1848

This page relates to the year 1848 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Africa

April 27th: Abolition of slavery in the French colonies.
May 11th: The German explorer Johannes Rebmann discovers the mount Kilimandjaro.
August 28th: The Boers, driven out Native in 1843, run up against the British forces with Boomplats and are pushed back in the north of the Vaal. The Great Britain appendix the Orange State.

Fleeing the Zulu , the Ngunis forms five kingdoms and carries out many military incursions between the Lake Victoria and the Zambezi (1848).
Conquest of Bondo and Kasanje in Angola by the Portuguese (fine in 1852).
Beginning of the reign of Olimi V Rwakabale, king of the Bounyoro (fine in 1852). It arrives at the capacity following a new war of succession.
the governor of the Gold Coast, William Winniett, and the missionary Thomas B. Freeman with Abomey sign a trade agreement with the Dahomey. John Duncan is named vice-consul resident with Ouidah.
the chief Toucouleur El Hadj Omar is installed with Diguinraye on the edges of the river Senegal. It acquires a reputation of saint and gathers many disciples who will form the executives of his army.

Exploration of Jean-Baptiste Raffenel (fine in 1849).
Forwarding of Silva Pinto in Angola.
the French scientist and traveller Antoine d' Abbadie d' Arrast finishes the exploration and the cartography of the Ethiopia, started in 1838.

The Maghreb

the duke of Aumale considers the total pacification of the Kabylie, but the revolution of 1848 obliges it to embark the March 2nd for the England where it joined the royal family in exile.
Fall of Constantine and end of Othoman resistance to the French presence. Repression in France on the insurrectionists of June causes a wave of migration towards the Algérie.
September 19th: The government grants a credit of 50 million to develop proletarian colonization by establishing some 12 000 workmen and intellectuals in Algeria. The number of colonists passes from 40 000 in 1840 with 131 000 in 1848 and the rate/rhythm of confiscation of grounds accelerates.
November 12th: The new French Constitution declares the Algérie integral part of the French territory.
the general Bugeaud completes his mandate and leaves Algiers. Until 1851, seven governors will follow one another Algiers: Changarnier, Cavaignac, again Changarnier, then Marey-Monge, Charon, of Hautpoul and Pélissier.

During the Second Republic, political instability in France is reflected in Algérie. Certain tribes Kabyles are delivered to plundering; the religious brotherhoods, as private individuals the Derkaoua and the Senousis with the borders of regencies of Tunis and Tripoli, preach the Holy war; in the South-Oranian, the Ouled-Sidi-Sheik are raised. In 1848, the colonel Canrobert response by a forwarding in the Aurès and captures the bey Ahmed who took refuge there.

In the South, with twenty kilometers in the west of Biskra, in the oasis of Zaatcha, a former sheik of Abd el-Kader, Bou Ziam, raises Ksouriens and the nomads.

The Middle East

July: Méhémet Ali yields the capacity in Egypt to his/her adoptive son Ibrahim-Pasha, which dies the November 10th.
September 4th: Beginning of the reign of Naser ED-DIN, Persian shah of with died of Mohammad Shah (fine in 1896).
November 10th: Abbas Ier Hilmi, wire of Toussoun, grandson of Méhémet Ali, succeeds Ibrahim-Pasha as pasha d' Égypte (fine in 1854). Abbas Ier takes her distances with the western powers. In spite of difficult relations with the Othomans, he discharges annual tribute of 30 million piastres claimed by the Porte.

Persian: The governor of Burmese Azerbaïdjan, in conflict with the Prime Minister, exiles himself in Russia. The shah fears that Burmese is not restores at its post of governor with the assistance of the Russians.
the Othoman sultan installs a sixth army corps to Baghdad, charged to supervise the Iraq, the borders turco-Persians and the British, increasingly present in the Persian Gulf.

Asia

January 11th: The Sikhs revolt with the assistance of the Afghans. Two envoys of the British crown are assassinated with Multân. Sikhs are crushed by Lord Gough. They will deposit the weapons in February 1849. The Second war britanno-sikh involves the annexation of the Panjâb in the British India (end in 1849).
January 12th: Lord Dalhousie (James Ramsay, marquis de Dalhousie, 1848-1856) are named governor of British India. He modernizes the administration of the British territories in India.
November 3rd, Indonesia: The Constitution of 1848 obliges the king of the Netherlands to make “present to the General states a report/ratio given full details on the administration” of the colonies and possessions “and on the state in which they are”.

Wolter Robert van Hoëvell, Pasteur with Batavia, founded a newspaper which in 1848 takes a political character. Income in Holland and member of the second Room, it criticizes the colonial policy of the government.

Oceania

Australia: Creation of the indigenous police force assembled in the Queensland “to clean the country” and to subdue the robbers of cattle and the revolts indigenous. Caption Tjandawara, known as “Pigeon the broussard”, former indigenous tracker of the police force assembled deserter, who enters in resistance by attacking the farms of the colonists with his troop of warriors.
Polynesia: The presbytérien John Geddie settles on the island of Tauna and Aneityum, which it transforms into a kind of theocracy, governing the population according to a puritan design which does not leave any place to the usual life.

America

January 1st, Nicaragua: the British seize Greytown, which worries the Americans, who see there a violation of the Doctrine Monroe. In addition the city, which is located at the mouth of the river San Juan, would be an essential component in a construction project of a channel in Nicaragua.
January 16th: Conference " Rights and duties of the individual opposite the gouvernement" of Henry David Thoreau in Lyceum de Concord.
January 24th: Discovered Gold in Sutter' S Millet in the valley of Sacramento, in California (still for a few months under the domination Mexican E). Beginning of the “gold rush” and of the “Conquest of the West”. In five years, the layer will produce the equivalent of one half-milliard dollars.
February 2nd: Traité of Guadeloupe Hidalgo establishing the border enters the the United States and the Mexico to the Río Grande. The United States obtains sovereignty on the New Mexico, the Arizona, High the California and the future States of the Utah, the Nevada and the Colorado. In exchange, the United States pours in Mexico 15 million dollars and agrees to take responsibility for their all the complaints of the American citizens with regard to Mexico.
January - February: The Nova Scotia is the first British colony to obtain a responsible government.
March 4th: The reformers Robert Baldwin and Louis-Hippolyte the Fountain form the government with the Canada (fine in 1851). The Baldwin-Lafontaine ministry amnesties the rebels of 1837, allows the creation of a laic university Toronto, improves the organization municipal and legal, works out a railway legislation.
April 10th: Opening of the channel of Illinois-Michigan, between Chicago and the the Mississippi.
May 29th: The Wisconsin becomes the thirtieth American State.
July 19th: Opening to Seneca Falls, New York, the United States, of the “Convention of the women's rights”, first gathering called to discuss the civil laws and policies of the women.
November 4th: The Esclavage is abolished in the Antilles and in French Guiana.
November 7th, Brazil: The liberal revolutionary rising of the Praieira bursts with the Pernambouc against the centralizing conservative government and the Portuguese merchants who have a third of the commercial firms. It is destroyed dice 1850.
December 6th: Manuel Isidoro Belzu Humerez becomes the tenth President of the Republic of Bolivia.

the veterans of the war of Mexico obtain government of the United States 64 ha of ground each one. Many are those which sell their batch to speculators for less than 50 $.
Canada: The the United Kingdom accepts, in theory, the equality of two official languages, the English and the French.
Beginning of the emigration of many Swedish peasants and Norwegian towards the Middle West .
Epidemic of Yellow fever with Rio de Janeiro.

Europe

the year 1848 is called the year of the Printemps of the Revolutions (or Printemps of the People ) because of a wave of Soulèvement S Révolutionnaire S in Europe.

January 20th: Beginning of the reign of Frederic VII, king of Denmark (fine in 1863).
February: Herzen attends the revolution with Paris.
February 21st: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publishes the Proclamation of the Communist party .
March 1st: With Neuchâtel, the republicans seize the power and reject any sovereignty of the king of Prussia. They will carry out a walk through the canton (Of Locle in Neuchâtel), to take the castle of Neuchâtel. The Canton of Neuchâtel joined the Suisse.
March 15th, Russia: Right of the serfs to acquire not populated grounds and buildings, with the agreement of their Master
March 26th: Imperial proclamation. The Russia, rampart of Europe, will not be let gain by the revolution.
April 10th: Failure of the Chartism to the the United Kingdom. The third petition chartist submitted to the Parliament appears whimsical, which discredits the movement definitively.
April 14th: Establishment of a secret committee chaired by Boutourline to supervise the censure in Russia.
May 9th: Capitulation of risen of Poznan in Prussian Poland. The Poles are subjected to a policy of germanisation.
June: Bakounine takes part in the Slavic Congress of Prague.
July: Intervention of the Russian troops to bring back the order in the Danubian principalities.
September 12th: Adoption of the first federal Constitution, resulting from the political changes following the War of Sonderbund of 1847.
November 3rd: News liberal constitution with the Netherlands.

Germany

February 9th: With Munich: demonstrations against Lola Assemble.
February 27th: Germany of the South is gained by the vague revolutionist: with Mannheim constitutes an assembly of democrats.
March 5th: Meeting of the German liberals with Heidelberg who convene a preparatory Parliament ( Vorparlament ). Beginning of the German revolution.
17 - March 19th: Revolution of Berlin. Constituent assembly.
March 18th: The population of Berlin raises itself against the bureaucracy, the small landed proprietors and militarism.
March 19th: To save time, Frederic-Guillaume IV of Prussia constitutes a liberal ministry directed by Camphausen.
March 20th: Following the scandal caused by its connection with adventurous Irish and “Spanish” dancer Lola Montès ( Maria-Dolorès Eliza Gilbert ) distorts, the king of Bavaria Louis Ier abdicates.
March 31st: Meeting of the Vorparlement which decides to make elect by the vote for all an National Assembly in order to establish a constitution for the whole of the Germany.
Mars: Beginning of the first War of the Duchies (1848 - 1851).
May 18th: Parliament of Frankfurt. It adopts the black, red flag and gold, indicates an imperial Ministry and prepares the Constitution of Reich to come, but without removing the old Diet. It divides soon in favor of the Solution large-allemande ( großdeutsche Lösung ), favorable to a FR of Germany including/understanding the Austria and extending from the Baltique to the Adriatique, and those of the Solution small-allemande ( kleindeutsche Lösung ), favorable to smaller Germany, without Austria and under the Prussian authority. The Prussian liberals denounce the provisional government, entrusted to the archduke of Austria Jean.
October 31st: Frederic-Guillaume IV of Prussia, encouraged by the victory of the absolutists with Vienna, place the capital Berlin in state of siege.
December 5th: Dissolution of the constituent Assembly in Prussia. the Count de Brandebourg and Manteuffel form a government reactionary.

Failure of the German revolution for the unit and freedom (end in 1850). After this failure, many Jews emigrate towards America.

Worsen Austrian

the Parisian revolution of the February 22nd calls the liberal movements with the action in Austria and Hungary.
March 3rd: Kossuth claims with the diet of Presbourg a constitution for the Hungary and makes adopt an address with the emperor.
March 6th: The corporations of Low-Austria claim political rights for the people, the suppression of the Censure, the publicity of the legal procedures and the institution of the jurys.
March 11th: With Prague, Czech and German require constitutional reforms, the autonomy of the countries of the crown of Bohemia and the respect of the rights of the two nations.
13 - March 14th: Revolution of Vienna. Demonstration in Landhaus with Vienna (March 13rd). The troop opens fire and agitation extends to the suburbs. Metternich resigns and flees. The court grants the Freedom of the press and promises a constitution. The revolutionary forces are organized (middle-class committee of safety, national guard, central committee).
March 15th: The revolution bursts with Budapest. Petöfi and its friends organizes a demonstration which carries to the authorities a national plan and liberal in 12 points (Freedom of the press, suppression of the Censure, responsible ministry and Assembles national with Budapest, equality of civic rights and religious, contribution equal of all to the public offices, national suppression of the royalties seigneuriales, Banque, national armed forces, release of the political prisoners, reforms legal, union with the Transylvania). The council of lieutenancy capitulates to crowd and the count Batthyány becomes the president of the council of the first ministry responsible for the Hungarian history.
March 18th: The Austrian garrisons are driven out of central Italy. Abolition of the feudal constraints in Hungary.
March 22nd: The Austrians are driven out of Venice. They evacuate Milan.
March 24th: In Transylvania, Simion Bărnuţiu (1808 - 1864), professor of the seminar uniate of Blaj, lance a proclamation to ask the recognition of the Roumanians as “a Nation” and the abolition of serfdom.
April 8th: Revolution with Prague. Charter of the Bohemia.
April 11th: Particular status of the Hungary. The Hungarian Diet dissolved and is replaced by an National Assembly elected by the direct suffrage of noble, the middle-class men and peasants easy.
April 12th: Diffusion with Vienna of a political program for the “Slovenia unified” for the meeting of all the Sloveniens in the same administrative entity.
April 25th: A constitution (vote censitaire and bicameral system) is published by the baron Pillersdorf, chief of the imperial government in Vienna. It is not appropriate for the central committee which organizes the revolutionary days of the 15 and May 26th.
10 - May 15th: The colonel Jellachich, indicated as round of applause by the diet (March 25th) proclaims the independence of the Croatia vis-a-vis the Hungary and places its forces at the disposal of the emperor. Slovak, Serbes, Rumanian make in the same way.
May 11th: Presentation of the “Requests of the Slovak nation” with Saint-Nicolas-of-Liptov. They claim the male vote for all, freedom of the press, the right of meeting, a reform of the law on the abolition of serfdom, a representation suitable for the diet, a provincial Slovak diet, Slovak schools. The Hungarian government answers by issuing the martial law and by emitting a constituent of stop against Štúr, to Hodža and Hurban which must be exiled.
May 15th: Riot with Vienna, assembled constituent. The court leaves Vienna for Innsbruck. A constituent assembly is elected by the vote for all. She sits at Kremsier (Moravie) and works out a progressist constitution project.
May 30th: The Transylvania proclaims its reunification with the Hungary.
June 2nd: Congress of Prague. The first congress panslave, joined together with Prague, proclaims its fidelity with the Habsbourg on the basis of Federal state.
June 5th: Croatian diet.
12 - June 27th: Alfred, Prince de Windisch-Graetz, governor of Bohemia, besieges and bombards Prague which capitulates.
June 29th: The Jean archduke is vicar of Empire.
July 8th: Pillersdorf resigns and is replaced by the ministry Doblhoff (Alexandre Bach, Minister for justice) charged to give a constitution to the whole of monarchy.
July 11th: Hungarian Parliament, elected the July 5th, vote levy in masse to defend the fatherland in danger.
September 7th: The Austrian Parliament of Kremsier (Moravie) repeals all the servile bonds and abolishes the seigneuriaux rights. The owners are compensated.
September: Jellachich enters to Hungary the September 11th, which makes it possible Kossuth to seize the power by creating a defense committee main road (September 22nd) of which it takes the direction the October 8th. The Hungarian army enters twice to Austria.
September 16th: Training of the Slovak National council in Vienna.
September 19th: At the time of a public gathering with Myjava, the Slovak National council rejects the supervision of the Hungarian capacity and declares the autonomy of the Slovak nation. An armed Slovak troop is constituted for the first time. The movement is quickly repressed by the imperial armies and Hungarian interior defense.
October 6th: Assassination in Vienna of the Minister for the war Latour by the crowd, which seizes the arsenal. The government joined the Court with Olomouc in Moravie.
October 16th: Windischgrätz is named general-in-chief.
October 25th: The Hungarian army goes on Vienna to carry help to the insurrection of the capital.
October 26th: Windischgrätz begins the operations against Vienna in connection with Jellachich, round of applause of Croatia.
October 30th: The troops of Kossuth are beaten by the Croats with Schwechat.
October 31st: Resumption of Vienna by the reaction. The imperial ones exert a brutal repression.
November 21st: The emperor names a new government chaired by the prince Felix Schwarzenberg. Although conservative, it surrounds himself by liberals like Stadion and Bruck (trade). Kraus remains with finances and Alexandre Bach inside.
December 2nd: In Austria, Ferdinand Ier of Austria abdicates. Beginning of the reign of François-Joseph, emperor of Austria, chosen by the preserving aristocracy and the army (end in 1916).
December: The Austrian general Windischgrätz enters in Hungary, reached Györ, then Budapest the December 31st.
Of December 1848 to the summer 1849, three forwardings of armed Slovak volunteers are sent in Slovakia. She are opposed to the Hungarian revolutionary government which refuses to recognize other nationalities until the July 28th 1849.

a Czech rising led by František Palacký is crushed by the Austria.

Moldavie-Valachie

April 8th: National movement and liberal in Moldavie and Valachie. It begin with a great meeting with Iasi where a petition-program is approved addressed to prince M. Sturdza who claims individual freedoms, the ministerial responsibility, the organization of a militia, the foundation of a national bank, the suppression of the censure, etc Thirteen leaders, whose AD INTERIM Cuza, are stopped and sent in exile in Turkey.
March 22nd: In Valachie, a “revolutionary Committee” is formed with Bucharest which adopts a program of 22 points neighbor of that of Moldavie but claims in more the emancipation of the peasants corvéables and the redistribution of the grounds in their favor.
June 9th: Radulescu reads the Proclamation of Izlaz, which asserts the abolition of foreign protectorate, the election of the prince for five years by an assembly representative of the whole of the population, the emancipation of the Juifs and Tziganes. A provisional government is made up at once (Bălcescu, Rosetti, Golescu).
June 11th: Agitation gains Bucharest. The prince Georges III Bibesco, by hostility towards the Russia, accepts the Proclamation of Izlaz and indicates in his turn a provisional government, then abdicates and withdraws himself in Transylvania.
June 26th: The two governments amalgamate under the presidency of the métropolite Neofit which exerts the power for one month. It adopts the Tricolor blue-yellow-red, removes the titles of nobility, creates an national guard, abolishes the capital punishment. Oppositions appear between conservative and liberals in connection with the emancipation of the peasants. Balcescu makes create a “commission of the property” to regulate the problem.
September: The movement is subdued in same time by the Russians and the Turks. The two principalities pass under the domination of the Russians until in 1851.

Italian peninsula

January 12th: Palermo revolts against the Bourbons and restores the Constitution of 1812.
January: Riots with Milan (under Austrian control).
the movement for the constitution extends to Piedmont. The 11 and February 8th, Charles-Albert of Sardinia and Léopold II of Tuscany promise in their turn a Constitution which is promulgated in March.
March 4th: Charles Albert, king de Sardaigne, proclaims a Constitution for the Piedmont and the Sardinia, the Statuto which adopts the Tricolor of 1796.
March 17th: Revolution with Venice.
18 - March 22nd: Revolution with Milan.
18 - March 23rd: Risings with Metz-native Rome, , Reggio and Milan lead to the Five Days and the withdrawal of the Austrian troops of the Radetzty general of central Italy.
March 22nd: Proclamation of the republic with Venice by Daniele Manin and Niccolo Tommaseo.
March 25th: Revolution with the Piedmont, entered in Lombardy. The Piedmontese troops cross the Tessin and drive out the dukes of Parma and Modena. Mazzini and Garibaldi decides to collaborate in the movement. The public opinion constrained Italian princes to send quotas to support the Piedmontese one.

In March, the pope grants a constitution his States.

April 29th: The pope refuses to send troops, then must incline himself.
May 15th: Ferdinand II of Naples, by fear of the radicals and the disorders decides to dissolve the Parliament.
May 22nd: The pope and Ferdinand II of Naples point out their troops, which do not obey.
May 29th: The Lombardy, Modena, Parma and Plaisance decide for fusion with the Piedmont.
May 30th: The Piedmontese troops are victorious with Goito. Charles-Albert refusing any help of the volunteers lombards, the militia garibaldienne and the allied troops is insulated.
July 10th: The sicilian insurrectionists offer the crown to the second wire of Charles-Albert, the duke of Genoa.
July 25th: Victoire of the Austrian troops and tyroliennes of Radetzky on the insurrectionists lombards and Piedmontese of Charles-Albert of Sardinia to Custoza.
August 3rd: Charles-Albert must sign the Salasco armistice and is withdrawn in its States.
August 11th: The Republic is proclaimed again with Venice by Daniele Manin.
August 26th: The last Italian insurrectionists are overcome.
In September, reconquest of the Sicily revolted by the troops of the king of Naples.
Fall: An insurrection with Florence imposes a democratic government directed by Montanelli and Guerrazzi. Whereas Montanelli proposes to join together one Assemblé constituent Italian, Léopold II of Tuscany flees the Toscane to take refuge with Gaète. In Rome, the assassination of the minister of Black and white IX, Pellegrino Rossi, starts the riot of the democrats.
November 24th: Constrained to form a democratic ministry, Pie IX also flees with Gaëte from where it cancels all the decisions taken by the new ministry. Constituent proclaims the end of the temporal power and a Roman Republic directed by a triumvirate (Aurelio Saffi, Carlo Armellini, Giuseppe Mazzini).
December 15th: With the Piedmont, where one reproaches Charles-Albert for having privileged the dynastic interests with the Italian interests and to have carried out a disastrous war, Gioberti form a government with the democrat Rattazzi inside. Its program: to obtain the independence of the Italy by the weapons as soon as the circumstances allow it, to form a confederation, to raise the level of the most underprivileged classes.
December 30th: With the Piedmont, the mazziniens, more radicals, are victorious with the Room. They want a resumption immediate of the war and the creation of Italy one and indivisible. Gioberti must resign (February 21st 1849).

France

Chronologies sets of themes

Art & culture

the evening of the March 31st in Hydesville (New York), the young people Soeurs Fox affirm to have established a contact by conversations and blows struck with one supposed “spirit” called Mr. Spitfoot. This discussed event then contradicted lance nevertheless fashion of the modern Spiritism, which will continue until the beginning of the 20th century throughout the world.
July 31st: With Madrid (Spain), alternate without “transfer of trastos ” (i.e. without true ceremony) of Handbook Jiménez there Meléndez known as “El Cano”, Spanish Matador.
September: The Confrérie préraphaélite is founded with London by the painters William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais and the poet Dante Gabriel Rossetti. They are opposed to the classicism Royal Academy . They will be joined by Ford Madox Brown, Edward Ball-Jones, William Bell Scott, William Morris and the sculptor Thomas Woolner.

the Proposal of the commander , table of Fedotov.

Sports

the Sussex is crowned champion of Cricket in England.
First attempt at unification of the various rules of the Football with the adoption of “Cambridge Rules”, first known written rules.

Science and technology

Economy & Company

the British thinker John Stuart Mill publishes her political Économie .
Karl Marx is driven out of Belgium then gains Paris then the the Rhineland.
the first Coopérative of consumption is created in the Aisne.
Railway line of Vienna to Bratislava.

Births in 1848

February 5th: Joris-Karl Huysmans (born Charles-Marie-Georges Huysmans), writer French (+ 1907).
February 16th: Octave Mirbeau, writer French († 1917).
February 25th: Guillaume II of Wurtemberg.
May 8th: Jose Sánchez del Campo known as “Cara Ancha”, Spanish Matador († 1925)
May 15th: Carl Wernicke, doctor Polish († June 15th 1905)
May 23rd: Otto Lilienthal, Aviator († 1896).
June 7th: Paul Gauguin, painter French with Paris, but it passes its childhood to the Peru († May 9th 1903).
July 15th: Vilfredo Pareto, Sociologist and Italian economist
August 19th: Gustave Caillebotte, painter French († 1894).
November 13rd: Albert Ier of Monaco, prince de Monaco. († June 26th 1922).
December 6th: Johann Trained, astronomer Austrian († May 2nd 1925)

Death in 1848

January 9th: Caroline Herschel, British Astronomer of German origin (° 1750).
February 11th: Thomas Sticks, painter British/American (° 1801).
February 18th: Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini, German Botanist (° 1797).
February 23rd: John Quincy Adams, old President of the United States (° 1767).
March 27th: Gabriel Bibron, zoologist French (° 1805).
April 8th: Gaetano Donizetti, Italian type-setter (° 1797).
July 4th: François-Rene de Chateaubriand, French writer (° 1768).
August 7th: Jöns Jacob Berzélius, Swedish chemist (° 1779).
October 2nd: Georg August Goldfuss, paleontologist and German zoologist (° 1782).
December 19th: Emily Brontë, poet and British novelist (° 1818).
December 31st: Gottfried Hermann, 74 years, German Philologist . (° November 28th 1772).

Be-X-old: 1848 Map-bms: 1848 Simple: 1848 Zh-yue: 1848 年

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