1649

This page relates to the year 1649 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

America

  • February 18th: Portuguese Victoire on Dutch at the second Battle of Guararapes to the Pernambouc.
  • March 10th: Foundation of the general Company of the Trade of the Brazil, charged to maintain 36 galleons. It has the monopoly of the supply of the Brésil out of wine, flour, oil and cod. To attract the capital of the new converts, the Jésuite António Vieira obtains from the king Jean IV of Portugal that the goods of those which would invest in the Company are safe from any confiscation (February 6th).
  • Canada: The Huron are overcome by the League of the Iroquois. Iroquois tackle the Huron missions. They capture the Jésuites Jean de Brébeuf and Gabriel Lalemant which die in Saint-Ignace like martyrs (March 16th).
  • April 11th: general Auto-da-fe with the Mexico. On 109 condemned (including 108 judaïsants), 57 are burned in effigy and 13 in person.

  • Between 1649 and 1759, one counts three revolts of blacks to Saint-Domingue and at least ten in different the the English Antilles.

Africa

  • the Dutchmen are driven out of São Tomé and the Angola (Saint-Paul de Loanda).
  • December: Etienne de Flacourt takes possession for the third time of the Réunion and island Bourbon baptizes it.

  • Morocco: The Alawite Mulay Mohammed, king of the Tafilalet, occupies Fès but is driven out by it by the marabout S of Dila.

Asia

  • the Russians reach the ocean Pacifique and the Kamtchatka and found the town of Okhotsk in Eastern Siberia.

  • Japan: Code defining the obligations of the country class.

  • the Perse Chah Abbas II takes again Kandahar. Several expensive campaigns but without success are carried out against Balkh and the Badakstan by Aurangzeb then Dara Shukoh and Murad, the wire of Shah Jahan.

Europe

  • September 2nd: The papal armies destroy the town of Castro, in the Latium.
    • Business of the duchy of Castro: the pope Innocent X shows relentless against the attempt at independence of this duchy. The Guerre of Castro is the last local territorial conflict in Italy.

  • the election of Pál Pálffy, faithful catholic of Ferdinand III, like palatine of Hungary, is supported by the Protestant prince of Transylvania, Georges II Rákóczy, against candidates of its own confession. Rakóczi then plans to enter in war against the Turks to the sides of the Emperor, but this one prefers to negotiate peace with the Porte.

British Isles

  • 20 - January 27th: Oliver Cromwell imposes the lawsuit of the king in front of a special court made up of about sixty deputies still sitting on the Communes (“Parlement tail”, or Rump Parliament).

  • January 30th: Charles I {{er}} is condemned.
  • February 9th: Charles I {{er}} is carried out in front of Whitehall.
  • Mars: John Milton becomes Foreign Minister.
  • April:
    • Proclamation of the Levelling (Levellers) written by J. Lilburne, W. Walwin, T. Prince, R. Overton. They state there “to conform our acts and our remarks… to the will (of God), written initially in our hearts, and then in its crowned Word” rather than to be “strict on the formal and ceremonial part of its Service”.
    • Mutiny of Bishopsgate.
  • 13 - May 17th: Repression of the Mutiny of Banbury in the armed . Cromwell and Fairfax make imprison Lilburne (Niveleur) and hang the leaders. They take again the army in hand.
  • May 19th: The England becomes a free republic ( has free the Commonwealth ) directed by the Rump (Council of State of 41 noble and middle-class), divided into five committees (foreign affairs, army, Ireland, justice, marine) and by a council of officers. A Parliament of 140 deputies chooses on lists of men “fearing god” is set up.
    • the new mode does not found the religious liberty and restores the censure on the press, an oath of fidelity is required of all the adult men of the country, while a High court must judge the acts of “treason”, such as very critical of the shape of the government.
  • August 15th: Beginning of the tender of Ireland by Cromwell, which sends an army of 12  000 men (end in May 1650). The survivors are pushed back towards the Connaught in the west. Ireland is occupied until in 1660. The grounds of those which had supported the Stuart are despoiled (between 1649 and 1660, the percentage of grounds had by catholics falls from 60% to 20%).
  • September 12th: Massacre Drogheda in Ireland.
  • 2 - October 11th: Bag of Wexford in Ireland.

France

See also: 1649 in France

  • Plague with Marseilles and into high Auvergne.

  • Bad harvest of grains. Food shortages and epidemics (1649 - 1652). The rural population decreases.

  • 5 - January 6th: The Court takes refuge with Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer.
  • January 20th: Day of the Barricades. Gondi raises five companies of light horseman (Corinthians) against Mazarin which will be massacred with Antony by the troops of the king.
  • February 8th - April: Condé besieges Paris with 12  000 men
  • March 11th: Signature of the Peace of Rueil which puts an end to the parliamentary Fronde: maintains twenty-seven articles, amnesties with the rebels, right of meeting for the parliamentary assemblies… The Parliament accepts the agreement at the beginning of April.

  • July: Distort hanging of the Morlot printer in Paris, saved by the intervention of crowd.

  • August 18th: Triumphal entry of the king in Paris. The court regains the Palais Royal. Condé, disappointed not to have the place of Mazarin joined the Fronde of the Princes (Conti, the duchess of Longueville, Turenne, Rochefoucauld, the duchess of Chevreuse, Anne de Gonzague, the duke of Beaufort, Gaston of Orleans, the duchess of Montpensier, Gondi, the duke of Bubble, the duke of Tweed, the marshal of Mothe-Houdancourt…).
  • September - October: Parliament of the nobility, dispersed by the Court.
  • September 22nd: Riot of the shareholders of the Town hall.
  • November 9th: Particelli d' Emery becomes again superintendent of finances. The system of the provincial intendants is restored.
  • December 11th: With Paris, riots of shareholders on the town hall, anxious for their credits.
  • the Normandy loses its provincial states.
  • December: Back in favor of the coadjutor Gondi near the regent and of the cardinal.

Poland & Russia

  • January: The English trade in Russia is limited to the only port of Arkhangelsk. The privileges of the English company of Moscovie are abolished.
  • March 14th: Marie de Gonzague, widow of Ladislas IV Vasa, wife her successor Jean-Casimir.
  • 15 - August 16th: Defeat of Zaporogues with Zborów. Bogdan Khmelnitski treats with the Poland (it will take again the hostilities in 1650).
  • August 18th: Convention of Zborovo; concessions of territories to the Cossacks Zaporogues, respect of orthodoxy in Ukraine. Neither the nobility, nor the Polish clergy accept it.

  • Measurements economic and social in Russia continuations with the riots. Publication by the Zemski sobor of a new Code ( Oulojénié ). It takes again the code of Ivan IV with elements borrowed from the Lithuanian and Byzantine codes. The peasants are definitively attached to the ground, the privileges from abroad are abolished, the Church is more strongly subjugated in the State. The capacity of the tsar is consolidated by the hierarchical classification of the company (merchants, craftsmen, peasants), administrative and religious centralization and the improvement of the recruitment of the army.
    • the new code definitively attaches the peasants to the ground. The number of serfs in escape does nothing but increase. They join for the majority the establishments Cosaques of the low valleys of the the Volga, the Dniepr and the Don.
    • the code of the tsar Alexis prohibited in Boyards, gentlemen and Russians of any row, to buy, exchange, mortgage and rent grounds belonging to the Tatars, Mordves, Chuvash, Tchérémisse S, Votyaks and Bachkir S. Inversement, those cannot acquire a ground given to the Russians.

Religion

  • July 1st: Nicolas Horn, syndic, present to faculty theology of Paris five proposals on the grace, extracted the Augustinus . He asks the judgment of it. After discussion, one decides to consult the pope.
  • September 9th: Bossuet sermon the Panegyrical of saint Gorgon , in Metz.
  • September 22nd: Bossuet is ordered deacon with Metz.

  • the tsar joins together a council which condemns the modifications of ritual suggested by the “hellenistic ones” (song in unison).
  • Foundation of the school of theology of Moscow by monks come from Kiev.
  • the preacher Epiphane Slavinetski (death in 1675) collaborates with Nikon, translated works of the Fathers of the Church, writes a “philosophical” lexicon and a lexicon “gréco-slavo-Latin”. With the professors small-russiens recruited by Rtichtchev, it attracts pupils increasingly many and competed with the school of the Arsène Greek.

Art & culture

  • January 2nd: Departure of Vélasquez for Italy.

  • September 1st: Descartes leaves Amsterdam to go in Sweden to the invitation of Christine. It dies there shortly after its arrival (1650).
  • December 10th: The cook of the duke of Choiseul-Praslin invents the " Dresses ".

  • the Philosophe French Descartes publishes in Paris its Traité passions .
  • Arnauld d' Andigny translates the Confessions of Saint Augustin .
  • Syntagma philosophicum of Gassendi.
  • Beginning of the publication of Artamène or Large Cyrus of Miss de Scudéry, which will last until in 1653.

See also: 1649 with the theater

  • the Italian Luthier of Crémone Amati builds its Violon S.
  • Allégorie of the Music , fabric of Hire.
  • Portrait of Descartes , Frans Halls.

Economy & company

  • Rise of Hamburg.
  • Dantzig exports 250  000 tons of cereals (40  000 tons in 1740).
  • Prohibition of the culture of the Tobacco to the Portugal where it competes with the food crops.

Births in 1649

Death in 1649

Easter Day

Be-X-old: 1649 Map-bms: 1649 Simple: 1649

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