1881

This page relates to the year 1881 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Africa

  • February 27th: The Boers demolish the army British with the Bataille of Majuba Hill. Died of the general George Pomeroy Collie.
  • March 23rd: Peace treaty enters Boers and the British.
  • March 29th: Promulgation of the Code of the 305 articles with Madagascar. It created eight ministries (Interior, foreign affairs, army, Laws, Justice, Industry, Finances and State education), institutes obligatory schooling, reorganizes the army and the administration.
  • June 29th: With the Sudan, Mohamed Ahmed ibn Abd Allah, originating in Dongola, proclaims the Mahdi (the saver) and preaches against the Turks. It has with the beginning of some partisans and weapons jet, but the success which it gains near the abandoned Egyptian garrisons in Sudan reinforces its troops and its armaments. It conquers all the country of 1881 with 1884. Its revolt wakes up for the first time a national conscience in Sudan.
  • June: The French settle with Obock.
  • August 3rd: The the United Kingdom recognizes the independence of the Transvaal under the suzerainty of principle of the British crown to the convention of Pretoria.

Western Africa

  • February 26th: Law granting the appropriations allowing the beginning of the construction of the railroad between Kayes and Niger, completed in 1904.
  • March 21st: Gallieni joined with Kita the column ordered by the lieutenant-colonel Borgnis-Desbordes, commander military of the High-River, which will subject thereafter the area located between the Senegal and the Niger .éral George Pomeroy Colley.
  • Mars: Samori Touré takes Kankan after nine months of seat. It meets for the first time the French troops on left bank of Niger. After the fall of Kankan, the State de Samori Touré evolves to an Islamic theocracy (1880 - 1886).

  • Beginning of the reign of Hachem, sultan of the Bornou (1881 - 1893).
  • the Fouta-Toro passes under French protectorate: the colonel Brière of Isle, governor of the Senegal, obtains the tender of the almani Lord-Baba-Lih, which reigns on the littoral of current the Senegal.
  • Rising of Lat Dior with the Senegal (fine in 1885).
  • Insurrection of the Baoulé in Ivory Coast (fine in 1902).
  • Creation of the Company of Senegal (French Company of Western Africa).
  • General Hamites Economy , lampoon recommending the creation of independent Christian Churches to the Nigeria.

The Maghreb

  • February 15th: The colonel Paul Flatters is assassinated by the Touareg with the well of Bir-el-Gharama.
  • March 30th: Incursion of Kroumirs in Algeria.
  • April 4th: Jules Ferry makes vote with the Room of the appropriations to organize a military forwarding against Kroumirs.
  • April 22nd: Assassination of lieutenant Wayne Bruner. The marabout Bou Amana of the Ouled-Sidi-Sheik takes the head of an insurrection in the South Oran board. The calm east restores at the end of a few months.
  • April 24th: French intervention in Tunisia (end in November). An army of 30  000 men passes the border. The Kroumirie is occupied without the Bey giving the order to its regular troops to react.
  • May 12th: Signature with the palate of Ksar Saïd of the Treated of Bardo between the Bréard general and the Bey de Tunis, Sadok Bey, founding the French Protectorate in Tunisia. It is ratified with the room in spite of Clemenceau and thanks to Jules Ferry. The bey is maintained in his functions but must accept the nomination at his sides of a general resident.
  • May 13rd: Theodore Roustan is named minister resident in Tunis (fine in 1882).
  • June 18th: Moslem insurrection, encouraged by the marabouts sanoussi which proclaim the Djihad with Sfax, Gabès and Kairouan, repressed July at October by a French task force of 50  000 men. The dissidents subject themselves without much resistance at the end of November. Only, in the extreme south, some tribes remain in war until in 1883.
  • October 10th: Occupation of Tunis by the troops Frenchwoman.
  • November 26th: Louis Tirman is named general governor of the Algérie (fine in 1891).

  • Of 1881 with 1891, the network of the Algerian railroads passes from 1373 to 2861 km.
  • agricultural Revolution in Algeria. Creation of the vineyard.

Americas

See also: 1881 in Canada

The United States

  • Beginnings of work of the railway line connecting Atlanta to the Alabama.

Latin America

Oceania

  • November 2nd: Annexation of the Islands Gambier and the islands Tuamotu with the France.

Asia & Indian Sub-continent

  • January 16th - January 24th: The stronghold of Geok-Tepe (area of Merv) is the last territory of the Turkménistan to be passed under Russian domination, by making 150  000 victims turkmenes.
  • February 12th (February 24th of the Calendar Julien): Treaty of Saint-Pétersbourg between the Russia and the China. Russia restores the area of the Ili which it occupies since 1871, but removes from vast territories in the west of the river Khorgos is more 70  000 km ². Russia is authorized to establish consulates with Turfan and Suzhou.
  • March 25th: The State of Mysore, in India is returned to its legitimate sovereign, Chamaraja Wodeyar.
  • August 26th: The British North Borneo (Chartered) Company is authorized by a royal charter to manage the area.
  • September: Beginning of the war between the China and the France for the control of the Ass.
  • October: The Japanese statesman Itagaki Taisuke founds the Jiyuto , liberal party, which claims the extension of the civic rights, the equality of all in front of the law and a constitutional mode.

  • a military mission Korea is not sent to Tokyo to study the means of modernizing the country. Japanese officers are charged to inform the Korean army on the spot.
  • “Holy war” against the Dutchmen in the North-West of Sumatra (1881 - 1908).
  • Revolt with Bali and Lombok (1881 - 1894).
  • the India account 253,9 million inhabitants.

the Middle East

  • March 15th: The assassination of the tsar Alexandre I {{er}} of Russia east followed first wave of Pogrom S against the Juifs in the Russian Empire. It is the beginning of the first wave of Jewish immigration ( aliya or alyah ), of the Jews come from Russia, Romania, and from the Yemen come to settle in Palestine. The populations are dealt with by the Alliance Jew and are directed towards agricultural colonies financed by Edmond de Rothschild (Rishon LeZion, Zichon Yaakov, Rosh Pina).
    • the day before the first wave of European refugees, the Jewish population of Palestine is estimated at 20  000 people. The sultan does not authorize the immigrants to be settled (except in Palestine) only provided that they become prone Othomans. Moreover the additional ground sale is prohibited to the colonists who are already installed in Palestine.
  • June: Midhat Passed, named in Syria on the pressure of the British after his resignation in 1878, it is condemned to death, then pardoned by the Othoman sultan who shows it to be interfered with the assassination Abdülaziz in 1876. It is exiled with Taef.
  • September 21st: Treated of Akhal. The Perse recognizes the annexation of the Khwarezm by the Russian Empire.
  • September, Egypt: Nationalist rising led by Arabi Pasha against the khedive Tawfiq, submitted to Europeans (end in 1882). Gathered in the patriotic Party, the Egyptian officers claim the end of the monopoly of the turco-circassiens on the high positions of the State. After the arrest of the nationalist leader Arabi Pasha, regiments are mutinent and forced Tawfiq to form a new government (September 14th). The powers, except for the France which fears repercussions in Tunisia, require an Othoman military intervention.
  • October: Eliezer Ben-Yehuda settles with Jerusalem and renews the use of the Hebrew .

  • the chief of the Kurdish revolt `Ubayd Allah is captured and imprisoned with Istanbul.
  • Creation of a commission of the Othoman national debt. The administration of the debt will control nearly 30% of the public revenues. It guarantees the Othoman loans on the European stock exchange places.
  • Of the nationalist wall cupboards calls the Arab populations with the revolt against the Othoman authority with Beirut, Baghdad, Damas, Alep. At the same time, their ideas on the Arab caliphate are taken up by Wilfrid Scawen Blunt which publishes The Rupture off Islam .

Europe

  • April 7th: British the Prime Minister William Gladstone grants the Act Land to the Ireland. After having made adopt laws of coercion, Gladstone obtains the vote of an agrarian law which answers waitings of the Land League : correct rent, maintains lease as long as the rent is paid, freedom to sell its right of occupation with a third.
  • April 22nd: Dimitrie Brătianu is named Prime Minister of Romania (fine the June 21st).
  • May 12th: France, of which the troops entered to Tunisia the April 24th, sign with the bey the Traité of Bardo. The event causes strong reactions in Italy, which enjoys in Tunisia, thanks to an important Italian community (30  000 people), of a privileged situation.
  • May 22nd: The Romania is set up in kingdom. Carol Ier of Romania becomes king de Roumanie (fine in 1914). It designates as heir his nephew Ferdinand de Hohenzollern.
  • May 29th: The president of the Italian Council Benedetto Cairoli resigns and Depretis succeeds to him. It controls without interruption until its death in 1887.
  • May: The Roumanians of Transylvania, of the Banat, the Maramureş and the Crişana found a Parti national Rumanian with the Conference Sibiu which claims the autonomy of Transylvania, legality of the rights and the free use of the language.
  • June 7th, the United Kingdom: Foundation of the social democrat Federation (SDF) by Henry Hyndman.
  • June 18th: Treaty of the “three emperors” (Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia) confirming the system bismarckien insulation of the France (fine in 1887). The central Empires begin not to be opposed to the constitution of a Bulgaria plain and independent.
  • June 28th: Austro-Serb alliance with Milan (fine in 1895). Secret agreement signed between the emperor of Austria and the prince of Serbia, which commits itself prohibiting any Serb propaganda in the Empire against the Austrian promise to recognize its rights on the valley of the Vardar.
  • July 2nd: A gréco-Turkish commission installation by the Congrès of Berlin defines the border between the two countries and grants to the Greece the districts of Volos, Larissa, Trokhala located at north, and the empire Ioannina.
  • July 13rd: Serious incidents anticlericals disturb the transport of the body of the pope Pie IX of Saint-Pierre with Saint-Jean-of-Lateran.
  • October 27th: Retreat of the conservatives to legislative in Germany. The three conservative parties lose 10% with the profit of the progressists and the liberals. The Center becomes the first party while social democracy gains seats. Weakening of the party national-liberal (17% of the voices to the Reichstag). The left progressist ( Fortschristtspartei ), adversary of Bismarck, obtains the same score.

  • nonwell informed or unknown Dates :
    • Spain: Pidal Món creates there the union Catholique ( Unión Católica ), which aims at bringing back the Carlistes in preserving mobility.
    • the Hungarian government takes the control of the police force by replacing the pandours departments, become obsolete, by gendarmes equipped with capacities extended in the campaigns.
    • Creation in moderate Hungary of the Opposition party composed of conservatives.
    • the Croatia is officially associated with the Slavonie. Vis-a-vis the Hungarian policy of magyarisation, the Croatian nationalists propose to transform monarchy into unit triple monarchy, Austrian-Hungarian woman-Croatian, but without meeting any echo.
    • Foundation in Italy of the party of the workers ( Partido Operaio italiano ) by Andrea Costa in Romagna and of the newspaper the Avanti! . It obtains two seats with the elections of 1882.

  • Given economic :

    • the United Kingdom: From 1801 to 1881, the number of servants passed from 600  000 with 2  000  000 of the fact primarily of the access to the richness and even to the opulence of a middle-class.
    • urban Development in Italy: from 1881 with 1911, population of the communes of more than 20  000 inhabitants passes from 23,7 to 31,3% and the population of Milan, Turin, Genoa, Naples and Rome from 5 to 7,7%.
    • 9506 km of railroad to Italy.
    • Trade agreement between Italy and France.
    • December: Census: 28,4 million inhabitants in Italy.
    • Law of industrialization in Austria-Hungary.
    • Great work in Romania (railroads, roads, bridges, channels, fortifications).
    • Modernization of the Greece under the influence of Charilaos Trikoupis (1881 - 1895).

France

See also: 1881 in France

Russia

Dates of the Calendar Julien.

  • January 28th: Reform project of Loris-Melikov: association limited elected representatives of the zemstvos and Dumas to the examination of the bills.

  • March 1st: Assassination of the tsar Alexandre II of Russia in Saint-Pétersbourg by the narodniki . He had just given his approval to the reform projects of the count Loris-Melikov. Beginning of the reign of tsar Alexandre III of Russia (fine in 1894).
  • April 29th: Alexandre III affirms his attachment with the autocracy. Resignation of the liberal ministers Melikov and Milioutine.
  • secret New font, “sections of protection of the order and safety”.
  • Spring-be: First wave of Pogroms against the Jewish , shown assassination of the tsar, with Elisavetgrad, Kiev and Odessa. Organization of the movement Zionist Hibbat Zion (love of Sion).
  • August 14th: Law allowing to impose a state of siege of severity variable.
  • December 28th: Law making the repurchase obligatory for the million country fires remained under the statute of the temporary dependence. Reduction in the annual installments of repurchase.

Swiss

  • the people accepts a law granting of the subsidies to the railroads of the Alps; the construction of the line of the Gothard is thus ensured.

  • Switzerland carries out its first phone conversations.
  • has Saint-Gall, of the British students found the first football club of the country.
  • Johanna Spyri publishes Heidi and Heidi grows.

Chronologies sets of themes

See also: 1881 in science, 1881 in the railroads, 1881 in sport

Arts & culture

See also: 1881 in music, 1881 in literature, 1881 with the theater

  • Pierre Puvis de Chavannes painted the poor fisherman who will have a strong influence on a whole Symbolist generation and anti-impressionist.
  • Russia: Paintings of Répine ( portrait of Moussorgski ), of Sourikov ( the Morning of the execution of the strelty ), of Alexandre Makovski ( banking Crash ).

Births in 1881

Death in 1881

Beats-smg: 1881 Be-X-old: 1881 Map-bms: 1881 Simple: 1881 Zh-yue: 1881 年

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