17 Tammouz

The 17 Tammouz (héb. שבעהעשרבתמוז shiva assar betammouz) is the date of commemoration of several misfortunes having struck the people judéen.

The Judaïsme prescribes in this day a fast of the paddle to the Crépuscule. It is not however a public holiday, and it is not interdict to carry out work.

In 2007, the 17 Tammouz corresponds to the July 3rd in the Gregorian Calendrier.

Origin

It is referred to the 17 Tammouz in one of the Books of the Nevi' im, " the fast of the fourth mois" (Zach. 8:19).

The mishna states in the treated Ta' anit 4:6 five calamities fallen on the people Juif in this day:

Going down from the mount the Sinai, Moïse saw the people adoring the Golden calf, and broke the first Tables of the Law;
the daily sacrifice ( korban tamid ) was sicontinué for the first time of the history, during the Siège of Jerusalem, and there were not any more animal sacrifices;
the first breach in the wall of enclosure of Jerusalem, was bored, prelude to the destruction of the Second Temple;
Before the Revolt of Bar Kokhba, the Roman military chief, one named Apostamos, burned a roller of the Torah;
an idol was set up in the sanctuary of the Second Temple of Jerusalem.

The Talmud of Babylon (Taanit 28b) locates the second and fifth calamities at the time of the First Temple, but date the third calamity (brêche of Jerusalem) from the period of the Second Temple, since the breach of Jerusalem at the time of the First Temple took place the 9 Tammouz (cf 2 Kings 25:3 - 4 & Jer. 52.6-7).

Besides the karaïtes, members of a Jewish current rejecting the authority of the oral Torah, commemorate the fast of the fourth month the 9 Tammouz, dates from the first breach in the wall of enclosure of Jerusalem by the army of Nabuchodonozor, prelude to the destruction of the '' Premier '' Temple and to the first exile.

Observances

The 17 Tammouz is a minor fast, paddle in the twilight, but the other signs of mourning are not observed, and it is allowed to work.

One reads with the synagog a section of the Torah and of particular Nevi' im, and the Anenou, a prayer pronounced at the time of the collective fasts, is inserted in the Amida offices of Shaharit and Minha.

Place au center of the four fasts

The 17 Tammouz is the second of the four fasts commemorating the destruction of the Temple and the exile. It is preceded seven months by the fast of the 10 Tevet and arrives three weeks before the 9 Av. The last of the four fasts, the Fast of Guedaliah, which is observed the 3 Tishri.

Bein haMetzarim

The three weeks inaugurated by the 17 Tammouz and concluded by 9 Av are known in the Jewish tradition like the Yemei bein haMetzarim (" between the straits, " i.e between the days of distress) or simply like the Three Weeks. Certain habits of mourning, commemorating the destruction of Jerusalem, are observed since the beginning of the three weeks.

The oldest reference to these days as a bein hametzarim , which is also the first source as for Three Weeks the special statute, is the Midrash Eikha Rabba 1:29, which midrash comments on the verse Lam. 1:3 (" All its persecutors have surprised it bein hametzarim " - The Bible of the Rabbinate translated by " between the détroits").

See too

the fast of the 10 Tevet, which marks the beginning of the seat of the Temple
the three weeks ( yemei bein hametzarim ), beginning the 17 Tammouz and concluding the 9 Av, day of fast commemorating the destruction of the Temples
the Jeûne of Guedaliah, commemorating the assassination of Guedaliah (Godolias), governor named by Babylon, 3 Tishri, i.e. immediately after Rosh Hashana. More than this assassination, one deplores the escape of Judéens not exiled which was the consequence: the work of Nabuchodonosor was to some extent completed.

External bond

Converter of dates

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