1545

This page relates to the year 1545 Calendrier Julien.

Events

Africa

  • the Othoman occupy Massawa and thus control all the Ethiopia.
  • the Official reception, people pagan come seem valleys of the Ouébi and Juba, benefitting from the agitation of the Somali and the vacuums left by the departure in shift of the Moslem troops in Ethiopia, progressed towards north. They run up for the first time against an Ethiopian troop, in the east of the Lac Zouaï, in the Batéramora, which they demolish. Other waves invade the Daouaro and the Fatajar (1545 - 1547). the Négus of Ethiopia Claude manages to temporarily divert them towards the Harrar, which they devastate, bringing the famine.

America

  • April 10th: Discovered, with the foot of the Cerro Rico (the rich Mountain), of the mines of money of Potosí to the Peru (currently in Bolivia), by Villareal. The exploitation of the money mines of the Potosí, enriches the colonists, the Spanish treasure, the Corsaire S and Europe during one century and half, but caused the death of million Amerindian S because of the forced labor imposed by the Spaniards. This exploitation was the cause of many risings of Indien S between XVIe and the XVIIIe century.
    • During nearly 30 years, on the mines of Potosi, the Indians impose their own modes of extraction, that the occupants do not manage to control. It is only in 1574, during the introduction of a technique of amalgam, that the Spaniards will be able to break the control which the Indians exerted on the production of money.

  • Assassination of Manco INCA by a conquistador who tightened a trap by treason to him. Beginning of the reign of his/her son Sayri Tupac, sovereign INCA (fine in 1560).
  • Civil war with the Peru: Gonzalo Pizarro walk on Lima (October 1544), then continues towards the north Blasco Núñez Vela which takes refuge with Popayán (Colombia).
  • Epidemic of Variola to the Mexico killing 800  000 Indians.
  • Creation of Santos to the Brazil.

Asia

  • May 22nd: Salim Shah succeeds the head of the Sultanat of Delhi to his/her father Sher Shâh Sûrî, accidentally dead of a gunpowder explosion. Salim strengthens its capacity thanks to the army and with the advised administrative reforms of his/her father.
  • September 25th: The missionary Spanish Jesuit François Xavier arrives at Malacca.

  • Fourth and last purges Sallim in the kingdom Chosŏn (Korea).
  • Beginning of the reign of Shah khan, khan Djaghataïde with the Turkestan (fine in 1570). It must face revolts which deliver the Bassin of Tarim to chaos. Two opposed families, the Ak-Taghlik and the Kara-Taghlik dominate a mosaic of principalities.
  • the emperor moghol Humâyûn seizes Kandahar.
  • Sassassinat of the Vietnamese prince Nguyễn Kim.

Europe

  • January: More than fifty ships are run by the storm in Adriatique, including three naves Venetian going towards the Syria with more 100  000 ducats on board.
  • February 27th: Victoire of the Scot on the English with Ancrum Moor.
  • July 3rd: French naval Victoire on England with the battles of Chief-of-Caux with the mouth of the the Seine (Holy-Addresses).
  • 18 - July 19th: Naval confrontation between France and England with the battle of the Solent, close to the Island of Wight. The “Mary Pink” is cast.
  • August 15th: French naval Victoire on England with the Battle of Boulogne.
  • Fall: the Elector Palatine, the landgrave of Hesse and the duke of Saxony, chiefs of the League of Smalkade, engage against the duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel, catholic who endeavors to reconquer his duchy on the Protestants who drove out it. Emmanuel-Philibert of Savoy combat the League of Smalkade for the account of Charles Quint.
  • December 13rd: Opening of the Council of Thirty, 19th Ecumenical Council. It will be held into three session: 1545-47; 1551-52 and 1562-63. The popes of the time will not take part in it directly. In a deeply divided Christendom the Roman Church starts the catholic Counter-Reformation at it.
    • Counter-Reformation: the council of Thirty clarifies aspects of the Christian faith questioned by the Protestants, reforms the liturgy and the practices of the worship, restores the ecclesiastical discipline, prepares an official version of the Bible (Vulgate), a Catéchisme (1566), a Bréviaire (1568), a Roman Missel (1570)… Many Spanish theologists (Francisco de Vitoria, Nickel silver Cano, Domingo de Soto, Bartolomé de Carranza, Diego Laynez, Alfonso Salmeron) take part in work.
    • Sessions 1 to 8 of December 13rd, 1545 to the March 3rd 1547: the Fathers specify the text of the symbol of the Faith, determine the canonical books of Old and New Testament, the rules to follow to publish canonical texts, and impose the obligatory use of the Latin edition of Saint Jerome (Vulgate). They establish the doctrines of the justification, recall that the Church recognizes seven sacraments. They specify the conditions of choice of the bishops, point out the prohibition of the office plurality of évêchés and of the cures, specify the rules of sacring of the prelates, the rules of establishment and maintenance of educational establishments, and those of the preacher nomination.

  • Multiplication of the statutes of purity of blood ( limpieza of sangre ) in Spain, appeared at the end of the 15th century. They make it possible to the old Christians to reach the university and the benefits, to be allowed in the military orders, the loads and offices, even in the organizations of trades.

France

  • April 29th: By letters patent, the King de France François I {{er}} orders the rebuilding of the town of Vitry-en-Perthois, destroyed the previous year by Charles Quint. The new city will take the name of Vitry-le-François. He entrusts the building site of it to the architect and Italian military engineer Girolamo Marini, originating in Bologna.
  • April: The Parliament of Aix-en-Provence orders the massacre of the Vaudois of Provence, declaring them heretics. Several villages are destroyed (Mérindol the April 18th, Aigues Cabrières-…).
  • Edict of the May 6th which specifies the fields of authority (especially military) of the governors and delimits the governments exactly.
  • July: Fallen through attempt at unloading in England.
  • September 9th: Died of the duke of Orleans, third wire of the king.

Arts & cultures

In Occident

  • September 19th: Rabelais obtains a royal privilege for the impression of the Tiers Book .
  • French Translation of the furious Roland or Orlando Furioso , Poem épico - comic written 1516 by Ludovico Ariosto (known as in French Arioste ), by Jehan of the Drops.
  • the sévillan Cristobal de Morales, of return of Rome (1535 -1545), is choirmaster to Tolède then with Malaga (fine in 1553).
  • the Deposition and Eléonore de Tolède and his/her son Jean , paintings of Bronzino.
  • Pierre Lescot constructs the frontage of the square court of the Louvre (fine in 1565).

In the East

  • Mausolée of Sher Shah Suri builds by the architect Aliwâl Khân with Sasarâm, in India.
  • the Mosque of Princes is built with Constantinople by the Turkish architect Sinan.

Sciences & technology

  • Ambroise Paré publishes his Traité surgery .
  • Jerome Cardan publishes his Grand art of calculation .
  • Foundation of the Botanical garden of Padoue.

Economy & company

  • Period of growth of the prices in Europe (1545 - 1590).
  • the quinto réal (taking away of 20% on the cargoes of the new world) represents more than 500 million maravédis after the opening of the mines of Potosi.
  • Tariff-war between Venice and Ancône and its trade of leathers. Suppression of the customs duties on nuts gall coming from High and Low Romania (1545 - 1572).

Births in 1545

  • April 28th: Yi Sun-sin, admiral Korea N.

Death in 1545

  • April 10th: Costanzo Festa, Florentin singer of the pontifical control (born in 1467).

  • May 22nd: Sher Shâh Sûrî
  • September: Hans Baldung with Strasbourg, painter, draftsman and sculptor (born in 1484).
  • October 18th: John Taverner, English type-setter.
  • Assassination of the INCA Manco Capac II.

Be-X-old: 1545 Map-bms: 1545

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