1885

This page relates to the year 1885 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Africa

January 26th: The Mahdi takes Khartoum and the British general Charles George Gordon is killed. Its death makes it possible to the British strategically to justify their presence in Egypt. The army of help ordered by the Wolseley general turns back without trying to take again the city, then gives up Dongola, its home base. Mahdi works with the constitution of an Islamic State, which extends on the approximate surface from the current Sudan, and establishes its capital with Omdourman, vis-a-vis Khartoum.
February 5th: The Italy NS settle with Massaoua in Érythrée and block the coast. Taking the pretext of the massacre of the explorer Bianchi and requested by Great Britain, the government was determined to act as of December 1884.
February 17th: Dar be-Salaam is occupied by the Germans, who establish a protectorate on 140 000 km ² with the Tanganyika.
February 23rd: Final act of the Congress of Berlin on the Division of Africa.

the Conférence of Berlin recognizes the sovereignty of the king of the Belgians Léopold II, on the State independent of Congo, with personal capacity. It is authorized to integrate the Katanga into it.
the Great Britain makes recognize its rights on the Côte of Gold and the Nigeria (1885-1890).
the act implicitly recognizes the claims of France on the Top and Average Niger.

February 26th: Enclose Conférence of Berlin.
February 27th: Bismarck grants a charter to the Deutsche Ost Afrikanische Gesellschaft .
March 23rd: treaty of protectorate enters the commander of the colony of Obock Lagarde and the chief Issas. French companies settle with Djibouti and Tadjourah.
March 31st: The Betchouanaland (Botswana) becomes British protectorate (fine in 1966).
June 1st: Treaty enters the Great Britain and the Sokoto.
June 6th: The British establish a protectorate on the districts which skirt the course of Niger.
June 21st: By decree, French protectorate on the Tunisia will be exerted by the general resident who will control the Bey.
June 22nd: Died of the Mahdi under mysterious conditions. His/her son and lieutenant ( Khalifa ) Abd Allah (Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, 1846 - 1899) seize the power, maintain the unit of Sudan, beat the Ethiopian ones but cannot invade Egypt.
June: First fixings between Samori Touré and French troops with Niagassola on left bank of the Niger. The French of the commander Combes must fold up themselves. Samori conducts a campaign against the kingdom of Kenedugu, and besieges its capital Sikasso for fifteen months. It must raise the seat in 1887 after having sudden heavy losses.
June - July: Beginning of the Islamic insurrection with the Senegal of Mamadou Lamine Drama.
July 6th: Inauguration of the railway line Dakar-Saint-Louis of Senegal.
August 7th: A German squadron directed by Karl Paschen accosts with Zanzibar and nap the sultan to recognize German protectorate on the continent.

Blockade of Zanzibar by the Germany, the Great Britain and the Italy. Germany occupies the coast of the Tanganyika and Great Britain the coast of the Kenya, while maintaining the authority virtual of the sultan.

September 6th: The lieutenant Davoust takes the command of the drain-hole Niger and descends the river until Diafarabé, between Ségou and Mopti.
September 16th: Departure of the forwarding of Jules Borelli with the Kaffa, in Ethiopia (end in November 1888).
October: Massacre missionaries Anglicans with the Bouganda (James Hannington is killed on October 29th). “Wars of religion” between catholics, Protestants and Moslems with the Bouganda (1885 - 1892).
December 17th: The queen Ranavalona III sign a treaty of alliance and protectorate with the France, which recognizes to him the title of queen of Madagascar and the quality of tutor of the island for the foreign relations. The France receives in exchange bay of Diego-Suarez, the islands Nossi-Be and of Sainte-Marie.

the British occupy Zeilah and Berbera, appendices with the British Somalia.
Serpa Pinto reaches the Zambezi.
Forwarding Hermenegildo Capelo and Roberto Ivens with the Katanga.
the Chokwe, people living in the center of the current Angola, invade the country Lounda Katanga then are driven back in 1887 (Guerre of the wood arrow). The country becomes a Belgian protectorate.
Rabah is Master of a territory corresponding to the Eastern half of current the Central African Republic.

The Middle East

Fall, Arménie: foundation with Van of the revolutionary party Armenakan, intended to organize Armenian resistance vis-a-vis persecutions turco-Kurdish.

Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz takes the direction of the German military mission with Istanbul, charged to form a modern army.

Asia and Indian sub-continent

14 - February 15th: Success of the admiral Billhook and his 25 000 men on the China with the Combat of Shipu. The Chinese troops are overcome by the French forces which take Ningbo and seize the islands Pescadores.
February 28th: End of the Head office of Tuyen Quang.
March 28th: Abandonment of Lạng Sơn, taken in February, by the French.

March 30th, Afghanistan: Occupation of Pendjeh by the Russians who inflict a defeat cuisante with the Afghans with Ak Tepe. The event causes an serious attack between the Russia and the the United Kingdom.

April 18th: Treaty of Li-Ito (or Tianjin) by which the Japan and China withdraws their troops of Korea and decides to notify any intervention mutually.
June 9th: By the second Treated of Tianjin, China gives up its sovereignty on the Vietnam where Paris has from now on the freehands and can exert its protectorate. Moreover, the French obtain the free trade in southernmost China. End of the Franco-Chinese War. The Protectorat French on the Tonkin is recognized by the China and France gives up the conquest of Taiwan.
June 26th: With the third treaty of Tianjin, China opens new ports, of which Nankin, with the foreign trade. France and the United Kingdom are authorized to open legations with Beijing.

August 29th: Russo-British agreement on the delimitation of the Afghan border. The Russians preserve the town of Pendjeh, but the Afghans keep the Passe of Zulficar.
October 12th: Liu Mingchuan becomes the first governor of Taiwan (fine on June 4th 1891), which becomes a Chinese province (or 1887, end in 1895).
October 22nd: Beginning of the third war anglo-Burmese. British ultimatum with the sovereign of High-Burma after this one confiscated the goods of the Bombay Birma Company . The French refuse their assistance with the Burmeses.
November 28th: Ten thousand British occupy Mandalay, capital of the High-Burma. The following day, the king Thibaw Min is sent in exile and the Burma is annexed to the empire of the Indies on January 1st 1886.
December 22nd: A Prime Minister, Hirobumi Itō, is named by the emperor of the Japan. Creation of an interdependent cabinet. The State adopts a system of government to the Occident ale.
December 28th: Foundation with Bombay of the Indian National congress ( National Indian Congress ) by liberal Indians strongly anglicized, on the initiative of a British, Allan Octavian Hume, reprocessed Civil Indian Service . At the origin a club of discussion for gentlemen, meeting once per annum, it will play a leading role like promoter of the Nationalisme. Its claims relate on the widening of the participation of the Indians and to other questions of economic order. The leaders Surendranath Banerjea and Pherozeshah Mehta have as an key objective to influence the British opinion.

the sultanate of Johor is the last State Malayan to be placed under the protection of the British crown.
Revolt with Saigon, Bình Thuận and Phú Yen (1885 - 1886).
Insurrection of Kampot to the Kampuchea (1885 - 1887).
Construction of the railway line of Delhi at the Afghan border.
Commercial treaty enters France and the Burma.
agricultural Serious attack in Indonesia. Diseases reach the plantations of The and Café (whose value of exports falls from 59,9 million guilders in 1880 at 19,7 in 1885). The prices crumble because of competition. Many individual businesses, already strongly involved in debt, are reduced to the bankruptcy. The solutions with the crisis require investments (modernization, construction of railways). It is carried out a movement of concentration in the economy.

Oceania

New Zealand: American the Mary Leavitt, representing Christian female League of temperance , visit the country and bases fifteen antennas of the movement on the New Zealand territory.
April: The Germany takes the control of the Solomon of North (fine in 1900).

Americas

The United States

February: Burden with the New Yorkean workmen of the clothes industry (riot of the bread and butter). They obtain pay rises and a reduction of the daily schedules. Burden with tisseuses with carpet with Yonkers following the dismissal the adherent ones of the Chevaliers with work.
February 26th: The Congress of the United States vote the Contract Labor Act under the pressure of the Knights of the work, which prohibits the recruitment of foreign workers under contract. From now on, the employers in evil of labor will not be able to pay any more the voyage of candidates to immigration.
March 4th: Beginning of the democratic presidency of Grover Cleveland with the the United States (fine in 1889). With 219 votes against 182 in Blaine, Grover Cleveland is the first democrat elected since Buchanan (1856). It can be based on the Congress where the democrats obtained the majority in 1882. It incarnates initially the party of the decent people, then that of the victims of the customs protection.
June 19th: The Statue of Freedom of the French sculptor Frederic Bartholdi, given by the France to the the United States, arrives at New York.
September 2nd: Massacre of 28 Chinese minors with Rock Springs (Wyoming) by White.

the organized labor decides that the 1 {{er}} May 1886 (day of the renewal of the beams) would be one day of general strike and petition in favor of the eight hours day.
By combining the coach and the cooled warehouse, the butcher Gustavus Swift sets up the first food company of national scale, Swift & Company .
First building with metal structure with Chicago ( Home Insurance Building of William LeBaron).
the Knights of work, organization founded in 1869, then count more 100 000 members. He denounce “the alarming development and the threats of the large capitalists” and are in favor of the nationalization of the telegraphs, the telephones and the railroads. They will mark the American labor movement until the end of the century.

Europe

January 7th, Russia: Beginning of the strike of the workmen of the cotton of the factories Morozov with Orekhovo-Zouevo (72%).
January 26th: The heroic death of the general Gordon Pasha who defended Khartoum against the mahdi with ridiculous troops upsets England and is one of the causes of the fall of Gladstone in June.
5 - April 6th: Creation of the left working Belgian.
May 1st, Greece: The chief of the party progressist, Charilaos Trikoupis, with the capacity since 1880, is beaten with the elections because of his attitude too considered reconciling towards the foreigner.
June 4th, Spain: Praxedes Mateo Sagasta form the liberal party whose program articulates around the reform of the Constitution of 1876 and of the recognition of diarchie the Cortes - king as agent of national sovereignty.
June 14th: Beginning of the preserving ministry of the Robert Cecil, marquis de Salisbury, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (fine in 1886). Randolph Churchill takes part in the government.

the Irish party for the Home Rule of Parnell monnaye its supports with the conservatives, more inclined to make concessions than the liberals, which gives access to them the capacity.

June 29th: New rehandling of the government Depretis in Italy.
August 14th: The British Parlement adopts a Land bill which widens the possibilities for the Irishmen of buying grounds.
August 17th: The duke of Richmond becomes the first secretary for the Scotland.
September 18th: The principality of Bulgaria increases Eastern Roumélie at the conclusion of a rising started from Konaré close to Plovdiv. After having driven out the governor of Roumélie Eastern, the president of the provisional government proclaims Alexandre Ier prince of thePlain ones.
November 14th: Beginning of the serbo-Bulgarian War following the annexation by the Bulgaria of the Eastern Roumélie (end the March 3rd 1886). The Serbia, worries about the appearance of a new Slavic hearth in the area, invades Bulgaria, but is demolished. Austria calls with the International Conference holding to endorse the new situation.
December 25th: Died of Alphonse XII of Spain, which leaves a posthumous heir, Alphonse XIII (born the May 17th 1886), under the regency of its wife Marie-Christine de Teschen. The two great parties conclude the Pacte from Pardo, which bases the political life on the two-party system and alternation in the conciliation (the change of government precedes the elections; it is due to an agreement between the parties, the pactism). The liberal party of Praxedes Mateo Sagasta control surface until in 1890.

Foundation of the popular catholic party in Hungary.
In Romania, Ion Brătianu denounces austro-Rumanian convention and adopts a protectionist policy.
Reinforcement of Russianization in Poland: Russian is obligatory in the elementary schools, except for the courses of Polish and catechism.
Project of Home Rule concerning the Ireland.

France

Chronologies sets of themes

Arts & culture

September 13rd: With Seville (Spain), alternative first of Handbook García Cuesta known as “El Espartero”, Spanish Matador. He will take one second time the alternative the October 11th according to.
October 11th: Alternative second of Handbook García Cuesta known as “El Espartero”, Spanish Matador. He had taken a first alternative to Seville the preceding September 13rd.

In Holland, Vincent Van Gogh painted potato Eaters .
Ivan IV murderer of his son and the Refusal of the confession, paintings of Répine.
Construction of the monument with Victor-Emmanuel (Vittoriano) with Rome (1885 - 1911).

Economy & company

Foundation with the the United Kingdom of To raise Bros. , ancestor of the multinational Unilever .
Italy: The loan is subscribed in Italy and either abroad. The State assigns a credit of 53 million liras for ten years to the shipyards and the merchant navy.
Hungary: The production of Vin, which reached 4,5 million hl in Hungary before 1885, fell with 1 130 000 hl following the crisis of the Phylloxéra, to go back to 3 190 000 worms 1900.
Greece: To finance its policy of great work, Charilaos Tricoupis called upon the foreign assets, especially British. The refunding of the debt reaching half of the public revenues, the foreign and Greek bankers required the creation of a Bank of State and a control on the future of the country.
Russia: Abolition of capitation (general effect at January 1st 1887). Prohibition of the night-work of the women and the teenagers. Bank of the nobility. The ground sales of the nobility do not cease.
Swiss: Legislation on alcohol at the Parliament: the Confederation obtains the alcohol monopoly. Burden with the cabinetmakers with Lausanne.

Births in 1885

January 3rd: Sylvie (Louise Sylvain), French actress.
January 1st: Alice Paul, American feminist († July 9th 1977)
February 7th: Sinclair Lewis, American writer.
February 9th: Alban Berg, type-setter († 1935).
February 14th: Ernest Pérochon, French writer, Price Goncourt 1920 († 1942).
February 21st: Sacha Guitry, writer and realizer French († 1957).
February 24th

Witkacy, philosopher, lampoonist, painter, photographer and novelist Polish († September 18th 1939)
Chester William Nimitz, American admiral.

March 10th: Pierre-Jules Baker, inventor of the Citroen 2CV († 1950)
April 12th: Robert Delaunay, French painter († 1941).
May 26th: Gaston Baty, man of Theater
June 5th: Georges Mandel, French politician († 1944)
June 20th: Alan Riverstone McCulloch, Australian zoologist († September 1st 1925)
July 4th: Louis B. Mayer, producer, states-unien of Russian origin, († 1957).
July 5th: Andre Lhote, French painter († 1962).
July 19th: Aristides de Sousa Mendes, Portuguese consul († 1954).
August 27th: Georg Pabst, German realizer.
September 9th: Paul Henckels, German actor. († May 27th 1967).
September 11th: D.H Lawrence, writer ( Lady Chatterley's Lover ) († 1930).
September 22nd: Erich von Stroheim, actor, scenario writer and realizer († 1957).
October 7th: Niels Bohr (Danish physicist) († 1962).
October 11th: François Mauriac, French writer († 1970).
November 2nd: Harlow Shapley, American astrophysicist († 1972).
November 14th: Sonia Terk-Delaunay, painter Ukrainian.

Death in 1885

: Sidney Gilchrist Thomas engineer British (° 1850)
May 22nd: Victor Hugo, novelist and playwright French (° February 26th 1802).
July 23rd: Ulysses S. Grant, President of the United States (° 1822).
July 15th: Rosalía of Castro, écrivan and Galician poetess (Galicia)
July 29th: Henri Milne Edwards, zoologist French (° 1800).
October 14th: Thomas Davidson, British paleontologist (° 1817).
November 16th: Louis Riel, Father of the Manitoba, Canada (° 1844).
November 18th: Theo van Lynden van Sandenburg, politician Dutch (° 1826).

Beats-smg: 1885 Be-X-old: 1885 Map-bms: 1885 Simple: 1885 Zh-yue: 1885 年

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