This page relates to the year 1900 Gregorian Calendrier , the last of the 19th century.

Events

Africa

• January 1st: The Nigeria becomes a British protectorate. The Royal Niger Company gives its privileges to the British government.
• April 22nd: Rabah is overcome and killed with the battle of Kousséri by the joined together forces of the three French missions to the Chad and its empire is destroyed. The Commander Lamy is killed in the battle. The Ouadaï is occupied. Fadel Allah, wire of Rabah, tries to continue the fight, but pursued by the French columns, it is killed in 1901.
• June 2nd: Died in captivity in Gabon of the almami Samori Touré. It had moved its empire of the buttresses of the Fouta-Djalon until the black Volta, had founded a powerful theocratic State there, but its defeat in front of Sikasso (Mali), the refusal of alliance of its neighbor Ahmadou and the revolts of some of its vassal reflect a term at forty years of being able.

• First called Panafrican Conference with London by W.E.B. Dubois.

• Frederick Lugard appendix septentrional emirates with the Nigeria.
• the British proclaim the abolition of the Esclavage to the Nigeria.
• Epidemic of Yellow fever with the Senegal.
• Famine ize-young stag (sale of the children) with the the Sahel.
• the Egyptian nationalists condemn the convention of 1899 establishing the condominium anglo-Egyptian on the Sudan.
• Rebellion Ashanti in Coast of Gold. The governor Hodgson is besieged in Kumasi.
• Transfer of the Guinea Equatoriale to the Spain.
• Creation of the Mumbo with the Mozambique. The wizards barue , will tauara , tonga and shona “works” against Europeans.
• Floods in Uganda.

War of Boers

• January 10th: Following the failure of against offensive against the Boers, Lord Roberts and Herbert Kitchener take the command of the British forces.
• January 24th - Battle of Spion Kop in the second War of Boers.
• February 27th: In South Africa, in the second War of Boers, the British troops gain in Paardeberg a decisive victory.
• May 28th: The free State of Orange becomes colony of the crown.
• May 31st: In South Africa, the British troops occupy Johannesburg.
• June 5th: Defeat of Boers and occupation of Pretoria by the British of Lord Roberts.
• on September 1st, the Transvaal becomes British colony. The resistance of Boers will continue during two years.

• Installation in September of the first concentration camps by the British in South Africa. The prisoners boers are interned in concentration camps (25  000 perish there). The facts are reported by the press and awakes in France and Germany the feelings anglophobes.

• the Great Britain mobilizes 450  000 soldiers, of which the majority came from the metropolis, the remainder being taken on the spot among the White of British origin.

The Maghreb

• May 30th: Creation of a ministry for justice in Tunisia. It counts a French delegate. The French residents escape the indigenous jurisdiction and raise of French courts.

• Abd Al `Aziz goes up on the throne of the Morocco to died of the regent Ba Ahmed. Its lack of personality makes think of the public opinion and the foreign observers that Morocco forwards itself to the loss of its independence. His/her mother imposes to him like top dog El Hadj el-Moktar who controls only a few months.

• Algeria: the colony is equipped with a clean budget. This new statute will support the constitution of great agricultural domains.

• 200  000 French colonists are installed in Algeria. 50  000 Juifs live in Algeria.
• 221 schools free-Arabic in Algeria.
• Forwarding of Fleming and Pein, which take the oasis of In Salah in the the Sahara.

America

North America

• March 14th - Ratification of the Standard Gold Act which attaches the American dollar and gold. 1 ounce (31 grams) of gold is worth 20 dollars.
• July: Second note of John Hay on the “Open door”. In fear of see the European powers dividing the China, the the United States has a presentiment of these powers to respect the integrity of the Chinese territory and to stick to their sphere of influence.
• September 8th - powerful a hurricane touches Galveston with the Texas killing approximately 8000 people.
• October 31st: The French actress Sarah Bernhardt begins a six months round in the USA.
• November 6th: The republican William McKinley (R) is re-elected president of the United States thanks to the return of prosperity. Theodore Roosevelt is vice-president.
• November 6th: Beginning of the Movement Desjardins with the Quebec. Alphonse Desjardins founds with Lévis the first popular case.

• Multiplication of the laws of “Jim Crow” in the South of the the United States (fine 19th, beginning 20th century). They aim at systematically excluding the Blacks from the restaurants, bus, dwellings, places of theaters and compartments of railroads reserved for the White. At the same time a series of clauses (obligation to have a grandfather voter, to pay the poll-tax or of knowing to read) their bar the way of the ballot boxes (130  000 Black voters in Louisiana in 1896, 1  300 in 1904).

• the preserving republican Ralph Easley founds the National Civic Federation (NCF) with an aim of promoting better relations between the forces of work and the capital.
• Flood of emigration towards the Territories of the North-West to the Canada.
• Epidemic of Plague to San Francisco.
• Dryness in the South-west of the United States.

Latin America

• February 5th: Signature of the Anglo-American treaty for the Panama Canal. The Great Britain gives up its rights on the channel which will be built by only the the United States in a neutral and not strengthened zone. The United States commits itself leaving it open to circulation war and tradind ships.
• April 12th: The American Congress decides for the establishment of a civil government with Puerto Rico. The island, which belongs to the United States since December 1898, will be equipped with a legislative room elected by the people; the executive power will be ensured by a governor and a council designated by the US president.
• July: Coup d'etat in Colombia. Jose Manuel Marroquín seizes the power the August 7th (fine in 1904).
• December 2nd: Rio Branco obtains the payment of the free-Brazilian litigation on the border with the Guyana with the arbitration of Swiss with the profit of the Brésil.

• liberal Constitution with Cuba. Establishment of the vote for all.

Oceania

• February 22nd - Hawaii is officially integrated into the territory of the E. - U..
• July 9th: Following the adoption of the “ the Commonwealth off Australia Act ”, the Australia becomes a Federal state.
• the Germany yields the Solomon North (except for Bougainville and of Buka) to the British.
• Niue becomes a British protectorate then is annexed by the New Zealand (1901).

Asia

Southeast Asia

• January 6th: The press of the whole world announces that a famine made of the million died in India.
• February 6th, Filipino: One second American commission unloads with Manila. It takes possession of the administration of the archipelago and authorizes the formation of a Filipino federal party provided it accepts peace under American control.

• has Borneo, only the territory of Banjarmasin is under governmental control. The Dutchmen extend their direct administration from there, but must leave to the British the north-western part of the island.

• Declaration of the Secretary of State for the India which makes the point that the interest of the Indian people was to see creating an independent medical community, by encouraging the development of the profession.
• the epidemic of Bubonic plague which has devastated the Indian sub-continent for four years marks time.
• 62  477 Europeans with Java and 13  556 in the external possessions. In addition to the civils servant, much are growers and tradesmen.

The Far East

• January 21st: In China, beginning of the Revolt of the Boxers. The empress Cixi encourages the agitation of the anti-European secret societies, but its action is not followed by the viceroys of the South and the Yangzi Jiang, nor even by Yuan Shikai, then governor of the Shandong.
• the June 10th, the empress declares with the great council that the foreigners were to be removed.
• 10 - June 26th: The foreign residents and the representatives of the powers try to resist. The English admiral Seymour walk of Tianjin on Beijing with the head of two thousand men but must beat a retreat.
• the June 13rd, the Boxers massacre the indigenous priests, Christians and attack legations.
• June 20th: The German minister Klemens von Ketteler is assassinated. Beginning of the seat of legations in Beijing. The Cinquantecinq Days of Beijing see the resistance of 475 civilians, 450 European and Japanese soldiers, and 2  300 Chinese christianized against the Boxers.
• July 14th: An important forwarding directed by the German marshal von Waldersee takes Tianjin.
• August 14th: The Occident with take again Beijing which is put at bag. End of the Fifty-five Days. Cixi flees towards the Shaanxi, disguised as a country-woman. Punitive forwardings are organized by the Germans in septentrional China. The old man Li Hongzhang, named viceroy of the Zhili negotiates peace with the powers. The Russians benefit from the war to occupy the Mandchourie militarily.
• October 16th: Signature of the Agreement of Yangzi which closes the period of disorders in China.
• Rising against military recruitment in Mongolia.
• unfruitful Initiative of the the United States to obtain a lease on bay of Shansa, vis-a-vis Formosa.
• the Korean government proclaims officially its neutrality in the conflict which opposes the Russia and the Japan.
• Nouvelles laws on maintains order with the Japan. They are primarily intended to repress the labor unrest. In addition, the staff imposes his views on the government. From now on, the Ministers for the armies will have to be selected in the rows of the officers of active.

The Middle East

• Istanbul tries to limit the range of the Capitulations increase the customs duties by them on the imports in the Ottoman Empire of 3%. The sultan causes an general outcry in the chancelleries and must give up.
• the construction project of the railroad of Baghdad by a German company causes competitions between powers. The Russia is made recognize an exclusive right build railways in the North-East of the Anatolia while the France claims same exclusiveness with the Raising.
• Second treaty free-Persian which confirms the French monopoly on archaeological research in Iran. France obtains the exclusiveness in acquisition of the objects discovered in Susiane (Khûzistân).

Europe

• January 1st: the German Civil code (BGB= Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch) between into force.

• January 18th: Government of Ernst von Koerber in Austria-Hungary. It is charged to alleviate the national tensions in the empire.
• January 5th: The nationalist leader Irish John Edward Redmond calls with rising against the British authority .
• February 2nd: the school attendance is from now on compulsory in Belgium.
• 27 - February 28th: Creation with the the United Kingdom of the Ploughing Representation Commitee, prelude to the foundation of the Workers party (Labor Party), whose Ramsay MacDonald becomes the secretary. He gathers the representatives of TUC, of SDF, the Fabiens and the left independent of work. He passes from 350  000 members with 850  000 in 1903.
• April 1st: Creation in Bohemia of the Czech popular party chaired by Divided into volumes Masaryk in order to obtain the equal rights between German and Czech.
• May 4th: Official visit of the emperor François-Joseph of Austria to Berlin. The emperor of Austria and Guillaume II of Germany reaffirm alliance austro-allemande.
• June: Russian becomes the official language of the Finnish administration.
• June 14th: Naval law in Germany, which undermines British maritime supremacy.
• July: First emigration of Lénine.
• September 20th: the pope Leon XIII dissolves officially the Papal States.
• October 15th: Foundation in Belgium of the international socialist Office.
• October 17th: Bernhard von Bülow replaces as chancellor of German Reich the prince Chlodwig de Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, resigner. He secures the support of a majority from the right including/understanding all those which the threats frighten on the social order (fine in 1909).
• October 23rd: Conservative government of Antonio Maura in Spain (1900 - 1902 and 1907 - 1909). It tries to bring a modernistic solution to the most urgent problems.
• December 23rd: Publication of the Iskra (“ the Spark ”) with Leipzig by the group consisted Lénine, Martov, Potresov, Plekhanov, Axelrod and Véra Zassoulitch, to fight against economism (the limitation of the working claims to the only ground of the economy) and to create a structure of clandestine committees in Russia.

• Foundation of Huszadik Század ( Twentieth Century , 1900 - 1919), re-examined radical Hungarian woman directed by Gusztáv Gratz.

• Publication in Finland of revolutionary Russia, body of the revolutionary Socialists.
• Oxford and Cambridge counts 2500 students each one, against 9000 on the whole for the other universities.
• Bucharest subsidizes the schools of the Vlaks of Macedonia (wandering shepherds of Latin language) and claims for them Patriarchate of Constantinople a particular religious statute.
• the Méthodisme gathers 750  000 faithful to the the United Kingdom.

France

See also: 1900 in France

Italy

• May: Vis-a-vis an increasing opposition, the president of the Council Luigi Pelloux request with the king the dissolution of the Room.
• June 2nd: With the legislative elections, the Socialists (32 deputies) and the extreme left (95 deputies) make considerable progresses.
• June 24th: Noting the failure of her policy, Pelloux resigns. The king entrusts the formation of the government to the senator Giuseppe Saracco.
• July 17th: An Italian task force embarks in Naples for China where it takes part in the repression of the Insurrection of the Boxers.
• July 29th: Assassination of the king Humbert Ier of Italy to Monza by the anarchist Gaetano Bresci, come from the the United States, which wanted to avenge the events for Milan. With the accession of his/her son Victor-Emmanuel (fine of reign in 1946), the Italy enters during one time of relative calm after the social riots and the political disturbances of 1898 - 1899.
• 8 - September 11th: Life congress of the socialist party with Rome.
• September 20th: the pope Leon XIII dissolves officially the Papal States
• December: The prefect of Genoa having closed the room of work, the workmen of the port and the building sites proclaim the general Grève. Giuseppe Saracco revokes the decision of the prefect and must support a difficult debate with the Room because of its dubious and contradictory attitude.
• December 14th: Visconti Venosta, Foreign Minister and Barrère, ambassador of France to Rome, exchanges letters which recognize the Italian aspirations on the Tripolitaine.

• Luigi Albertini (1871-1941) becomes director of the Corriere beyond Will be .

Chronologies sets of themes

1900 in aeronautics

1900 in the railroads

1900 in sport

Arts & culture

See also: 1900 with the cinema, 1900 in music, 1900 in literature, 1900 with the theater, 1900 as a cartoon

• Art schools :

• : First exposure of Pablo Picasso to the cabaret Els four gats , to Barcelona.
• March 19th: Beginning of the excavations of the palate of Cnossos in Crete by the British archeologist Arthur John Evans.
• November 22nd: Exposure of twenty-six fabrics of Monet to Paris.
• Greece: Foundation of the national Art gallery of Athens.
• Munich: foundation of the Phalanx, group of artists of avant-garde.
• Weimar: the Belgian Henry van of Velde becomes director of the Art schools.
• the French painter Paul Cézanne painted the bathers .
• In Norway, Edvard Munch painted dance of the life .
• the Princess swan , of the Russian painter Mikhail Vroubel.
• Exposure Japan ease to the School of the Art schools.
• Architecture :
• Deglane builds the Large palace with an interior structure of iron and glass and a frontage of “style”.
• Antoni Gaudí conceives the Parc Güell, installation landscape and urban on the sides of the Tibidabo mount, with Barcelona (fine in 1914).

1900 in science

• With Paris, the World Fair begins in June and finishes in August.

Bullfighting

• September 16th: Alternate of Rafael González Madrid known as “Machaquito”, Spanish Matador.

Explorations

• the explorer Sven Hedin traverses the Tibet and tries to enter to Lhassa.

Economy & Company

Africa

• Buganda Agreement negotiated by the British: the ground is divided into public garden miles and distributed to the aristocracy bougandaise (1000 people in 1900, then 4000 following the protests of the chiefs which do not have was entitled to the division).
• 800 Europeans with the French Congo (2  006 in 1911); 1  958 in the State independent of Congo (430 in 1890, 3  399 in 1910). 962 white civils servant in AOF (2  175 in 1913).
• Exploitation of copper mines to the Katanga.
• Creation of the special Committee of the Katanga.
• EIC produced 330  491 kg of Ivory (5  824 kg in 1888).

America

• the manufactured goods account for 35% of exports to the the United States. The value of the manufactured goods (multiplied by eleven since 1850) is the double of that of the product of the farmers, which however tripled since 1850 (of 1600 to 4.700 million dollars).
• More than one million telephones in the United States.
• the United States produces more than 10 million tons of steel.
• All the States of the United States, apart from the South, except two have laws making obligatory education. One counts 9000 public libraries on the whole having 45 million works.
• two thirds of the export earnings of the Brésil are ensured by the Café. The country provides 70% of the worldwide market.

Asia

• the coffee and sugar account for 40% of the full value of exports in Indonesia.

Europe

• April: Economic crisis in Germany due to the industrial overproduction and the speculation (end in 1902).
• Economic crisis in Russia related to a world-wide crisis (1900 - 1903). It touches the metallurgy (end of the great railway programs). Bankruptcies, dismissal, lowers wages.
• Germany produces 109,3 million tons of coal, 19 million tons of iron ores and 6,6 million tons of steel. The merchant fleet counts 1,9 million barrels.
• the Great Britain produces 225 million tons of coal. The merchant fleet counts 9,3 million tons, that is to say the double of the American fleet and ten times the French fleet. 70% of world tonnage leave the English shipyards.
• obligatory Education with the Netherlands.
• the England is taught reading and writing to 97%.

Births in 1900

January

• January or February: Tinder Hampâté Bâ, writer Malian († May 15th 1991).
• January 5th: Yves Tanguy, Franco-American painter († January 15th 1955).
• January 31st: Mikhaël Ivanhov, Bulgarian teacher, founder of the universal white Fraternity. († December 25th 1986)

February

• February 4th: Jacques Prévert, French poet († April 11th 1977).
• February 5th: Adlai Stevenson, politicking American († July 14th 1965).
• February 11th: Hans-Georg Gadamer, German philosopher († March 13rd 2002).
• February 16th: Jean Nohain, presenter and producer radio operator and television († January 25th 1981).
• February 19th: Georges Séféris, Greek poet († September 20th 1971).
• February 21st: Madeleine Renaud, French actress († September 23rd 1994).
• February 22nd: Shine Buñuel, realizer Spanish († July 29th 1983).
• February 28th: Georges Séféris, Greek poet († September 20th 1971).

March

• March 2nd: Kurt Weill, German type-setter († April 3rd 1950).
• March 13rd: Salote Tupou III, queen of Tonga author of songs and poems. († December 16th 1965)
• March 19th: Frederic Joliot-Curie, French physicist († August 14th 1958).

April

• April 5th: Spencer Tracy, American actor († June 10th 1967)
• April 10th: Arnold Orville Beckman, inventor of the pH measures († May 18th 2004
• April 20th: Fred Raymond, Austrian author of operettas
• April 23rd: Henry Barraud, Type-setter French. († December 28th 1997).
• April 25th: Sir Gladwyn Jebb, diplomatic British, first General secretary of UNO by interim († October 24th 1996).
• April 26th: Charles Francis Richter, American seismologist (September 30th 1985)
• April 28th: Jan Oort, Dutch astronomer († November 5th 1992).

May

• May 1st: Ignazio Furrows, writer and Italian politician († August 22nd 1978).
• May 17th: Hermann Reutter, Type-setter and German Pianist. († January 1st 1985).

June

• June 25th: Lord Louis Mountbatten, viceroy of the Indies († August 27th 1977).
• June 29th: Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, aviator and writer French († July 31st 1944).

July

• July 4th: Robert Desnos, French poet († June 8th 1945).
• July 8th: George Antheil, American Type-setter. († February 12th 1959).
• July 18th: Nathalie Sarraute, journalist Frenchwoman († 1999).
• July 26th: Fernand Schreurs, Belgian Politician of French expression and Walloon militant († December 11th 1970)

August

• August 4th: Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (known as Queen Mum ), queen mother of the the United Kingdom (+ March 30th 2002).
• August 23rd: Ernst Krenek, Austrian Type-setter. († December 23rd 1991).
• Henri Ey, French psychiatrist († November 8th 1977)

September

• September 6th: Julien Green, American writer († August 13rd 1998).

October

• October 7th: Heinrich Himmler, politician Nazi († May 23rd 1945).

November

• November 14th: Aaron Copland, American Type-setter. († December 2nd 1990).
• November 18th: Roparz Hemon, linguist, novelist, and Breton poet († June 29th 1979).

December

• December 21st: Vsevolod Wishniewski, Russian writer
• December 22nd: Marc Allégret, French realizer († November 3rd 1973).

Death in 1900

• January 20th: John Ruskin, writer and British social reformer (° 1819).
• January 22nd: David Edward Hugues, British engineer. (° 1831)
• February 14th: Giovanni Canestrini, 64 years, Italian Naturalist . (° December 26th 1835).
• February 15th: Karl Theodor Robert Luther, German Astronomer
• March 6th: Carl Bechstein, German piano maker (° 1826)
• March 6th: Gottlieb Daimler, German car manufacturer (° 1834).
• March 18th: George Burritt Sennett, American ornithologist (° 1840).
• April 3rd: Joseph Bertrand, French mathematician (° 1822)
• April 5th: Georges de Villebois-Mareuil (° 1847)
• April 19th: Alexandre Falguière, French sculptor (° 1831)
• April 21st: Alphonse Milne-Edwards, zoologist French (° 1835).
• May 1st: Mihály Munkácsy, Hungarian painter. (° 1844)
• May 9th: Carl Brosboll, Danish writer (° 1816)
• June 2nd: Samory Touré, sovereign African and combatant against French colonization in West Africa (° 1834).
• June 5th: Stephen Cranium, American writer. (° 1871)
• July 29th: Umberto I {{er}}, king d' Italie (° 1844).
• : Lagartijo (Rafael Molina Sánchez), Spanish Matador (° November 27th 1841).
• August 4th: Jean-Joseph Etienne Lenoir, French engineer (° 1822)
• August 7th: Wilhelm Liebknecht, socialist German (° 1826).
• August 12th: Wilhelm Steinitz, first official world champion of failures (° 1836).
• August 16th: Jose Maria Eça de Queirós, storyteller and diplomat Portuguese (° 1846)
• August 25th: Friedrich Nietzsche, German philosopher (° 1844).
• September 23rd: Arsenio Martinez Campos, Spanish politician (° 1831)
• October 7th: Dominguín (Domingo Del Campo there Álvarez), Spanish Matador (° June 12th 1873).
• November 20th: Oscar Wilde, British writer of Irish origin (° 1854).
• November 25th: Louis Léopold Ollier, French surgeon founder of orthopedy (° December 2nd 1830)
• December 11th: baron Edmond de Sélys Longchamps, politician, entomologist and Belgian ornithologist (° 1813).

Beats-smg: 1900 Be-X-old: 1900 Map-bms: 1900 Simple: 1900 Zh-yue: 1900 年

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