1911

This page relates to the year 1911 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

The March 8th, first international Day of the Women: a million women express in Europe.

Africa

  • Resistance Hutu Tutsi and to the British and the Germans (1911 - 1917).
  • With the Kenya, the Masaï are expelled of their grounds and are gathered by the force in the reserves.
  • Revolt of the Acholi against the tax in Uganda.
  • the Color Bar interdict with the Blacks of South Africa to postulate the use of semi-skilled workers. The pass-system assigns them with residence.
  • Famine in Angola (fine in 1916).

  • the Belgian Congo produces 998 tons of copper (136  992 in 1929,163  610 in 1944).

  • the Belgian State signs a contract with the British company Lever to create the HCB (Huileries of Belgian Congo). It envisages the concession by stage of 750  000 ha of ground to exploit the palm oil there. In 1930, the HCB will treat 96  900 of fruits and will export 18  000 tons of oil and 10  300 tons of almonds.
  • 5  973  000 inhabitants in South Africa including 67,28% of Blacks, 21,36 of White, 2,54% the Asian ones and 8,80% of “Coloured”.
  • 13  167 white colonists with the Kenya. 12  000 Indians.

Western Africa

  • Great dryness and Famine gande-beer (large chest) with the the Sahel (1911 - 1914).

  • Senoussi, which directed the Dar Kouti, is killed. The territory of the Chad is created.
  • the emir of the Adrar, driven out Mauritania by the French Army and taken refuge in the Hodh, in the North-West of Tombouctou, is overcome and made captive. After this operation, a military station is established with Oualata.
  • Railway lines Konakry - Bouaké and Cotonou - Savé.

the Maghreb

  • March 30th: Signature with Fès of the treaty which imposes French protectorate on the Morocco.
  • April 23rd: The France intervenes militarily in Morocco to release Fès threatened by the hostile tribes with the sultan.
  • July 1st: Business of Agadir: second Moroccan crisis: a German battleship, the Panther, is presented in the port of Agadir, to protest against the projection of the French troops to the Morocco.
  • November 4th: Franco-German convention regulating the second Moroccan crisis, the Germans obtaining for their withdrawal of Morocco a compensation to the Congo, the French recover the Duck Nozzle to the Chad.
  • November 7th: Business of Djellaz in Tunisia followed martial law until in 1921.

italo-Turkish War

The Middle East & Arab world

  • the Shah of Perse Mohammad Ali Shah is restored, and the removed majlis.

  • Horatio Herbert Kitchener becomes British consul of Egypt. He carries out a severe political repression against the nationalists.
  • Turbid with the Yemen.
  • Formation of the liberal Agreement by the opposition to the turquisation of the Ottoman Empire.
  • Foundation in Paris by young Arab students of Al-Fatat, secret society which aims to the independence of the Arab countries.

Asia

  • Foundation in Indonesia of the Sarekat Islam Indonesia and awakening of the national feeling.

China

  • October: The dynasty Qing is deposited in China. Sun Yat-SEN founds a republic.
  • October 10th: The revolt prepared by Sun Yat-SEN (directing party Tongmenghui) bursts with Wuchang where the garrison is raised. The insurrectionists proclaim the republic and organize a provisional government chaired by Li Yuanhong and Wu Tingfang. Canton revolts in its turn and involves all China of the South.
  • 27 - October 28th: The imperial ones manage to take again Hanyang and Hankou.
  • 4 and November 30th: The republicans succeed in gaining Shanghai and Nankin where they establish their capital.
  • October 1st: The regent calls upon Yuan Shikai to restore the situation. This one requires of him to resign (December 6th).
  • December 30th: Election of Sun Yat-SEN like first president of the Republic.
  • February 1st: TheExternal one makes secession with the Russian support.
  • Following the inversion of the Qing by the revolution in China, the Tibet becomes de facto independent although always depend on China taking into consideration international law. The last Chinese soldiers are driven out of Lhassa.

India

  • December 11th: The decision to cancel the partition of the province of the Bengal is pronounced by the king Georges V of the United Kingdom during its crowning as emperor of the Indies in Large Durbar (assembled the notable ones), with Delhi.
  • December 12th: The town of New Delhi is in construction to become the capital of the British empire of the Indies in the place of Calcutta.

  • Criminal Castes and Tribes Act .

Oceania & the Pacific

Americas

North America

  • March 25th: Set fire to factory of clothes industry Triangle Shirtwaist Company with New York. Hundred forty six paid, for the majority of the women, find death in the fire or while being thrown by the windows.
  • September 21st: The negotiations that Wilfrid Laurier engages with the the United States in seen the concluding of a treaty of reciprocity allow to the conservatives Ontario to reverse it by showing it to prepare the annexation formerly denounced by Sir John A. Macdonald.
  • October 10th: Robert Laird Borden (preserving) is elected Prime Minister with the Canada.

  • Economic agreement between the the United States and the Canada. It fails in front of the opposition of the Canadians.

  • Creation of the Progressive National Republican League , directed by the reformist Robert Follette.
  • 4,5 million immigrants to the the United States between 1911 and 1915.

Latin America

  • January 1st: Juan Jose Estrada takes her functions of president in Nicaragua. It meets the constituent opposition of Assemblé. Its Minister for the war, the general Carried out, plots against him.
  • March 1st: Jose Batlle Ordóñez is re-elected there with the presidency of the Uruguay (fine in 1915). It launches a broad reform program social and economic.
  • May 9th, Nicaragua: The the United States force Estrada to resign and the vice-president Adolfo Díaz succeeds to him. More reconciling, it yields to the North-Americans control national railroads, maritime company of the lake and national Bank.
  • July 24th: The American explorer Hiram Bingham discovers the city of Machu Picchu with the Peru.

  • American Intervention with Cuba (1911 - 1912).

  • American Intervention with the Honduras.

Mexican Revolution
    • May: Porfirio Díaz gives up the capacity then leaves the country definitively on October 1st.
    • September 1st: Francisco Madero gains the presidential elections. It cannot put an end to the political movements and soldiers who agitate the country. Others rebellious, like Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa, refuse to be subjected to its authority. Its partisans are divided, and creation by the new president of the constitutional party progressist exacerbates passions. The country leaders are shocked decision of Madero to dissolve the revolutionary armies and not the federal army, overcome. Madero is not shown able to hold its shy persons promises of land reforms.
    • November 25th: Zapata lance its plan of Ayala, second very critical revolutionary proclamation with regard to Madero and announces the intention of the peasants to seize the grounds of which they were dispossessed. Zapata takes again the fight against the federal army. Agitation reaches the working mediums.
    • Madero decides more heavily to tax the activities with extraction of Pétrole, which attracts to him the opposition of the alien companies and thus of the the United States.

the Antarctic

Europe

  • Cabinet Karl von Stürgkh in Austria

  • Constitutional reform in Greece: Eleftherios Venizelos begins the administrative, military and economic reorganization of the country.
  • Zita of Bourbon-Parma wife that which will become the emperor Charles Ier of Austria with died of François-Joseph; they will reign only two years (1916-1918).
  • the Nobel Prize of peace is allotted to the Netherlander Tobias Asser and to the Austrian Alfred Fried.
  • Dealt with of the wages of the schoolmasters by the State in Spain.
  • universal Congress of the Races with London.
  • the farm laborers obtain the benefit of the Social Security in Germany.
  • National Insurance Act with the the United Kingdom: social protection against the disease for those which have an employment.

France

See also: 1911 in France

Swiss

  • March 31st: The tunnel of the Lötschberg is bored.
  • the first concession of reception of broadcasting is granted to the School of the clock and watch makers of Neuchâtel.

Portugal

  • April: Law of separation of the Church and the State.
  • December: In reaction, pastoral letter, whose reading in the churches is prohibited by the Parliament. Exile of the patriarch of Lisbon, the archbishops of Evora and Braga, of the bishops. The priests refuse to 80% the pensions offered by the state. The conflict will calm down quickly.

  • Constitution based on the principle of the separation of the three capacities, giving the priority to the Parliament (bicameral system).

  • Vote for all with the major citizens (21 years), knowing to read and write, or household head since at least a year. This to fight against the phenomenon of the “caciquism”. Indeed, in the campaigns, cacique, often the priest, dictates to the inhabitants (illiterate) their political attitudes.
  • Week six days following the strike movements.
  • the Portugal removes the subsidies at the private schools (1911 - 1926).
  • Compulsory schooling from 7 to 10 years.
  • a new currency, the Escudo, replaces the réal.

Italy

  • the nationalists publish a weekly magazine, the Idea Nazionale , and choose like starting date on March 1st, birthday of the Bataille of Adoua.
  • March 30th: Luigi Luzzatti resigns and Giovanni Giolitti returns to the businesses (end in 1914). At the instigation of Giolitti, the king receives for the first time a socialist deputy, Leonida Bissolati. Although this last refuses a wallet in the new Giolitti cabinet, the event causes polemical sharp within the socialist party.
  • March-April: The Italy celebrates the 50e birthday of its unit by a series of exposures to Rome, Florence and Turin.
  • June 4th: The king inaugurates the monument with Victor-Emmanuel II of Italy on the Capitole in the presence of all the mayors of the country and the war veterans of the wars of the Risorgimento.
  • September 29th: After a violent nationalist campaign and not to prejudge its aspirations on the Tripolitaine, Italy declares the war with the Ottoman Empire.

Russia

Dates of the Calendar Julien
  • January: Agitation coed.
  • May 29th: Agrarian law supporting the dissolution of the rural district.
  • March 14th: Introduction of the Zemstvo S into the Western provinces.
  • September 5th: Died of the Prime Minister Piotr Stolypine following an attack. Vladimir Kokovtsov becomes president of the council (fine in 1914).

  • Foundation with Bakou of the party Musawat (“Equality”), initially socializing, then nationalist Azeri.

Chronologies sets of themes

Arts & culture

See also: 1911 with the cinema, 1911 in music, 1911 in literature, 1911 with the theater, 1911 as a cartoon

Nobel Prize

Births in 1911

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Death in 1911

Beats-smg: 1911 Be-X-old: 1911 Map-bms: 1911 Simple: 1911 Zh-yue: 1911 年

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