1825

This page relates to the year 1825 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Africa

  • Guerre enters France and Trarza to the Senegal.

  • Forwarding of Hugh Clapperton with the Benign (fine in 1827).
  • the British commodore Owen settles on the island of Fernando Póo by taking pretext of the hispano-British agreement of fight against the draft and tries to convince the Spaniards to sell the island with the the United Kingdom.
  • the Bornou tackles the empire of Sokoto. Bornouans put in rout the army of the king of Zaria, but beaten by that of the king of Baoutchi, they are withdrawn.
  • Beginning of the reign of Suna, king (kabaka) of the Bouganda (fine in 1856). It reaches the throne after having been chooses by a group of ten notable and the governors of the five provinces.
  • In Ethiopia, the Masâfént of the Bégameder Ras Imâm supports the Islam, which progresses.
  • has Madagascar, the king Sakalave of the Boina Andriantsoli revolts against the Merina and holds in failure during several months the army of Radama Ier.
  • the pasha of Egypt Mohamed-Ali sets up Khartoum (the Trunk elephant) in capital and organizes the Sudanese provinces. He continues his expansion policy towards the South started in 1821 with the catch of Dongola.

The Maghreb

  • the admiral Neal makes a vain attempt at unloading to Algiers.
  • the sultan of the Morocco rear-Rahman Abd sign an agreement with the Kingdom of Sardinia, which regulates the trade agreements between the two States.
  • the king of France Charles X sends an embassy to the sultan of the Morocco which obtains for France the treatment of the most favoured nation.

Americas

North America

  • February 9th - March 4th: Beginning of the presidency of coalition of John Quincy Adams with the the United States (fine in 1829). The election of John Quincy Adam, craftsman of the Doctrines Monroe, causes the fury of the partisans of Andrew Jackson who gather to form the democratic party, opposite with the national republicans.
  • October 7th: Fire of Miramichi, (New Brunswick), which destroyed the village of Newcastle and 15  000 km ² of forest (approximately 1/5ème of the province)
  • October 25th: Opening of the channel of Érié, 600 km length which connects the Lac Erié to New York while following the course of the Hudson.

  • Strike of the Union of the women tailors of New York who require an increase.

Latin America

  • April 17th: The France recognizes the independence of Saint-Domingue. The opponents of extreme right-hand side break out against the proposal of Villèle which grants, according to them, a premium with the insurrection with revolted slaves, assassins and despoilers of French.
  • August 6th: Independence of the Bolivia gained by the general Antonio Jose de Sucre Alcala, lieutenant of Simon Bolivar Palacios.
  • August 12th: The “libertador”, the general Venezuelan Simon Bolivar Palacios becomes the first president of the Republic of Bolivia.
  • August 25th:
    • Release of the Uruguay. “The Thirty-three immortal ones”, directed by Lavellaja, drive out the Portuguese of the Brésil who occupied the country since 1816 and declare their membership of Río of Plata, which causes a two year old war between the Argentine and the Brésil. They agree to bind to the Argentine only by one Fédéral pact.
    • Bolívar gives a “monocratic” Constitution to the Bolivia, which worries the Peruvian elites.
  • August 29th: The Portugal recognizes the independence of the Brésil to the treated of Rio de Janeiro.
  • October 17th: Uruguyan Victoire on Brazil with the Battle of Sarandí.
  • December 29th: Simon Bolivar Palacios gives up the presidency of Bolivia, which it leaves with its lieutenant Antonio Jose de Sucre Alcala.

Asia

  • Taken again hostilities between Persians and the Russians. The Persian which protests against the treatment of the Moslem subjects of the tsar and the occupation of Gokcha, invades the Transcaucasie.

  • Japan: Edict shogunal ordering to move away any foreign ship approaching the coasts.

  • China: Rebellion of the oases of Yarkand and Kachgar to the Xinjiang.
  • Great famine in India.

  • Beginning of the war of the island of Java, revolt indonésienne against the Dutch (fine in 1830). The resistance of the Javanese prince Diponegoro leads the Dutchmen to annex the Javanese central principalities. Diponegoro avoids the pitched battles and practical the guerilla. The ambushes then the Choléra decimate the Dutch troops (close to 15  000 soldiers perish in this “Guerre of Java” of which 8  000 Europeans).

  • religious Rising of Tuanku Iman Bondjol in the west of Sumatra, which constrained the Netherlands to adopt a policy of relative autonomy with regard to their colonies of Indonesia.

  • Creation of the Nederlandse Handel Haatschappij (NHH), company of State charged on sale to store and put the colonial productions in Indonesia.

Oceania & the Pacific

Europe

  • January 4th: Beginning of the reign of François Ier of Deux-Siciles.
  • February 26th: The troops of Méhémet Ali, called by the sultan, unload in the Peloponnese. Catch of Navarin (Pylos) by Ibrahim Pasha.
  • April 15th: Third Head office of Missolonghi
  • July: The Greek insurrectionists request British protectorate.
  • September 13rd: The tsar Alexandre Ier of Russia abdicates.
  • October 22nd, Hungary: In front of the resistance of the comitats, Metternich convenes the Diet after thirteen years of interruption. She recalls to the emperor the obligation to convene it every three years. This convocation inaugurates one era of reforms until in 1848. The Diet of 1825 - 1827 vote of the laws which restore the constitutional laws, put an end to the arbitrary liftings recruits and taxes and advance the employment of Hungarian like official language. The great debate on the reforms begins with the diétines from the comitats, in the newspapers and the books (Wesselenyi, Széchenyi).
  • February 1st: Advent of Nicolas Ier of Russia (fine in 1855).
  • December 14th: Revolt of Décembristes, group of young officers and aristocrats Russian, who try to raise the garrison of Saint-Pétersbourg at the time of dead the Alexandre Ier. The conspiracy gathers senior officers in favor of a constitutional mode. It fails by a lack of coordination.

  • Poland: The prince Czartoryski, in bad terms with the new tsar Nicolas I {{er}}, becomes the chief of the opposition to the Polish senate. The large-duke Constantin remains in place and the tsar reaffirms his desire to maintain the Constitution, but it looks at the Western gubernias like integral part of Russia: the administration undergoes a Russianization and adopts an attitude anti-catholic and pro-orthodoxe. After the plot of the decabrists (December), the search for Polish complicities involves a conflict with the Senate. Constantin opposes to the tsar Nicolas, his brother. Czartoryski encourages the resistance of the Senate and effervescence gains the military and student mediums.

France

See also: 1825 in France

  • April 28th: Law on the compensation for the Emigrants of an amount of a billion.
  • May 29th: Sacring of Charles X.

Religion

  • the Inquisition is restored in Spain.
  • the Benedictine abbey of Hautecombe, in Savoy, is restored by the king Charles-Felix of Savoy which bought it in 1824.
  • the German Jewish poet Heinrich Heine converts with the lutherantism “to reach European civilization”.

Arts & culture

See also: 1825 in music, 1825 in literature, 1825 with the theater

  • the First Malagasy grammar (handwritten).
  • Press: Foundation of the Telegraph of Moscow and the Bee of North (spokesperson of the mode tsarist).
  • Russia has six universities, 48 secondary schools of State and 337 elementary schools of State.

Sciences and technology

See also: 1825 in science

Economy & Company

  • Economic crisis with the the United Kingdom.
  • Recognition of the right to strike to the the United Kingdom.
  • Foundry of State to Alexandrovsk. First rolling mills in Russia (1826).
  • Re-examined manufactures and trade in Russia.

  • Deplorable state of Polish agriculture. The outputs of the ground are weak and the techniques remain primitive: 34% of the ground only are cultivated and 29% of the peasants do not have aucunes grounds. Practitioner subsistence farming, the peasants remain absent from market. Some progress appears nevertheless: creation of cases of agricultural credit, development of the culture of the potato, which one starts to use to manufacture of vodka. The noble ones assume the monopoly of distillation.

  • With the Sudan, the Egyptians institute a mode of taxes which will cause many revolts and impose Turkish osmanli like administrative language. The base of taxation is the ground, the taxed unit being the number of large wheels with water ( sagiya ) which must pay from 15 to 132 piastres per annum according to the production. The not irrigated grounds are much imposed, but the date palms are it too. The black soldiers, who die of disease out of Sudan, are assigned to the colonization of their own grounds. They form an effective army of mercenaries ( Nubi ) and later will be used for colonization of the Germans to the Tanganyika and the Belgian to the Congo.

Births in 1825

Death in 1825

Beats-smg: 1825 Be-X-old: 1825 Map-bms: 1825 Simple: 1825 Zh-yue: 1825 年

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