1858

This page relates to the year 1858 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Africa

  • Failure of a plot of Lambert to reverse the queen Ranavalona with Madagascar. Europeans are expelled and several massacred Christians.

Western Africa

  • May 20th: In Mauritania, the French general Faidherbe, governor of the Senegal imposes French sovereignty on the tribes Trarza which controlled the stopovers of low Senegal and held to ransom the tradesmen.

  • Died of Guézo, king of Abomey. During its reign, it reformed the administration and introduces new cultures, feeling that the traffic of the slaves was condemned in the long term. Beginning of the reign of Glèlè, king of Abomey (fine in 1889). It is drawn up against the French influence with the Dahomey.
  • Beginning of the reign of Mohammed abou-Dekkine, mbang of the Baguirmi (1858 - 1870 and 1874 - 1884).
  • Beginning of the reign of Ali, sultan of Ouadaï (fine in 1874).
    • Under the reign of Ali, wire of Mohammed Sherif, the Ouadaï recovers its richness and its prosperity. As of his advent, Ali makes burst the eyes of his brothers. He restores interior peace, then endeavors to ensure the safety of the transportation routes with Cyrénaïque and the valley of the Nile.
    • Ali multiplies the political and military conquests in all the directions, extends its authority on the Dar Runga and the Dar Rachid, then on the mbang of the Baguirmi on which it imposes an annual tribute (1870) and the Ennedi.
  • Prospérité of the commercial axis enters the Cyrénaïque and the Ouadaï, with the contribution of the brotherhood of the Senousis. Abéché becomes an important terminus of the caravan tracks and the place of required passage of the pilgrims of the Western Sudan and exchange towards Mecque. The sultan of the Ouadaï Ali installs of force in his capital of the thousands of craftsmen taken in the subjected areas and opens the country with the merchants of the valley of the Nile.

  • Renewal of prosperity of the trade caravaneer of Tombouctou towards Fès and Mogador (1858 - 1870). An important Jewish community settles with Tombouctou. In addition to traditional exports (ivory, skins, gold powder, slaves, nut of cola, fabrics) those of gum arabic and the feathers of ostriches develop.

the Maghreb

  • August 9th: The marshal Jacques Louis Randon resigns of his post of governor of the Algérie. The August 31st, the general of Mac-Mahon is named commander-in-chief of the forces of ground and sea of Algeria.
  • August 30th: A municipal council is joined together with Tunis with for mission the development of political reforms and administrative. Among its members, Kheireddine Pasha, a reformer who travelled to Europe but which refers more readily to the democratic experiment known under the government of the prophet.
  • October 27th: Decree centralizing with Paris the administration of Algeria and allotting to the prefects the capacities which the general governor held. Napoleon III removes the general Government of Algeria and replaces it by a ministry for Algeria and Colonies entrusted to his/her cousin, Jerome Napoleon, who tries some reforms of which some should have led to a policy of assimilation, but runs up, on many points, to the soldiers and gives his resignation in 1859.

Americas

North America

  • March 15th: The chief Séminole Arched Jambes ( Billy Bowlegs ) makes himself, putting thus fine at the third war séminole (May 8th).
  • April 22nd: Demonstration with New York for the “world Republic”. It gathers approximately 5000 people, of which many European republicans exiled after the vague revolutionist of 1848 and the American democrats.
  • May 11th: The Minnesota becomes the State thirty-second of the American Union.
  • August 2nd: Foundation by the British of the colony of Colombia-British. The Compagnie of Hudson Bay must incline in front of the surge of gold diggers in the Rocky Mountains (Gold rush on the Canyon Fraser in 1857-1858).
  • August: Beginning of the senatorial countryside of Abraham Lincoln, republican candidate, who declares that slavery is an evil in oneself. The democratic candidate, in favor of the application of the Kansas-Nebraska Act gains the seat of senator of the Illinois and Lincoln the celebrity.

Latin America

  • March 31st: Jose María Linares, with the capacity in Bolivia since 1857, proclaims dictator. He undertakes to reform the administration and tries to introduce the discipline into the armies to finish some with the tradition of the pronunciamientos. Betrayed by its ministers, it will fail.
  • April 15th: Treaty Cañas-Sherry between the Costa Rica and the Nicaragua.

  • the mercenary of the Tennessee William Walker, overcome, is driven out Nicaragua. The liberals, discredited, are isolated capacity until in 1893. William Walker is shot with the Honduras the September 12th 1860.
  • Civil war with the Peru. The president Ramón Castilla, to have called into question the absolute power of the Church, is opposed to its old adversary Vivanco, which is beaten in spite of supports provinces of the South.
  • moderate federalistic Constitution in Colombia.
  • Brazil: The national revenue has quintuplet since 1838. The government negociates the first loan intended for the economy of the country (construction of the Railroad).

Oceania & the Pacific

  • November 17th: France annexes the uninhabited atoll of Clipperton (Pacific Ocean) to 2.000 kilometers off Mexico.

Asia & Indian world

  • May 28th: Treated of Aigun between the China and the Russia. The Russians annex the territories in the North of the Amour (600  000 km ²) in exchange of their support against the Taiping.

  • May 30th: A Franco-English task force takes Tianjin.
  • 26 - June 27th: The Traité of Tianjin reinforces considerably the commercial power of the French and the British in China. Europeans withdraw themselves. The government of Beijing refuses to ratify the treaty which envisages the residence of ambassadors with Beijing, the opening of new ports to the trade, the right of the warships to wet freely in the ports of the Zhejiang and legalizes the trade of the Opium.
  • August 18th: Commercial treaty enters the Japan and the Netherlands.
  • {{1st}} - September 2nd: France unloads in Tourane (Đà Nẵng, Vietnam).
  • September: Catch of Jambi. The Dutchmen annex the coastal principalities of the North-East of Sumatra.

India

  • Repression of the revolt against the British presence in India.
  • February 26th: Failure of the rising of the Assam board against the British.
  • Mars: The British take again the situation in hand under the direction of Lord Canning, thanks to the arrival of important reinforcements. Lucknow is taken again to the insurrectionists. The rani (female of rajah) of Jhansi Lakshmî Bâî takes the direction of the rebellion. The British seize his territory but it succeeds in taking refuge in a fortress with Gwalior, where it dies the weapons with the hand in June.
  • June 20th: Defeat of the last rebels with Gwalior. The engagements continue in certain areas during more than one year.
    • the British reinforce their domination by severe reprisals (in particular with Delhi where thousands of people are killed, often without judgment) and a reorganization of the administration.
  • August 2nd: Following rising anti-British, the British Parliament vote the Act for the Better Government off India . It transfers to the Secretary of State in India ( India Office ), independent of the ministry for the Colonies, the capacities up to that point reserved for the Board off Control . The government of the Indies passes from the English Compagnie of the Eastern Indies to the British Crown and the emperor Moghol is deposited. The capacity is between the hands of the Secretary of State for the businesses of India, with London, assisted council of India, which will lose its capacities in 1869. The reorganization of the State is done while being based on the land aristocracy, in particular on the princes (the queen commits herself respecting their sovereignty and the integrity of their territory, by integrating them in a typically British system of honors)
  • November 1st: Lord Canning is named viceroy of the Indies (fine in 1862).

  • After the Revolt of Cipayes, the British separate completely from the Indians. The contacts with the population are strictly administrative and authoritative. The English system of education and the English language are only recognized for the examinations of administration, in particular. The centers of Hindu culture are gradually destroyed.

The Middle East & Arab World

  • August 5th: A decree modifies the mode of the private property in Egypt. It abolishes the state monopoly on the ground and will give rise to a class of powerful landowners. In addition, the careers of senior officers are opened to the Egyptians: from now on, the army will be the fish pond of nationalist officers.

  • Decree of the sultan abolishing the draft in the whole of the Ottoman Empire.

Europe

  • February 20th: Beginning of the preserving ministry Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, of the count de Derby, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (fine in 1859).
  • February 26th: Benjamin Disraeli, Chancellor of the Exchequer. He becomes leader of the conservative party to the the United Kingdom.
  • March 17th: Republican fraternity Irish, the Fenian S, asking for the creation of an independent and democratic republic, is founded with Dublin to reverse the British capacity.
  • April 29th: The Portugal abolishes the Esclavage.
  • May - August: Constitution of the Romania (1858 - 1878). Napoleon III convenes in May with Paris a conference of the representatives of seven powers (France, the United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia, Russia, Sardinia and Turkey) which leads to the Convention of the 7 - August 19th granting a new statute the principalities: they form the “plain Principalities of Moldavie and Valachie”, each one with an indigenous prince, a government and an assembly elected by the vote censitaire, but with a common court of justice; the privileges of the boyards are abolished and a new statute of the peasants must be elaborate. The Porte preserves its suzerainty and must approve the election of the prince.
  • May 3rd: Beaten with Grahovo, the Othomans must recognize in November the independence of the Montenegro under the pressure of the great powers.
  • 20 - July 21st: Interview of Plombières. Napoleon III meets Camillo Cavour (president of the Italian Council) in a secret interview (without the knowledge even of the ministers) with Plombières-the-Baths (the Vosges), in order to support the Italian unit against the Austria. Piedmont would annex the Austrian territories (Lombardy and Venezia), Parma, Modena, the north of the States of the Church. The Toscane would integrate central Italy. The State of the pope would be tiny room around Rome, and the pope would receive the presidency of the Italian confederation. In exchange of sound supports, France would receive Nice and the Duché of Savoy.
  • July 25th: Release of the peasants of the prerogatives (fields of the imperial family) in Russia.
  • October 7th: The prince Guillaume becomes regent of Prussia. He reverses Frederic-Guillaume IV of Prussia, his brother, and inaugurates a new era: Prussia carries out from now on the combat for the German unit.
  • November: The prince Alexandre Karadjordjevic is driven out of Serbia. Neutral during the Crimean War, the Serbia, hitherto under Russian protectorate, passes under Othoman suzerainty. Prince Alexandre with whom it Skouptichina (Parliament) reproach his passivity during the conflict, owes his safety with the escape. It is replaced by Milos Obrenovic, which had had to abdicate in 1839 (fine in 1860).
  • December 10th: Napoleon III concludes a defensive treaty with the Piedmont.

  • Italy: Cavour reinforces the Piedmontese army and recruits a considerable number of volunteers in all Italy. Garibaldi takes their head. In parallel the Italian National company directed by Giuseppe Farina is agitated.
  • the conservatives lose the majority with the Prussian Diète with the profit of the middle-class.
  • Russia: Creation of the principal Committee for the country businesses (secret ex-committee). In province, discussion of the nobility on the methods of the reform: release with the ground (poor grounds of North) or without ground (“black cotton soils”). Foundation with official approval of the Slavic Committee of Moscow.

France

See also: 1858 in France

Chronologies sets of themes

See also: 1852 in science, 1852 in the railroads, 1852 in sport

Art & culture

See also: 1858 in music, 1858 in literature, 1858 with the theater

Economy & Company

  • the Russian empire counts 75 million inhabitants, 60 million in Russia d' Europe including 55 million peasants. Saint-Pétersbourg counts 500  000 inhabitants, Moscow 450  000.
  • First Russian postage stamp.

Births in 1858

Death in 1858

  • Henriques Noriega, republican Portuguese (1825-1858), theorist of a decentralized republic (neo-municipalism), within the framework of a socialism inspired of White Louis and Fourier.

Beats-smg: 1858 Be-X-old: 1858 Map-bms: 1858 Simple: 1858 Zh-yue: 1858 年

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