1861

This page relates to the year 1861 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Africa

  • January 24th: The forwarding of Speke and Grant towards the Lake Victoria and the White Nile reached Kazeh.
  • March 9th: El Hadj Oumar Tall enters Ségou and makes put at dead its king Ali Diara. It conquers the Royaume will bambara. The Bambara continue all the same the guerilla against the Moslems until French colonization.
  • April 6th: Lord Canning, general governor of British India, separates the territories from Zanzibar and Mascate and Oman.
  • April 18th: French catholic missionaries settle with Ouidah, with the Dahomey.
  • August 15th, Madagascar: Before dying, the queen Ranavalona indicates Rakoto for successor. He takes the name of Radama II.
  • September 12th: Beginning of the reign of Radama II, king of Madagascar (fine in 1863). Thinking of making the happiness of its people by applying the European methods, it dissatisfied the traditional oligarchy, of which the Prime Minister Raharo and his brother, the commander-in-chief Rainilaiarivony.
    • Radama II reopens the island of Madagascar to the catholic and Protestant missionaries and signs of new treaties with the Great Britain and the France: under the name of Charter Lambert (1861) and of Charter Caldwell (1862), it grants privileges exorbitant these two traders.

  • the commercial prince Mohammed Kheir, originating in Dongola, cuts a principality in the area of the White Nile, in particular at the Chilluk, during the Années 1860. In February 1861, it crushes the mek of Chilluk which withdrew the right to him to drive out the elephant on its grounds, burns Kaka and installs a fortress in the vicinity on an island of the White Nile. As the mek of Chilluk refuses to be subjected, it puts at bag and fire its capital Denab, and reigns on the country.
  • Another prince commercial, the Egyptian Muhammad Ahmad Al-Aqqab, thrives in the illicit trade of the slaves to the Sudan.

  • the Peul Masaba goes up on the throne of the kingdom of Noupé. In this area devastated since of the decades by bloody competitions, it establishes its capital with Bida, a military camp, of which it makes not only one true city, but also a commercial crossroads and an artisanal center. It extends its kingdom, controls soon two banks of the Niger on 200 km length and consolidates the establishment peule.

The Maghreb

  • April 23rd: New the Bey de Tunis, Sadok Bey promulgates a constitution which separates the executive powers, legal and legislature. The capacities of the bey are limited, of new courts of justice and a supreme council collaborating at the same time with a Parliament and a supreme court are created.
  • August 15th, Algeria: Died of Sidi Hamza, poisoned by its close relations. The policy of the Arab offices supports the abuses of power of the indigenous chiefs. Playing of the competitions intertribales, the French alternate rewards and brimades. Thus, after the death of Sidi Hamza, named caliph in exchange of his services against the revolts of 1852, its sons are retrogressed with the row of bachaga.

  • Devastations of the Cholera and the Typhus in Algeria. It is estimated that the indigenous population decreases of more than 20% between 1861 and 1872.
  • Morocco: Revolt in the Gharb.

Americas

North America

  • January 3rd: A parliamentary resolution, in the Delaware, condemns the intentions of secession. The State is very divided.
  • January 9th: Secession of the the Mississippi.
  • January 10th: Secession of the Florida.
  • January 11th: Secession of the Alabama.
  • January 26th: Secession of the Louisiana.
  • January 29th:
    • Secession of the Georgia.
    • the Kansas becomes the thirty-fourth state of the American Union.
  • : The Texas decides to subject the secession to a referendum.
  • February 23rd: The referendum of Texas decides the secession.
  • March 2nd: The Congrès proposes (by vote to two thirds of each room) an amendment with the Constitution, intended to guarantee to the States which it will be able to maintain slavery.
  • March 4th:
    • Beginning of the presidency of Abraham Lincoln. Its inaugural speech invites to preserve the union and peace.
    • Raising of the customs tariff in the United States ( Morril Tariff ). The average rate of the customs duties on the imports passes from less than 19% in 1860 to 47% in 1865.
  • March 11th: The first seven confederated States adopt to them constitution.
  • April 12th: Battle of strong Sumter. Beginning of the American Civil War . The engagements, symbolic systems, for Strong Sumter, with Charleston in South Carolina are the first of the war, and put an end to the negotiations.
  • April 17th: The Virginia decides to subject the secession to referendum
  • April 29th: The Maryland decides to remain in the Union, but vote a motion in favor of the States Confédérés, and against the war.
  • May 28th: The governor of the State of the Kentucky proclaims the maintenance in the Union, and neutrality in the war.
  • May 6th: Secession of the Arkansas.
  • May 6th: The Tennessee decides to subject the secession to referendum.
  • May 20th: Secession of the North Carolina.
  • May 23rd: the referendum of Virginia decides the secession.
  • June 8th: The referendum of the Tennessee decides the secession.
  • July 21st: First battle of Bull Run or First battle of Manassas , in Virginia, first of the war. Victoire of confederated which pushes back an invasion of Virginia. They have the advantage until in 1863.
  • July: The the United States set up a Income tax.
  • In August, French princes Joinville (third wire of king Louis-Philippe), his son, the duke of Penthièvre and his two nephews, the duke of Chartres (21 years) and his brother the count of Paris (23 years), unload in America to engage in the army of the Union: the two last are enlisted with the rank of captain like aide-de-camps of the McClellan general.
  • August 10th: victory of Confederated with the Battle of Wilsons Creek for the control of the Missouri.
  • October 21st: victory of Confederated with the Battle of Ball' S Bluff.

  • northerner maritime Blockade to prevent the supply of the South (1861 - 1862).
  • Sending with the Congress of many petitions requiring the emancipation of the slaves between 1861 and 1862.
  • the French soldiers engaged in the rows of the forces Southerners are erased on order of Napoleon III.

Latin America

  • January 1st, Mexico: Benito Juárez takes Mexico City.

  • January 17th: Gabriel García Moreno establishes in Ecuador a theocratic dictatorship.
  • March 2nd: The Spain intervenes in Dominican Republic, which is officially attached to him (fine in 1863).
  • June 15th: Benito Juárez is elected president of the republic of Mexico.
  • July 27th: The France and the the United Kingdom break their diplomatic relations with the Mexico after the decision of the president Benito Juárez to suspend for two years the payment of the interests of the Mexican foreign debt.
  • Argentinian September 17th, : the president Urquiza is reversed by the general Bartolomé Miter, governor of Buenos Aires, which demolishes the troops of the provinces too divided between several caudillos with the Bataille of Pavón. The constitution of 1853 remains in force but does not relate to only any more the the United States of Plata, but becomes the Constitution of the Argentinian République.
  • September 18th, Chile: come to power of the liberals to the Chile. They will keep the capacity until in 1891.
    • Jose Joaquín Pérez is elected president with the Chile (fine in 1871). The mandates of the conservative Joaquin Pérez mark one transitional period between the preserving and liberal order in Chile. Starting from its second mandate, it must make concessions with the liberals, while renonçant with authoritarianism, by establishing freedom of worship and by prohibiting the re-election of the outgoing president at the end of the mandate.
  • October 31st: Like the Mexico does not settle its debts, the France, the the United Kingdom and the Spain decides on a convention for an armed intervention with the Mexico with 9  000 men.
  • December:
    • Unloading with Veracruz of the contigents, but the British and the Spaniards withdraw themselves quickly, leaving only the French, ordered by the admiral Edmond Jurien of the Gravel pit.
    • Beginning of the French forwarding in Mexico (end in February 1867).

Asia and Indian world

  • February 2nd: The French missionary Théophane Vénard, 32 years, dies martyr with the Tonkin.
  • August 22nd: Cixi becomes empress Douairière of China (fine in 1908). Tongzhi, emperor of China (1862 - 1875).
    • the regency of Tongzhi, wire four year old of Cixi, is ensured by its great-uncle, the Prince Gong (1831 - 1898). The foreign powers (the always victorious army) carried out by Charles Gordon help the imperial ones (directed by Li Hongzhang) with subduing the Rébellion Taiping in their providing voluntary, weapons and ammunition.
    • Creation in China of a service of diplomats (the Zongli Yamen ) knowing the techniques and the foreign languages. The old system of relation based on the superiority of Chinese titulature is removed.

  • Demolished Vietnam iens with Ki-Hon vis-a-vis French artillery.
  • Reception with Paris of the ambassadors of the Siam, in Europe.
  • the king Norodom I {{er}} is driven out Kampuchea by a rebellion led by his/her Votha brother. It takes refuge with the Siam.

India

  • March 28th: The Sikkim passes under British protectorate to the treaty of Tumlong, negotiated by Ashley Eden.
  • the Executive council of the viceroy forms a true government been useful by the important administration, the India Civil Service . The only central representative institution, the imperial Legislative council, remains a simple room of recording whose members are named by the viceroy.
  • Financial problems following the Revolt of Cipayes. The military expenditure burdens 1/3 with the budget. One tries to institute an income tax (1861) but the project is abandoned following the disorders which it starts. The debt increases still considerably because of the increase in expenditure which the government of India must discharge each year in London in pounds sterling.
  • Famine in India of North.

Oceania & the Pacific

The Middle East & Arab World

  • June: End of the French forwarding in Syria.

  • June 9th: France obtains Turkey the creation of the province of the Mount-Lebanon, equipped with a certain autonomy and a statute privileged within the Ottoman Empire (fine in 1914). An European commission works out an organic statute which envisages a self government with the hands of a catholic general governor ( mutassarif ), appointed by the Door with the approval of the powers. A council of twenty members, which represents the various denominational communities, will sit at his sides. The Lebanon functions from now on according to its own jurisdiction, worked out by the council, and has local militia. No tribute nor military service is required the Lebanese one by the Door.
  • June 25th: Beginning of the Othoman sultanate of Abdulaziz (fine in 1876).

  • the governor of Khorasan involves the Perse in a conflict with the Turcomans. In 1857, Mirad Mirza makes sequester the turcomans chiefs that it had invited to a banquet, then walk on Merv. On his traces, the governor of Mashhad, Hamza Mirza, takes again the offensive and, in spite of a new victory with Merv, essuie of heavy losses. The Persan prisoners are sold like slave through all the Central Asia.

Europe

  • January 1st: creation of the battalion of the pontifical Zouaves.

  • January 2nd: Beginning of the reign of Guillaume Ier of Prussia.
  • January: The Rumanian leaders of Transylvania, joined together with Sibiu, claim the recognition as “a nation” and the equal rights, in particular the use of their language.
  • February 13rd: End of the Head office of Gaete.
  • February 18th: An Italian Parliament meets in Turin and proclaims Victor-Emmanuel II “King d' Italie by the grace of God and the will of the Nation”.
  • February 26th: License of February: return to the centralism in Austria. Installation of the Parliament of Vienna. Reichsrat, reorganized, becomes an institution on double level, with a narrow representation (Austrian countries) and a widened representation (with the Hungary).
    • Statute of autonomy of the Austrian Poland (Cracow, Galicie and Lodomérie). The liberal climate which reigns there in fact the refuge of the Poles who fight for the rebirth of their country.
  • February 27th: The Russian army opens fire on a hostile demonstration with Warsaw, in Poland, causing a massacre.
  • March 3rd: The tsar Alexandre II abolishes the Servage in Russia. The 20 million serfs of the private fields is released, with many restrictions: tender with the new framework of the rural district, temporary dependence with the lord until the repurchase of the conceded grounds (whose surface quickly proves insufficient), maintenance of a system of Community possessions and periodic redistribution of the grounds. The incomplete character of the reform is denounced (Herzen and Ogarev in the Kolopol , Tchernychevski in the Contemporary ).
  • March 14th: Victor-Emmanuel II, king of Piedmont-Sardinia, is proclaimed king of Italy.
  • March 17th: Government Cavour in Italy.
  • April 12th, Russia: Repression of the rising of Bezdna, in the province of Kazan, where the peasants immediately claim freedom and the grounds. Their leader Anton Petrov is carried out.
  • May 14th: Dialog enters the France and the the United Kingdom on the American Civil war. The June 10th, France and the United Kingdom proclaim to them “ strict neutrality ” in the American civil war.
  • June 6th: Bettino Ricasoli becomes president of the Council in Italy with died of Camillo Cavour.
  • September-October: Agitation coed with Kazan, Saint-Pétersbourg and Moscow.
  • October 14th: State of siege in Poland.
  • October 15th: Lifting of the prohibition of the workers' associations in Saxony. This measurement falls under a process which sees the great German States adopting more liberal legislations.
  • October 16th: Britanno-Russian agreement, which confirms the duties of the the United Kingdom with respect to the Russia, within the framework of the provisions of the treated of Vienna of 1815.
  • November 11th: Beginning of the reign of Louis, king of the Portugal (fine in 1889).
  • December 23rd: Alexandre-Jean Cuza becomes prince de Roumanie and obtains the nomination of the sultan. Creation of the principality of Romania. The assemblies of Valachie and Moldavie are brought together. The new Parliament sits at Bucharest (February 1862).

  • Création of Ateneo catalán of the class will obrera in Catalogne.
  • Countryside of the trade unions for obtaining the working vote in Great Britain (fine in 1867).
  • Foundation of the independence newspaper Irish The Irish People by the Stephens patriot.

  • Reform of the Minister for Finance Reutern in Russia: organization and publication of a unified budget of the State for the first time. Failure of a monetary reform.

  • Dimitri Milioutine, Minister for the War in Russia (end in 1881).
  • Birth of the “ Nihilism ” in Russia: Pisarev, Dobrolioubov, Chelgounov, Mikhaïlov ( With the young generation), Zaïtchenevski ( the young person Russia ).
  • Foundation in Russia of the revolutionary secret society Zemlia I Volia (Ground and Freedom) with the end of the year.

France

See also: 1861 in France

Chronologies sets of themes

See also: 1861 in science, 1861 in the railroads, 1861 in sport

Art & culture

See also: 1861 in music, 1861 in literature, 1861 with the theater

Births in 1861

Death in 1861

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