1864

This page relates to the year 1864 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Africa

  • February 12th: Ahmadou Tall, wire of El Hadj Omar, becomes king of Ségou (fine in 1895). It does not have the means of coming to end from the revolts carried out by the Peuls from Macina and by the Bambara. It resists the colonial occupation before being driven out by the French who restore the dynasty of the Diara (1890).

  • February 18th: The forwarding of Magus - Quintin reached Ségou.
    • Faidherbe, governor of the Senegal, to tie commercial relationship and to seek the shortest road between the basins of Senegal and the Niger, sends the lieutenant Eugene Mage and the Dr. Quintin to Ségou, which they reach the February 18th and leave the May 6th 1866. Magus gives the first detailed description of the empire Toucouleur of Ségou in his Voyage to Western Sudan , published in 1868. But the mission does not give concrete results.
  • March 14th: Arrival of the forwarding of Samuel Baker, sent by the Khedive, until the Lake Albert.
  • June 29th: Samuel Ajayi Crowther, first bishop black Anglican of the Nigeria, is devoted in the Cathédrale of Canterbury.
  • July 14th, Madagascar: The Prime Minister Raharo is reversed by his brother Rainilaiarivony without meeting opposition (end in 1895). Rainilaiarivony marries the queen Rasoherina. As he is commoner, the class of noble is hostile and foments several plots against him for him.

  • military Failure of the Dahomey vis-a-vis the Egba of Abeokuta.

  • Died of the Brazilian slave trader Domingo Jose Martins, which leaves a fortune of 163 million reis. The king of the Dahomey Glèlè yields to France Cotonou, old stronghold of Martins (1868).
  • With died of Sébitouané, chief of the Kololo, all Kololo males are massacred the same day by the prince Lozi Silola, and the kingdom Lozi (Barotsé in current Zambia) is restored.
  • the Sotho, pastors alive between the Limpopo and the town of Orange, are decimated by a war carried out by the Afrikaners against the free State of Orange. Rifles with stones which Sotho got near Arab merchants and thanks to smuggling boer cannot compete with the European armament. Sotho however continue to be armed while making pay out of rifles their work the railway sites, in order to resist Afrikaners.
  • Forwarding of the German naturalist Schweinfurth with Hadendoa with the Sudan (1864 - 1866).
  • Epidemic of variola in the estuary of the Gabon and in Angola (1864 - 1865).
  • Introduction of cotton to the Sudan (Gezirah). The incomes which it will produce will make it possible to finance of the modern infrastructures (railroad, telegraph, navigation with vapor on the Nile) and to avoid Khartoum mosques and schools.

The Maghreb

  • May: Arab insurrection in Algeria, tender of rebels in June. The Ouled Sidi-Sheik revolt. The son of Sidi Hamza, If-Slimane, with the assistance of his/her uncle If-Lala, raises the populations of the South-Oranian.
  • June 22nd: Death in Algiers of the marshal Pleasant Pélissier (70 years), general governor of Algeria.
  • September 8th: The marshal Mac-Mahon is named governor of Algeria (fine in 1870). He cannot restore the calm one, because the revolted tribes find refuge with the Morocco. The troops taken in Algeria, in particular the Foreign legion, for the war with the Mexico and prohibition to continue the rebels in Morocco return the pacification of the difficult South-Oranian. The insecurity reigns until in 1880.
  • October 2nd: The Algerian rebels are beaten by the general Jolivet.

  • Tunisia: Revolt carried out by Ali Ben Ghedhahem to the beginning of the year. Suspension of the Constitution of 1861 under the pressure of the conservatives. The reformers cannot be pressed on the European consuls, who regard as ineffective the political reforms without economic opening. The popular discontent is transformed into revolt at the period of collection of the taxes (revolt of the Kroumirs and the populations of the Tunisian South). The movement is spread, regarding the new taxes and the new legislation as nonin conformity with the Koranic regulations. The reformers are isolated capacity.
  • the sultan of the Morocco rule the war indemnity to the Spain: 25 million pesetas is paid by the treasure, 15 by the tribes and 10 by means of an English loan. Its call to the solidarity of its subjects the constrained one to create exceptional taxes which are not envisaged by the Koranic tradition.
  • Conference of the Darquawa. Its calls breathe a wild hatred of the French.
  • the French government takes care to quickly francize the Juifs of Algérie. Chief rabbis named by Paris, chosen in the North of France, are sent to Algiers. The Ashkénaze Meïr Charleville, come from Metz, is named Chief rabbi of Oran.

Americas

Canada

The United States

  • Law on the work contracts. It makes it possible the companies to sign contracts with foreign workers Ci those agree to give up 12 months of wages to pay their emigration.
  • the Congress vote a law granting the equal treatment to the black soldiers.

Latin America

  • April 14th: A Spanish fleet seizes the islands Chincha, rich in layers of Guano. The Chile and the Bolivia unite with the Peru against the Spain. Beginning of the hispano-south-American War.

  • May 24th, Mexico: The archduke Maximilien Ier of Mexico unloads with Veracruz after the population of Mexico City decided in favor of the French intervention.
  • April 1st: Manuel Murillo Toro becomes President de Colombie (fine in 1866).
    • Civil war and political instability in Colombia. The presidential mandate is tiny room to two years. Fifteen liberal presidents follow one another between 1864 and 1886. The liberals of Colombia are divided into extremists originating in North, the Golgotas , and in moderated capital, the Draconiens . Their divisions are born anarchy and the insecurity: the provincial governors fight between them, while the civil war makes rage between conservatives and liberals of the two tendencies. The electoral campaign, quasi permanent, contributes to maintain instability.
  • April 10th: The archduke Maximilien is crowned emperor of the Mexico thanks to the French troops (end in 1867).
  • June 12th: Arrival of the Maximilien archduke to Mexico City.
  • November 12th: Beginning of War of triple alliance or First war of Chaco with the Paraguay (fine in 1870). The Paraguay declares the war with the Brésil which supports the Uruguyan revolutionist actively in order to put a term at the alliance of Paraguay and Uruguay. The troops of the president Francisco Solano López invade the Mato Grosso Brésilien (November 12th). The Argentinian , the Uruguay and the Brésil will crush and strip Paraguay, only country or the Indians had managed to preserve their identity. The war of Paraguay made 330  000 victims.
  • December 28th: Coup d'etat in Bolivia. The general Mariano Melgarejo makes deposit Jose María Achá and becomes president (fine in 1871).

  • Victoire of the Nicaragua against the El Salvador: the defeat of the troops of El Salvador directed by Gerardo Barrios puts an end to the war which opposes it since 1863 to the Guatemala, combined in Nicaragua of president Martinez.

  • Conflict between the emperor Pedro II of Brazil, which does not want to let diffuse a pontifical encyclical against freemasonry, and the bishops. After ten years of fights and negotiations, the emperor has the last mot.

Oceania & the Pacific

  • Confiscation of grounds maories in the Northern island of the New Zealand (1864 - 1867). Battles of Spoils Pa (April 29th) and of Te Ranga (June 21st) between Européens and Maoris.
  • May 9th: Arrived of the first convicts in New Caledonia, which is equipped with a penitentiary.
  • August 20th, Hawaii: Kamehameha promulgates a new Constitution, aristocratic and censitaire, enacted under the influence of French Charles de Varigny, who eliminates from the vote the population of American origin.

Asia

  • March 10th: The founder of the Tonghak, Ch' oe Che' U, is carried out in Korea.
  • June 1st, China: Hung Hsiu-ch' üan, chief of the kingdom of heaven of the Taiping, commits suicide by swallowing gold.
  • July 18th: A Chinese army under the command of the British general Charles George Gordon takes again Nankin and puts an end to the rebellion Taiping. Hundred thousand revolted Taiping are killed. In fifteen years of revolt, six hundred cities were destroyed and the number of the victims is estimated at twenty million. Sporadic combat continue until in 1868, but the adventure of Taiping is finished.
  • 5 - September 6th, Japan: Bombardment of Shimonoseki by Western warships. The allied Western troops unload in the port and make jump the ammunition dumps and the fortifications of the city. The Shogun must negotiate peace, by buying it by authorizations of trade, fault of being able to pay the claimed allowances. The movement against the foreigners ends.
  • November: War of Duars enters the Bhutan and the British. Peace is signed the November 11th 1865. Bhutan is constrained to yield territories to the British Indies in exchange of an annual pension.

  • Korea: Taewongun (Taiwon or Daewon-gun), father of the king Gojong still child, seizes the capacity with the support of the Cho queen, declares Christianity out the law, and pushes back the military interventions of the France (1866) and of the the United States (1871). Taewongun tries to eliminate corruption and to restore the prestige of the State.
  • Japan: A Samurai sent by the Daimyô of the Chōshū, Inoue Kaoru (1835 - 1915), which has just gone to England, negotiates with the British to obtain modern weapons against the Shogun and to bring to the capacity the partisans of the emperor.
  • Leon Rock, representing France, settles with Edo.
  • Foundation in India of the fundamentalist movement resulting from the Wahhabisme Ahl-i-Hadith.
  • Indonesia: Law of accountancy, applied in 1867. It provides that the budget for the administration of the Indies Dutchwomen must be voted by the Parliament.

the Middle East

  • Lebanon: revision of the organic Staff Regulations of 1861. Da' ud Pasha is again named governor, by the Porte and the powers (France, the United Kingdom, Italy), for a five years mandate. The central mejlis is maintained with twelve members and a final denominational distribution: four Maronites, three Druzes, two orthodoxe Greeks, a melchite, a sunnite and a métuali.

Europe

  • January 16th, War of the Duchies: The Prussian and Austrian troops drive out the Danes and occupy the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein: Vienna and Berlin requires the abrogation of the unit Constitution of the November 18th 1863 ratifying the separation of the duchies of the Germanic Confédération.
  • January 17th: Napoleon III ruins a British project of intervention in favor of the Denmark, attacked by the Prussia and the Austria.
  • , War of the Duchies: The united troops invade the Schleswig.
  • April 18th: United seize the strengthened lines of Düppel.
  • May 2nd: The prince of Romania Alexandre-Jean Cuza dissolves the Room and subjects to plebiscite a constitutional reform which increases the capacities of the prince and increases the right of vote.
  • May 9th: Danish naval victory with the Battle of Heligoland
  • May 21st: The islands Ioniennes, which formed the République of the Seven-Islands, are attached to the Greece, after the departure of the Britanniques, which controlled them in the form of a Protectorat since 1815.
  • June 20th, War of the Duchies: In front of the successive defeats of its troops, Christian IX of Denmark, which awaits an English and French help vainly, accepts a Russian mediation.
  • August 11th: Victoire of the liberals to legislative in Belgium. It is with the intransigence of the catholic leader Adolphe Dechamps that the liberals owe their return in strength to the Parliament.
  • August 14th: Alexandre-Jean Cuza of Romania makes pass a land reform founded on the abolition of the drudgery and the appropriation of the grounds to the peasants. The peasants corvéables must repurchase their freedom. The land reform relates to 500  000 families which can adapt themselves more than two million hectares. The boyards keep the third of their fields and are immediately compensated by the State with which country refund them in 35 annual installments.
  • September 14th: Convention free - Italy, signed with Paris between France and Italy (by the Visconti-Venosta Foreign Minister), relating to the evacuation of Rome by the French troops and to guarantee the existence of what remains Papal States. Florence becomes capital kingdom of Italy.
    • Florence account 116  000 inhabitants. They will be 146  000 in 1865 and 194  000 in 1870. The new arrivals settle in the center of the city after having driven out the inhabitants of them towards huts of wood and iron of the periphery. A vast campaign of demolition follows, and one decides to cut down the walls of the city, built between 1284 and 1333.
  • September 28th: Marmora becomes president of the Council in Italy.
  • October 30th, War of the Duchies: By the treaty of Vienna, the Denmark yields to the Germanic Confédération the duchies of the Holstein, the Lauenbourg and the Schleswig as well as part of the Jütland, which will be managed by the Prussia and the Austria. The country thus loses the two fifths of its surface.
  • December 8th: Publication of the Encyclique Quanta Cleaned and of the Syllabus . The Pape Pie IX condemns the Libéralisme and the modern society, inspired by the principles of the Lights.
  • December 15th: The prince of Romania makes proclaim the autocéphalie Rumanian Église. The Patriarche of Constantinople will accept it only in 1885.
  • December: Penal code and Civil code inspired by the Code Napoleon in Romania.

  • Legislation limiting the work of the women and children to the the United Kingdom ( Factory Acts of 1864, 1871 and 1878).
  • Romania: adoption of the Metric system, foundation of chambers of commerce.
  • Arctic Forwardings of the Swede Erik Nordensfors (1832 - 1900) in the area of the Spitzberg (1864 - 1873).

Worsen Russian

  • the Polish insurrection is subdued with the beginning of the year and the government of the tsar intensifies his program of Russianization. Polish is abolished like official language and the Russian language introduced into the schools.

  • Progression in the Turkestan: catch of Tchimkent.
  • Creation of the Zemstvo S : assemblies of district elected for three years and gathering three colleges (great landowners, townsmen, peasants), electing in their turn an assembly of province. They manage under the supervision of the administration health, the instruction, transport and the assistances with the economic life.
  • legal Reform (commission Zaroudny): equality in front of the law, independence and irremovability of the judges, juries, Justice of the Peace elected by the zemstvos, courts of district, rooms of justice judging in call.
  • the Russians endeavor to emphasize the Poland, and the country knows a rapid economic progression (industries of coal, iron and steel industry, textile).
  • Multiplication of the private banking in Russia.

France

See also: 1864 in France

Chronologies sets of themes

See also: 1864 in science, 1864 in the railroads, 1864 in sport

Arts & culture

See also: 1864 in music, 1864 in literature, 1864 with the theater

  • Art schools:
    • Oedipus and the Sphinx of Gustave Moreau.
    • Portrait of Manet of Degas.
    • Town of Avray and To remember Mortefontaine of Corot.
    • the French engraver Gustave Doré illustrates the Bible.

Births in 1864

Death in 1864

Beats-smg: 1864 Be-X-old: 1864 Map-bms: 1864 Simple: 1864 Zh-yue: 1864 年

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