1888

This page relates to the year 1888 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Africa

  • July 23rd: The kingdom of Oyo (Nigeria of the South) passes under British protectorate. Since 1840, the influence of Great Britain did not cease growing in the area, benefitting from the ceaseless fights between the States Yoruba S.

  • August 2nd, Civil war with the Bouganda (1888 - 1890): Mwanga, king of Bouganda, is reversed by a coalition gathering catholic, Protestant and Moslem. This coalition, welded by the refusal of paganism, offers the capacity to Kisewa, the brother of Mwanga. Its reign lasts only one month, because the Arabs reverse it and indicate Kalema, another of the brothers of Mwanga (October 21st). This last is restored the October 5th 1889.

  • August 5th: Léopold II of Belgium creates officially the Police force with the Congo. Recruited since 1883 on the coasts of Western Africa or Swahili, it counts: 1487 soldiers in 1889 and: 17833 in 1914.
  • September 6th: Charter of Imperial British East Africa Company of William Mackinnon (founded in London the April 18th). The British are established with the Kenya.
  • September 10th: Louis Archinard is named Commander higher of the French Sudan than the place of Gallieni.
  • September 20th: Revolt of the king Abushiri in German Eastern Africa against Emin Pasha (Edward Schnitzer). It lasts until the hanging of Abushiri, the December 15th 1889.
  • October 30th: Concession Rudd. Lobengula, king of the Matabélé (Zimbabwe), sign a granting treaty of the mineral rights to the British South Africa Company pertaining to Cecil Rhodos. The flood of white colonists which follows exceeds by far the concessions authorized by the Ndébélé but Lobengula, trying to prevent a disastrous war for its people, is constrained to accept the massive installation of the colonists.
  • December 28th: Speech of the cardinal Lavigerie with the Church of Gesù of Rome. Beginning of its countryside against the continuation of the draft in central and Eastern Africa.

  • the Italians settle with Mogadiscio (rented by the sultan of Zanzibar in 1892).
  • Anglo-German Competition on the help to be carried to Emin Pasha and in Uganda.
  • the Kamara, uncles maternal of Samori Touré, take the initiative of the Great Revolt in the name of the defense of the ancestral values against the Moslem imperialism.
  • Creation of the Church of the Baptists Duala with the Cameroun.
  • Creation of the Church of Autochtones Baptists of the Nigeria.
  • Great ox epizooty in the the Sahel (1888 - 1894).
  • Epizooty, epidemics of Cholera and Variola, Famine in East Africa (1888-1892).

America

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See also: 1888 in Canada

  • 11 - March 14th: The Grand blizzard of 1888 paralyzes the Atlantic coast of the the United States and the Canada.

  • May 13rd, Brazil: The princess Isabelle sign the law “Áurea” which abolishes the Esclavage completely.
    • Of many slaves becomes farm laborers, which presents financing problems to the fazendeiros . The labor is reduced and of the grounds are given in share-cropping. Many Blacks suffer from the hunger. The production of Café falls. The old area coffee-plantation of the valley of the Paraiba becomes a cattle-rearing area. A new area coffee-plantation, founded on free labor, mainly of European origin, develops around São Paulo.
  • June 13rd: The Congrès of the United States creates an National office of work, following the great strikes of 1886. It depends on the Minister of Interior Department and will become a ministry with whole share in 1913.
  • June 25th, the United States: Republican Convention, joined together with Chicago (Illinois) chooses Benjamin Harrison like candidate of the Republican party for the presidential election of November.
  • July 5th: Antonio Guzmán Blanco, president of Venezuela, is driven out by a coup d'etat at the time of one of its frequent voyages in Europe. The doctor Juan Pablo Rojas Paúl has been the first president of the Venezuela elected constitutionally for 50 years.
  • October 1st: Scott Act . The Congress of the United States vote a law prohibiting Chinese immigration with the the United States. With those which challenge the validity of this law in contradiction with the treaty sino-American of 1868 (the Chinese had obtained conditions of immigration similar to those of the Irishmen or Germans), the Supreme court opposes the principle according to which the right to draw aside from the country from abroad is an attribute of the sovereignty which can be yielded by no treaty.
  • November 6th: With the general surprise, Grover Cleveland is beaten by the republican Benjamin Harrison at the time of the presidential with the the United States. The failure of Cleveland is explained by several reasons: it did not know to make apply the federal law to the tariffs of freight of railroads, it was opposed to the financial power of the trusts and alienated the votes of the veterans of the civil war.

Oceania

Asia

  • January 1st: Creation of the KPM ( Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij ), maritime company which ensures the connections between the various islands Indonesia.

  • March 17th: The Sarawak becomes British protectorate.
  • March 20th: Victoire of the British troops on the Tibetans with Mount Lungdo
    • Encouraged by the Treated of Yantai (1876), the Great Britain attacks the Tibet. She runs up initially against the resistance of the army and the population Tibetan. But the Chinese government prohibiting the Tibetans from resisting, the British troops continue their projection. The north of the Sikkim falls under British protectorate.
  • May 1st, Japan: Creation of the Council private of the emperor, directed by the count Ito Hirobumi, released of the presidency of the Council. It is intended to advise the emperor on the development of the future Constitution. It is also in charge with the imperial ordinances, the State of siege and the treaties.
  • May 12th: North Borneo becomes British protectorate.
  • August 13rd: Exile in Algeria of the emperor Nguyễn| Ham Nghi . In Ass, the “black Pavillons” continue the fight against France after the arrest of the emperor Ham Nghi (fine in 1913).

  • Korea: The royal government grants freedom to propagate the Christian religion.
  • the Japan account 39,5 million inhabitants.

The Middle East

  • August 15th, Ottoman Empire: Foundation of the agricultural Bank ( Ziraat Bankası ), charged to compensate for the lack of capital of the agricultural sector and to supplant the many intermediaries and usurers. Actually, it will benefit only the great landowners.
  • October 29th: Internationalization of the Suez Canal. Signature of a treaty with Istanbul on the question of the neutrality of Suez Canal. Last nine powers whose Great Britain and Ottoman Empire confirm freedom to sail for all. The khedive ensures the military security of the channel.

  • the Porte issues an administrative reform in Syria, which is divided into three mussarifats (Damas, Beirut and Jerusalem) subdivided in cazas . Those of Baalbek, Hasbayyah, Rachayya and of the plain of the Bekaa concern Damas. The Lebanon preserves those of Beirut, Saïda, Tyr and Marjayoun. The Akkar is attached to the caza Tripoli. The north of the Palestine is placed under the administration of Beirut, the center and the south depend on the sandjak of Jerusalem.

Europe

  • February 28th: Foundation with Brussels of the Company of Walloon Propaganda. Its objective is to fight against the Flemish claims and to defend the supremacy of French.

  • February: Bismarck refers to the Reichstag with a war on two faces (France and Russia).
  • February 6th: The Reichstag carries at seven years the duration of the military service and to 700  000 the number of the mobilizable soldiers.
  • February 27th: Failure of the negotiations for the renewal of the commercial relations between the France and the Italy. The commercial war between the two countries coincides with the beginnings of a long economic crisis which will have serious consequences for the agriculture of the South (oil, wine, fruit and vegetables). Italian exports to France pass from 405 million liras in 1887 to 170 in 1888 and 116 in 1897. French exports fall from 326 million in 1887 to 156 in 1888, then resist 167 in 1889.
  • March 9th: died of Guillaume I {{er}} of Germany, Frederic III of Germany, his/her son (already sick) succeeds to him the throne but he dies the June 15th.
  • June 12th: international congress of the students for the 800 years of the University of Bologna.
  • June 15th: Guillaume II oldest son of Frederic III of Germany, reaches the throne (fine in 1918). Considering unified Germany, he intends to give to the German people a “historical mission” and to widen his horizon beyond Europe. He supports the partisans of a preventive war against the Russia and supports the Balkan ambitions of the Austria-Hungary.
  • June 20th: The Spanish government of Sagasta institutes the principle of the Jury. This measurement falls under the liberal policy of assertion of the individual guarantees and modernization of the State: the province becomes an only administrative entity; creation of a supreme court.
  • June 25th: set fire to Sundsvall in Sweden.
  • August 12th: Creation in Spain of the general union of the workers (UGT, Union General of los Trabajadores de España ), socialist trade union. With the recognition of the right of association (1887), the labor movement leaves clandestinity.
  • August 31st - November 9th: Assassinations of five prostitutes by Jack the eventror in Whitechapel, popular quarters of London.
  • October 15th: Bremen and Hamburg enters the German Customs union, which completes the process of suppression of the customs inside the empire.
  • October 21st: Birth of the Swiss Socialist party.

  • Victoire of the denominational parties to the elections with the Netherlands (Coalition of the antirévolutionnaires and the catholics).
  • school Law with the Netherlands authorizing the subsidies at the private schools.
  • Opening of the University of Tomsk (founded on May 28th 1878).
  • Francesco Crispi undertakes a series of institutional reforms in Italy. It widens the electorate for the administrative elections, it introduces the administrative courts for the protection of the citizens into their relationship with the public office, it makes approve new a Penal code ( Codice Zanardelli , 1889 ). At the same time, it gives to the foreign politics a more dynamic character.
  • the king d' Italie receives with Rome the emperor of Germany Guillaume II.
  • the Italy enters austro-germano-Rumanian alliance.
  • 296  631 Italians leave the country. In the South, immigration touches 135  000 people, is three times more than in 1861.

  • Foundation of Alusuisse to Neuhausen.

  • the traffic of the Port of London reaches 13 million tons in 1888, in front of Liverpool (10 million), Cardiff (8 million) and Newcastle (5 million).

Austria-Hungary

  • December 30th: Victor Adler reunifies the Austrian labor movement with the Congrès of Hainfeld.

  • István the Tisza presents a reform of the army which unchains nationalist agitation at the Parliament and in the street.
  • Karl Lueger transforms the catholic circle into party of mass (anti-semite).
  • the leader Austrian pangermanist Georg Schönerer is isolated political life. He preached the systematic use of violence, the direct action, the demonstrations of mass in the street to lead to the meeting of all the Germans in only one state and to crush the liberal democracy.
  • Law on the health insurance in Austria.

France

See also: 1888 in France

Chronologies sets of themes

See also: 1888 in science, 1888 in the railroads, 1888 in sport

Religion

  • Dr. William Wynn Westcott and Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers off founds with London the Fraternity the Esoteric Order off the Golden Dawn , known later under the name of Hermetic Order off the Golden Dawn . Under the impulse of Mathers, within the Order a " developed; ring intérieur" rosicrucian, whose members practiced the Théurgie, and who had a considerable influence on the modern thought rosicrucian.
  • Joséphin Péladan and Stanislas de Guaita founds the kabbalistic Ordre of the Rosicrucian brotherhood , of which part Papus made at once. Among the members one will belong to the names passed later to the posterity like Erik Satie and Claude Debussy.

Arts & culture

See also: 1888 in music, 1888 in literature, 1888 with the theater

  • February: Vincent van Gogh settles with Arles in the “yellow house” where he wants to create an association of artists under the name of “Workshop of the South”. It will paint there in particular the Sunflowers and the Room of Vincent .
  • October 14th: With alternative Valence (Spain), of Julio Aparici there Pascual known as “Fabrilo”, Spanish Matador.
  • October: Paul Gauguin joined Vincent Van Gogh with Arles at which it will remain until their argument of the December 23rd, at the time which Vincent van Gogh will cut the ear.

Births in 1888

Death in 1888

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