of the year, an attack by sea takes the ports of Lüderitz and Swakopmund, with the South-western African German, where radio stations are. Jointly, the terrestrial troops advance towards the border. The Afrikaners see of an evil eye supports it of their country to the Allies. The rallying of officers and soldiers with the opposed camp, disorders secessionists in the Transvaal and the Orange, delays the South-African army.
    • the East Africa, in particular the Tanganyika, is devastated by the war. The colonel Von Lettow-Vorbeck, ordering the German forces in the colony, carries out a war of attrition to occupy the unfavourable soldiers so that they cannot leave for Europe. He pushes back their attack on Tanga in November and obliges the Allies to prepare their offensive carefully (construction of the railway line Voi - Taveta, arrived of the South-African troops of Jan Smuts, reinforcements of West Africa, agreement of participation of the Belgian Congo, etc).
    • Countryside of Kamerun (end in February 1916). British, French and Belgians encircle the German territory and install a maritime blockade.
    • the governor of the Togo, Hans Georg von Doering, sends telegrams to its counterparts of the Dahomey, Gold Coast and AOF to propose the neutralization of Togo to them. Those refuse, and the troops of the Agreement invade Togo. The German troops, snuff out of vices, concentrate around Kamina to defend there the radio station which allows the communications with outside. They prefer to make jump the station rather than to leave it with the Allies. The August 25th, entire Togo goes. French and British share the territory.
    • Kenya: The Gusii, converted with the worship Mumbo, plunder the fort of Kisi after the departure of the British for the face.
    • Revolt of the Giriama against the tax with the Kenya.
    • Mobilization of carriers to the Kenya.
    • Revolt of Holli against the tax with the Dahomey (fine in 1920).
    • Blaise Diagne (Senegal) becomes the first African deputy with the House of Commons in France.
    • Epidemic of plague to Dakar (1914 - 1915). The residential segregation is imposed and the Africans must concentrate in Medina.
    • 533 white civils servant in AEF.
    • the length of the railway network increases by 25% with the Belgian Congo between 1914 and 1918.
    • Madagascar provides 40  000 men with the France for the war of 1914-1918.

The Middle East

  • January 26th: Protocol signed between the Othoman top dog Sayid Halim and the charg3e d' affaires Russian Koulguévitch, under the pressure of the France, the Great Britain and the Russia to apply the reforms envisaged by the Treated of Berlin: it provides that the provinces Arménie, the seven vilayets Eastern, would be divided in two sectors (north: Erzeroum, Sivas, Trébizonde; south: Van, Bitlis, Diarbékir, Kharpout). With the head of each one, a European general secretary named by the Door but introduced by the Powers, and invested extended capacities, would control the application of the reforms provided for in the former treaties. A Dutchman and a Norwegian are designated and join their station in July. The protocol will be broken by the war.
  • June 15th: Agreement between the Germany and the Great Britain on the question of the railroad of Baghdad: the British propose a participation of the English capital in exchange of the promise which the line does not reach the Persian Gulf. Germany obtains a division of the economic influence in Mésopotamie (joint exploitation of oils of Mosul).
  • July: 8th General meeting of the Armenian party Dachnak with Erzeroum. In the name of loyalty towards the countries or they are establishes, the Armenians refuse the German project suggested by the Young person-Turks to organize a rising with the Georgia Azeri NS and the against the Russians in Transcaucasie, in spite of the promise of the creation of a autonomous Arménie within the framework of a Buffer state transcaucasien placed under Turkish control. While refusing, Dachnak is condemned to fight Russian side.
  • August 2nd: Secret treaty of alliance enters the Ottoman Empire and the Germany against Russia. Germany protects the Ottoman Empire against the promise from the Turkish intervention at its sides.
    • the Ottoman Empire has an army trained and equipped on the German model, framed by many German officers (Von Falkeman, Liman von Sanders, etc). The Organization special ( Techkilât-i Mashûsa ), created in August 1914 and responsible for the missions of espionage and encouragement of the holy war in the colonial possessions European. It counts 30  000 agents. The Othoman forces are distributed on a Caucasian face against the Russia (IIIe armed with Enver Pasha, approximately 100  000 men), an Egyptian face against the Great Britain (IVe armed with Jamal Pasha, 80  000 men), of the army corps around the capital (face of the Dardanelles), of the forces in Mésopotamie vis-a-vis the British offensive on Al Basra.
  • October: A legion of 8000 Armenian volunteers is raised by the Armenian National office of Tiflis.
  • November 1st: The Kuwait is placed under British protectorate to avoid any violation of its territory.
  • November 22nd: In Mésopotamie, the British take Al Basra in order to ensure the protection of the Gulf and the Persan oil supply.
  • December 18th: British protectorate on the Egypt. The khedive Abbas II Hilmi is deposed of his title and his/her son Hussein Kamil takes the title of sultan of Egypt (fine in 1917). The Great Britain establishes a Consultative Assembly partly elected by the notable ones whose capacities are limited, but intended to restrict the influence of the khedive. Saad Zaghloul, directing national party (Hizb lit), is elected by it the vice-president.
  • December: Chaïm Weizmann, vice-president of the Zionist Federation of Great Britain. He meets British governmental personalities, of which the minister Herbert Samuel, converted with the ideas Zionists and Lord Arthur Balfour, who is interested by the project of formation of a “Jewish nation” in Palestine.

  • Abdallah, wire of the sherif of Mecque Hussein, comes into contact with Kitchener, British consul of Egypt, and claims a British support for a greater autonomy of the Hedjaz and deliveries of weapons. Kitchener does not answer these requests but underlines the sympathy of its country to the cause of the Hedjaz.

  • 85  000 Jewish in Palestine.
  • Franco-German Agreement determining the railway zones of the two powers in Syria of North. France obtains an exclusive right in Syria and Palestine.

Asia & Indian world

  • January 10th, China: Yuan Shikai dissolves the Parliament and replaces it by a Council of State made up of its partisans who confers the decennial presidency to him on May 1st.
  • August 15th: The Japan sends an ultimatum to the Germany: the territory with lease of Jiaozhou must be restored with the China before the September 15th.
  • August 23rd: The Japan declares the war with the Germany.
  • October 31st: Japanese offensive against Germany on the port of Qingdao in China.
  • November 10th: Rendering supplements with the Japanese of all the German concession of Jiaozhou.
  • Serious disorders with Java (1914 - 1917).
  • Constitution of the social democrat Union Indonesia, under the influence of the Socialists Dutch, of which particularly Henk Sneevliet.
  • Return in India of the lawyer gujrati Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi of return of Pretoria where it had directed a movement claiming the equal rights between Indiens and Europeans. It had organized there to three resumption of the passive resistance campaigns.
  • Creation of a bicameral Parliament in Mongolia. The rights of the two rooms, convened by the Bogdo Gegen, are limited to the deliberations.
  • Tibet : A conference brings together with Simla representatives of the British, Chinese authorities and Tibetans. It results from it a provisional convention which relates on the harmonization of their mutual relations and in particular to the question of the borders. Convention also envisages the autonomy of Tibet and the sovereignty of the China on interior Tibet, which has a common border with China. The agreement is never ratified by China.

Oceania

  • the Australian troops occupy the German area of the New Guinea which by decision of the Company of the Nations will become a territory under Australian mandate, and famous the Territory of New Guinea.
  • the Australia occupies the the Solomon Islands remained under German control (or Solomon of North, the island Bougainville and the island Buka). In 1919, the Company of the Nations place the zone under the authority of Australia.

Americas

  • : Adolfo Díaz is named president with the Nicaragua for four years.

  • October 3rd: A first Canadian battalion of 32  000 men takes the boat to go to fight in Europe.

  • November 1st: A German fleet of the vice-admiral Maximilian von Spee demolishes the British with Coronel.

  • December 8th: The German fleet of the vice-admiral Maximilian von Spee after its victory over the Chilean coasts is crushed by the British fleet with the Bataille of Falklands.

the United States

  • April 20th: The strike of the coal mines of the Colorado, started in September 1913, culminates with the Massacre of Ludlow: the camping of strikers of Ludlow is attacked with the light machine gun by the national guard. Thirteen people are killed in their escape. The carbonized corpses of eleven children and two women are found in a pit the following day. The news causes a great agitation in all the countries and the minors take the weapons. The federal troops are ready to intervene when the strike is blown. In spite of the death of 66 people, no militiaman or supervisor of the mines will be accused for murder.

  • August 4th: The United States proclaims their neutrality in the European conflict.

  • September: The Congress creates a Federal Commission of the Trade (Federal Trade Commission) entitled to supervise the companies and to give orders of dissolutions to the combinations which she considers unacceptable.

  • October:

    • Law antitrust Clayton. Wilson thus applies the antitrust program of Roosevelt.
    • the banks are authorized to agree of the appropriations to the belligerents.

  • November 17th: Wilson proclaims the neutrality of the Panama Canal.

  • Doctrines Wilson which consists in not recognizing a government which would not result from elections.

  • Elijah Muhammad founds the Nation of the Islam ( Black Muslims ) in the United States.
  • the Tennessee prohibits the teaching of the Théorie of the evolution of Charles Darwin what leads to the lawsuit of the monkey between science and Christianisme.

Mexico

  • April 9th: Business of Tampico.
  • April 21st: Intervention of the United States with Veracruz.
    • Europeans play the chart of Huerta, while the United States is hostile for him. After the arrest of American sailors with Tampico, nautical mile unloads in Veracruz, stopping the supply weapon of the dictator. The United States issues the blockade and breaks the diplomatic relations with Mexico.

  • July 15th: Victoriano Huerta withdraws capacity after 16 month of civil war. Mexico City falls to the hands from the constitutionnalists. Venustiano Carranza with the capacity dissolves the federal army. Great landowner, it opposes Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata on the question of the land reform. Villa declares the war immediately to him.

  • October: Revolutionary convention of Aguascalientes. Rupture between constitutionalists and conventionnalists.

  • December 6th: Carranza is isolated presidency and must take refuge in Veracruz, while the armies of Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata make a triumphal entry with Mexico City at the end four years of revolutionary fights.

  • December 12th: Carranza recognizes, by additions with the Plan of Guadalupe, the Plan of Ayala and the need for a radical land reform and of change social in favor of the working class.

Economy & company

Europe

  • Spain: The war in Europe starts rise of the prices (20 to 120% for the food products, 50 to 200% for the industrial products between 1914 and 1920) and lowers purchasing power.
  • the Spain account 20 million inhabitants.
  • the Germany account 67,4 million inhabitants.
  • the total movement of the exchanges with Germany with increased of 69% in 10 years. The merchant fleet counts 3,3 million barrels.
  • Rise of the agricultural cooperative in Germany: 27.675 co-operatives gather 3,5 million owners on 5,7 million.
  • the Hungarian railway network counts 22  000 km. Budapest account 1 million inhabitants.
  • New French loan with the Russia (500 franc million per annum during 5 years) for the development of the strategic railroads of the West. The Russian State owes 8 to 9 billion roubles, including 50% in France. The overseas investments are of 2 billion roubles (1/3d' French origin).
  • Prohibition of the alcohol sale in Russia throughout war.

The United Kingdom

  • the British Empire extends on 32 million km ² populated from 450 million inhabitants.
  • the iron and steel industry produces 30 times more than in 1815.
  • the railway network covers 35  000 km.
  • Housing construction municipal ( council flats ) for the working classes: more than 8000 with London, 2700 with Birmingham, 2300 with Liverpool.

Americas

The United States

  • New York account four million inhabitants, Chicago two million, Philadelphia 1,5 million.
  • the war in Europe accelerates the rise of the farm prices.
  • the investments abroad represent 3  481 million dollars (673 in 1897, 2  500 in 1908).
  • the working trade union AFL account two million members (500  000 in 1900).
  • Commission Report on the social relations: the industrial accidents make 35  000 died and 700  000 wounded in 1914.

Latin America

  • the First World War involves the increase in the industrial production to the Brésil and the surge of foreign currencies, thanks to a very favorable trade balance. Industrialization of the Rio Grande C Sul.
  • the investments of the the United States to Cuba passed from 50 million dollars in 1896 to 265 million in 1914.
  • 33  500 kilometers of railways in Argentinian.
  • In Argentinian, 62% of the workmen or craftsmen were born abroad.
  • Discovered layers of Oil to the Venezuela.

Asia

  • Afghanistan: The Russian trade reaches 38% of the imports of Kabul, against 62% for the British trade.
  • the industry of the jute in India is with the first world rank.
  • the Indonesia accounts for 10% of the Dutch national revenue.
  • the Great War promotes exports towards Asia, which is not ensured any more by the countries of Europe. The world prices go up, enriching the mediums by business but cause a drop in the standard of living of the Japan board.

Chronologies sets of themes

Arts & culture

See also: 1914 with the cinema, 1914 in music, 1914 in literature, 1914 with the theater, 1914 as a cartoon

Nobel Prize

Births in 1914

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Death in 1914

Beats-smg: 1914 Be-X-old: 1914 Map-bms: 1914 Simple: 1914 Zh-yue: 1914 年

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