1774

This page relates to the year 1774 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Asia

  • Tibet : George Bogle, emissary of the Company of the British Indies, meets with Shigatse the sixth Panchen-lama, Palden Yeshe. Bogle binds friendship with the Panchen Lama, studies the language and the habits of the country and wife a Tibetan. He dies prematurely in 1781.

The Middle East

  • January 21st: Died of the Othoman Sultan Mustafa III, which his/her brother Abdülhamid I {{er}} succeeds (fine of the reign in 1789).

Africa

  • the Portuguese of Benguela (Angola) carry out two forwardings against the kingdom Ovimbundu which resists their penetration (1774 and 1776).
  • Teaching of the Moslem well-read man Usman daN Fodio with the Gober and in the States close Haoussa (Zamfara, Katsena, Kebbi), of 1774 with 1804.

Oceania

  • September 4th: The British navigator James Cook discovers the island of the New Caledonia.
    • James Cook carries out the cartography of the New Hebrides (today Vanuatu), of the Marquises and the Easter Island. He is the first European to be unloaded on several other Pacific Islands, like New Caledonia and the islands Ellice. During this voyage, it crosses three times the polar circle and establishes a new record by reaching 71° 10' of southern latitude. To finish, it continues towards the east, double the Cape Horn and discovers the islands South Georgia and the Sandwich islands of the South. It briefly stops in Table Bay before returning in Great Britain. Its great forwarding, which lasted three years, proved that there did not exist southernmost continent of the size of Asia but only the great frozen mass of the Antarctic area. Although not having never unloaded on the the Antarctic, Cook probably understands by observing the fragments of rock contained in the icebergs that there is a terrestrial mass more in the south. This voyage is also extraordinary by the fact that the crew is maintained, thanks to the insistence of Cook, in good health: the cases of Scorbut are rare during forwarding.

Americas

Canada

  • June 13rd: The Quebec Act grants the religious liberty to the roman catholics of the Canada and their institutions with the French Canadians. It restores the old borders of the Quebec and the French laws and preserves the system seigneurial. The valley of the Ohio is attached to Canada, which blocks any expansion towards the west with the American colonists. The government of the country is entrusted to a governor assisted of the Council of seventeen with twenty-three members named by the Crown.
  • October: The continental congress invites the Canadians to adhere to the confederation American colonies and is addressed to the commercial class to spread the idea of a secession.

  • Joseph Frobisher reaches the bearing which separates the basin from the Saskatchewan of the basin of the river Churchill.
  • the Compagnie of Hudson Bay is committed to water of the interior of the Canada.

Thirteen colonies

  • Beginning of the war of American independence (1774 - 1783).
  • March 31st - June 2nd: Vote Intolerable Acts by the British Parliament. Injured in their economic interests, blocked in the west, threatened to lose British traditional freedoms (assembled deliberating, assent with the tax, individual freedoms, of press), the Americans engage towards resistance.
  • March 31st: Boston Port Act which closes the port of Boston until that the company of the Indies Orientales and the customs received compensation on the undergone losses.
  • April 26th: Beginning of the war of Lord Dunmore in Pennsylvania against the Shawnee S.
  • May 20th:
    • Massachusetts Government Act . Martial law and suspension of freedoms of the Massachusetts. The municipal assemblies and the popular assemblies react while raising themselves.
    • Administration off Justice Act
  • June 2nd: Second Quartering Act on the housing of the troops.
  • September 5th - October 26th: The deputies of the legislatures meet in the First continental Congress of Philadelphia, which declares the “coercive acts” unconstitutional and urges the Massachusetts to form a government and the people to be constituted as a militia.
  • October 10th: The British beat the Shawnee S with the battle of Pleasant Point.

  • Government of the continental Congress: Robert Morris becomes superintendant Finances.

  • Rhode Island becomes the first state of America to abolish the Esclavage.

Europe

  • September 21st: New code of the Enquiry to the Portugal.
  • December: Reform secondary education in Austria and Bohemia. An ordinance of the abbot Ignace Feldiber reorganizes the elementary schools founded on the reading, the writing and calculation. Obligatory teaching for all between 6 and 12 years.

  • Publication by the austro-Bohemia chancellery the maximum one of Drudgery. The chancelleries seigneuriales are long in applying the payments.

  • Reform of the municipal authorities and provincial Tuscan installation by Gianni in (1774 - 1779). The criterion of administrative accession to the loads becomes the property and either the nobility. The general Ferme is abolished, the unified tax system, the legal system is rationalized.

  • John Wilkes is elected Lord-Maire of London. Re-elected with the Communes, it militates for the publication of the debates in the press. It incarnates with the eyes of the public the British defense of freedoms, and supports the American colonists.

Russia

  • In February, with the head of 30  000 men, Pougatchev occupies Tcheliabinsk. In April, it must give up Tcheliabinsk, Kourgan and Orenburg to withdraw itself in the the Ural. In July it seizes Kazan. Beaten to Samorsk (May-June) and to Kazan' ( July) by the general Mikhelson, it passes the the Volga, raises the Cosaques Don and starts a new country insurrection by publishing a proclamation promising the suppression of serfdom, the taxes and the military service. The serfs burn the castles and carry out the noble ones (1  500 deaths official). Catherine II of Russia puts the head of Pougatchev at price and reinforces the army of Mikhelson. Pougatchev, crushed with Salnikov (September 4th), gives up the seat of Tsaritsyne and takes refuge in the steppe.

  • Offensive Russian in the Balkans.

  • July 21st: The Traité of Kucuk Kainarji (Treated of Kutchuk-Kaïnardji) puts an end to the Russo-Turkish war. The Russia obtains the North of the Black Sea (Azov, Kertch, mouths of the Dniepr, Kouban and Terek), the right of free navigation in Black Sea and in the straits and protectorate on the orthodoxe Christians of the Ottoman Empire. The Austria obtains the Bukovine. The the Crimea is recognized independent. The Valachie and the Moldavie obtain from the sultan of political freedoms.

  • Potemkine becomes prince of Tauride.
  • Reform of the courts of province.
  • Novikov founds a printing works where it publishes the Old Russian Library.

France

  • Condorcet is named by Turgot general inspector of the Currencies.
  • Terray leaves a healthy financial position. The budget deficit is reduced, even cancelled until in 1778 (40 million in 1774,22 in 1776).
  • It book is brought back from 0,31 to 0,29 gram of fine gold (1774 - 1790).
  • Demolition of the trees of the Park of Versailles (winter 1774 - 1775).

Arts & culture

See also: 1774 with the theater, 1774 in literature

  • Thomas Paine becomes editor association of the Pennsylvania Journal (1774-1777). It publishes the Common Sense (1776) and takes part in the events of independence at various stations.

  • the painter David obtains the price of Rome.

Sciences and technology

Births in 1774

Death in 1774

Be-X-old: 1774 Map-bms: 1774 Simple: 1774 Zh-classical: 一七七四年 Zh-yue: 1774 年

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