1849

This page relates to the year 1849 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

America

February 28th: Opening of a regular line of Steamers between the east coast and the California by the Cape Horn.
March 5th: Beginning of the presidency Whig of Zachary Taylor with the the United States (fine in 1850).
March 10th: The Parliament of the State of the Missouri decides to prevail itself of “popular sovereignty” for maintains slavery rather than to conform to the decisions of the Congrès to prohibit slavery in lower part of the Ligne Mason-Dixon.
April 25th: Set fire to Parlement of Canada to Montreal (beginning of the period of “travelling government”). The government moves with Toronto. One withdraws the right to vote with the women.
May 10th: A crowd mainly made up of Irishman devastates the Astor Place Opera House with New York. The militia intervenes and 200 people are killed or wounded.
November: Constitution of California (slavery is prohibited).

the policy free-trader of Robert Peel causes with the Canada a movement annexationist in favor of the the United States. Lord Elgin, supported by Robert Baldwin, stops the movement by entering into with Washington the first negociations relating to the concluding of a treaty of commercial reciprocity between the two countries.
War of the United States against the Navajo (fine in 1863).

Large Gold rush in California, which sees the population of this part of the continent more than to multiply by ten, and which radically changes the population and the lifestyle. The gold rush is one of the myths founders of the American west. Population of California reached 100 000 inhabitants with the end of the year. Many emigrants are disappointed, and further try their chance towards the east. Others benefit from the exorbitant prices practiced in the area to be established as farmer or tradesman.

country Revolt with the Venezuela. Directed by preserving soldiers, the rural population of the Llanos raises itself against the government of the general Tadeos Monagas. Rising will be repressed in 1850.

Oceania and the Pacific

August 12th - September 5th: The French admiral Legoarant de Tromelin fails in his attempt to seize Hawaii.
New Zealand: The island of the south is opened with colonization. The New Zealand Company , already person in charge of the colonization of the island of North, undertakes to establish presbytériens Scottish with Otago and Anglicans in the central plains of Canterbury.

Africa

November 26th: Battle of Zaatcha. The oasis of Zaatcha, in the Algerian South between Biskra and Ouargla, last pocket of resistance of the nomads led by Bou Ziam, comrade in arms of Abd el-Kader, falls to the hands from the French troops at the end of 53 days from seat. On 7000 engaged French soldiers, 1500, including 30 officers, are killed or wounded, and 600 die of the Choléra.

Little time afterwards, the general Charon is replaced by the general of Hautpoul which proposes to organize a great forwarding to pacify the Kabylie, but the French government does not provide him the means of them.

Forwardings of David Livingstone between 1849 and 1871 in central and southern Africa. In 1849, it explores the Rhodesia.
the kingdom of Louba (Zambia) is torn by a war of succession between five wire of the king Ilunga Kabale with died of their father. One of them, Kasango Kaliémie, in victorious fate, but the power louba declines quickly, because the sovereign cannot be opposed to the penetration Arab merchants of the Eastern coast and to that of the traffickers Nyamwezi.
Foundation of Libreville, “Christian and French village”, by Edouard Bouët-Willaumez, to accommodate the released slaves of the slave ships.
Explorations of Edouard Bouët-Willaumez (1849) and of Hecquard (1849-1850) in Western Africa. The chacha Edouard Bouët is charged by the French government with inquiring into the charges of clandestine slave draft launched against the Régis house.
Abolition of the state monopoly on the trade of the bilad be-Sudan. The tradesmen Jallaba are supplanted by the Khartoum iens in the trade with the Aequatoria and the Bahr el-Ghazal. Those engage in raids of slaves, hunting for the elephant and do not hesitate to confiscate goods of prestige accumulated by the chiefs of chalk-lining. They establish zariba (commercial warehouses) and daym or dem (strengthened stations) in collaboration with the notable buildings. This collaboration is transformed little by little into reports/ratios of exaggerated domination and exploitation of the commercial princes, who become the rule after 1860.

The Middle East

the religious insurrections continue in Perse: the babists deposit the weapons only in July, while Salâr Al Dawla manages to rejoin with its cause Hamza Mirza, governor of Meshed and receives supports it Yar Mohammed Khan, of Hérat. The shah sends an army of 6000 men against the rebels.

Querelle enters the France and the Russia about the Holy Lieux: France had formerly obtained that the Church of Jerusalem is under the responsibility of the Latin clergy. In 1757, the Greeks imposed of the orthodoxe monks, which makes it possible Russia to obtain a right of protection on the holy Spot (1808). The two powers plead the cause of their protected near the sultan. Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, which seeks the support of the catholics of France, is made the spokesperson of the Latin clergy of Jerusalem.

Asia

February-March, Second war britanno-sikh: British victories over the Sikhs with the battles of Gujrât (February 21st) and of Chenab (March 21st), followed capitulation of Sikhs.
March 29th: Lord Dalhousie appendix the Panjab at the price of a bloody repression. It extends the British influence by taking the control of various kingdoms and raises a deep hostility within the nobility and of the people. The sovereign sikh is assigned with residence and a Board off Governement is in charge of the administration of the Panjab. The innovations brought and the restrictions imposed on the tradition sikh, like with the trade of the slaves, are accommodated with mistrust and an increasing resentment.

the British annex the southernmost Burma (1849 - 1852).
Russian Forwarding of Nevelskoï in the Far East (fine in 1855): mouths of the Love, recognition of the insular character of Sakhaline, first Russian establishment with Nikolaïevsk (August 1850).

Europe

January 31st: Abolition of the Acts of Navigation to the the United Kingdom.
April 23rd: Arrest of the members of the Circle of Petrachevski, in Russia. 21 condemned to death, of which Dostoïevski. The December 22nd, after a show of execution, the judgments are transformed into deportations.
May 1st: Convention of Balta Liman close to Constantinople between the Door and the Russia for the administration of the Moldavie and the Valachie. They decide the nomination of the hospodars for seven years per agreement between them, the replacement of the General meetings by ad hoc couches whose members are designated by the hospodars and it maintains temporary occupation. Barbu Stirbei becomes hospodar of Valachie and Grigore Alexandru Ghica hospodar of Moldavie.
May 12th: Beginning of the reign of Guillaume III of the Netherlands (fine in 1890)
June 5th: A democratic constitution is proclaimed with the Denmark. The king Frederic VII of Denmark approves a first fundamental law: he agrees to become a constitutional monarch, the executive power belongs from now on to the king and to his responsible ministers before a Parliament made up of two Rooms elected by the male vote for all, the Folketing and the Landsting .
November: Thorbecke becomes chief of the liberal government to the Netherlands.

the Russian anarchist Bakounine, stopped after the insurrection of Dresden, is transferred in prison to Saint-Petersbourg (1851) then off-set in Siberia (1857).
Epidemic of Cholera.

Germany

January 13rd: German Constitution, the Austria is excluded from Germany, and it crown is offered to the king of Prussia.
March 28th:

Promulgation of the Constitution of Frankfurt.
the Parlement of Frankfurt offers the imperial crown to Frederic-Guillaume IV of Prussia which refuses it. The Austria points out its deputies in April, the Prussia in May.

April 27th: The king of Prussia refuses the crown of Germany.
April 30th: The Prussian government draws up the electoral law of the three classes. It supports the first class (noble and big landowners) with the detriment of the second (bankers, tradesmen) and especially of the third (employees and peasants).
May 10th: Frederic-Guillaume IV of Prussia tries to take the head of a “Union restricted” with the kings of Hanover and Saxony. Felix von Schwarzenberg is opposed to it. After successes during the summer, Prussia must face a coalition of the German states (Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Saxony, Hanover).
June 18th: End of the Parliament of Frankfurt. The Parliament takes refuge with Stuttgart where it is dispersed by the army of the king of Wurtemberg. The German democratic hope is tiny room to nothing.
July 16th: Badois, Germans and Palatine take refuge in Switzerland after the defeat of the German republican movement in front of the Prussian troops.
September 30th: Vienna and Berlin makes establishment of a strong capacity an absolute priority. That causes dissolution of the alliance of the Three Kings (Hanover, Prussia, Saxony) considered one moment by the adviser of the king de Prusse Von Radowitz which envisaged the integration of the empire of Austria in a new German union.
October 15th: Test of union restricted in Germany.

Austria-Hungary

January - July: Fight of the Hungarian revolutionists against the Roumanians of Transylvania who push back the Union with the Hungary. The Hungarian army occupies the principal centers quickly.
January 5th: The Autrichiens take Pest, with the assistance of Croatian troops.
February 26th: Victoire of the field-marshal Windischgrätz on the Hungarians with Kápolna.
March 4th: The federalistic constitution project of the Austrian Parliament is returned by the government Schwarzenberg and the emperor and a constitution “is granted”. All the countries of monarchy are placed on an equal footing and are reduced to the row of administrative units. the Transylvania becomes a province of the empire distinct from the Hungary.

the Hungarian Parliament, refugee with Debrecen is dominated by the radicals. Kossuth, Minister for the war, exerts a true dictatorship to lead a fight to excess vis-a-vis the “party of peace”.

March 7th: Dissolution of the Austrian Parliament.
March 10th: The representatives of the Slovak National council ask the emperor that the Slovakia be separated from the Hungary and that it is autonomous within the framework of the Empire.
April 6th: Hungarian Victoire of Isaszeg.
April 14th: The Hungary becomes an independent republican state. Kossuth is elected president-governor without the Republic not being proclaimed.
the Hungarian troops gain several victories and restore the military situation in spring. Felix von Schwarzenberg calls upon the Russians who cross the hungaro-Polish border in May, while the general Haynau hangs the head of the Austrian army in Transdanubie.
May 21st: Buda is taken again by the Hungarians and the government of Kossuth settles in June there. Insulated, it must take refuge with Szeged, then with Arad.
July 16th: The Hungarian Parliament votes with Szeged the “law of nationalities” which grants to the Roumanians and to Slavic of Hungary the free exercise of their rights.
July 16th: The Hungarian Parliament votes the law of emancipation “of the inhabitants of mosaic religion”.
July 31st: The Hungarians are overcome by the Russians with Segesvár (death of Petöfi).

August 6th: Hungarian defeat with Szebenszék.
August 9th: Hungarian defeat with Temesvár.
August 10th: Kossuth publishes a decree announcing the official stop of the hostilities between Roumanians and Magyars. Kossuth yields the full powerss to the general Artúr Görgey and takes refuge in Turkey, then in the United Kingdom.
August 13rd: Hungarian capitulation with Világos, then between the hands of the Russian general Paskievitch. The Russians withdraw themselves and a terrible repression carried out by Haynau falls down on the country (fine in 1852).
the revolutionary October 6th, Batthyány and 13 other chiefs are carried out. 120 soldiers and civilians are carried out following their judgment by courts of war, other simply massacred and thousands of people condemned to custodial sentences or the forced labors. The Austria inaugurates in Hungary more than 10 years of centralized government.

Several thousands of Hungarian choose the exile after the fall. Many will return, but a thousand approximately will go to America, Western Europe or will remain in Turkey.

Italy

In January, the republic is proclaimed with Florence.
February 9th: Proclamation of the Roman Republic.
February 22nd: The proclamation of the Roman Republic causes the Austrian intervention.
March 12th: In front of the pressure of the Room, Charles-Albert of Sardinia does not take account of the opinions of the soldiers and denounces the Salasco armistice.
March 17th: Venice is raised.
March 18th: Milan is raised in its turn.
March 20th: The king of Piedmont-Sardinia breaks the armistice signed with Austria.
March 23rd: Piedmontese defeat of Novare.
March 24th: Charles-Albert asks for a new armistice, but the conditions are so hard that he abdicates in favor of his son Victor-Emmanuel II, 29 years old, which accepts the armistice which leads to the peace treaty of the August 6th. the Austrians occupy part of Piedmont and Tuscany.

April: Repression of a democratic revolt with Genoa by Victor-Emmanuel II.
April 24th: Forwarding of Rome. Intervention of the French troops of the general Oudinot intended to counter the Austrian offensive in the peninsula. Unloading of 3000 French soldiers with Civitavecchia in the Papal States.
April 27th: Entry of Garibaldi in Rome.
April 30th:

the Austrians occupy the Toscane and Florence. The formation by the moderate ones of a commission of provisional government does not have is enough to prevent the Austrian intervention. Léopold II of Tuscany east restores on its throne.
the Oudinot general who orders the French troops in Italy approaches Rome. At this moment, it is charged to prevent a re-establishment of the pope under the exclusive authority of Austria. In front of Rome, Garibaldi pushes back Oudinot.

In May, abolition of the constitution in the kingdom of Naples.
Ferdinand II of Deux-Siciles makes bombard Messine. It gains its nickname of Re Bent . Palermo is not long in falling (May 15th).
June 30th: Catch of Rome by the French troops, restoring the pope Black and white IX.
July 4th: Oudinot occupies Rome defended by Mazzini and puts an end to the proclaimed republic in February.
August 6th: The Piedmont gives up any territorial extension, with all supports Italian revolutionary movement and must pay a strong war indemnity. It should only with the French intervention not be occupied by the Austria.
August 22nd: The Austrians take again Venice, defended by Manin and Pepe, devastated by the Choléra the Austrian and bombardments.

France

Chronologies sets of themes

Art & culture

Reform of the university in Russia by the minister Chirinski-Chikhmatov: limitation of manpower (300 students per university), suspension of unquestionable teaching (philosophy, constitutional law).
Construction of the palate of the Armours to the the Kremlin of Moscow by Tuna (1849-1851).

Sports

the Kent is crowned champion of Cricket in England.

Science and technology

Economy and Company

a project of channel through the Isthme of Suez is taken again with died of Méhémet Ali, which was opposed to it.
Building sites naval with Sormovo (Russia).
Proudhon, after the first failure of its Bank of exchanges which proposed a system in which products was exchanged against others, founds a Bank of the people, which propose a free credit and also fail in spite of some 20 000 subscriptions.
the French Socialist Etienne Cabet, accompanied by 280 of its followers emigrates for the the United States, where it founds with Nauvoo in the Illinois a community inspired of its utopian novel, Voyage in Icarie . But the colony will never count again 1 800 members and all the ideas of Cabet will not be put there in practice. In 1856, dissensions within the community will oblige it to leave. With 180 faithful, it will found a new establishment with Saint Louis in the Missouri, but this community will know similar problems. The movement founded by Cabet will continue to exist in the United States until in 1895.
After a stay in Paris in at the end of 1848 beginning 1849, Karl Marx settles with Cologne where it founds a communist newspaper, the Neue rheinische Zeitung (the Nouvelle Rhenish Gazette ) and where it directs the local section of the Ligue of the Communists and founds an association of workers cash seven thousand members. Shown to organize revolutionary activities, it is stopped and judged with Cologne for incentive with the armed insurrection. He is discharged, but expelled of Germany. After the failure of the revolutions in France and Europe, it is exiled then with London, where it will pass the remainder of its life.

Births in 1849

January 9th: John Hartley, British player of Tennis , winner twice of the Tournament of Wimbledon, in 1879 and 1880. († August 21st 1935).
January 11th: Philipp Bertkau German Zoologist († 1894).
January 12th: Jean Béraud, French impressionist painter († October 4th 1935)
April 6th: John William Waterhouse, British painter
April 12th: Albert Heim, Swiss geologist
April 24th: Joseph Gallieni, military French, Marshal of France, which left a major print on the history of the French Colonisation, († May 27th 1916).
April 25th: Felix Klein, German mathematician.
May 3rd: Bernhard von Bülow politician and German chancellor († October 28th 1929)
July 19th: Ferdinand Brunetière, writer, criticizes literary († December 9th 1906).
September 26th: Ivan Pavlov, Russian physiologist.
December 28th: Herbert von Bismarck.

Death in 1849

March 18th: Antonin-Marie Monk, romantic sculptor French. (° 1796).
March 28th: Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher, botanist and Austrian linguist (° 1804).
April 3rd: Juliusz Słowacki, Polish poet (° September 4th 1809)
May 4th: Katsushika Hokusai, engraver and painter Japanese.
May 11th: M {{me}} Julie Récamier, salonnière, woman of letters, deceased with the Abbey-with-Wood.
June 15th: James K. Polk, old President of the United States.
August 2nd: Mohamed-Ali with Alexandria.
August 12th: Albert Gallatin, politician and diplomatic states-unien.
September 25th: Johann Strauss father, type-setter.
October 7th: Edgar Allan Poe, American writer
October 17th: Frederic Chopin, Polish type-setter.
December 13rd: The count Johann Centurius von Hoffmannsegg, Botanist, entomologist and German Ornithologist , (° 1766).
December 28th: Antoine Quatremère de Quincy, writer, Philosopher, Archeologist, art Critic and Politician French. (° October 21st 1755)

Beats-smg: 1849 Be-X-old: 1849 Map-bms: 1849 Simple: 1849 Zh-yue: 1849 年

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