This page relates to the year 1491 Calendrier Julien.

Events

Africa

• May 3rd: Baptism of the Manicongo (king of the Congo) Nzinga Nkouvou and of its court. Fore-mentioned king then Joao and becomes Joao Ier Nzinga Nkouvou.
• an important Portuguese embassy is established with Mbali with the Congo where it receives a favorable reception. The capital is renamed San Salvador. At the end of the century, in front of the resistance of the people, Nzinga Nkouvou and his Mpanzou son return to the Animisme, and run up against the queen mother and her other Alphonso wire, remained faithful to Catholicism. This opposition between the two brothers will lead to the civil war as of the disappearance of Nzinga Nkouvou.
• the Portuguese entirely transform Mbali, which they call San Salvador, by building there churches and stone-built houses.

Europe

• July 13rd: Accidental death of the heir to the throne of the Portugal, Alfonso. Jean II of Portugal designates as heir Manuel Ier, the brother of Diogo, of which he had pronounced the judgment and perhaps perpetrated the murder.
• November 7th: Signature of the Treated of Presbourg, between Maximilien Ier the Hungarian and king Ladislas II Jagellon. It restores the status quo in Hungary, confirming the agreement of 1463. The fields of the Habsbourg are joined together under the only authority of the emperor Frederic III. The crown of Etienne saint will return to the heirs to Maximilien de Habsbourg or to those of Ladislas Jagellon following the branch which will die out the first.
• November 16th: Business of the murder of the “ Santo Niño of Guardia ” in Castille. Juifs are shown of ritual murder on Christian children.
• November 25th: Beginning of the seat of Grenade.

• Revolt of the “bread and cheese” in the north of the Netherlands, pulled by the famine of the peasants due to the bad weather of the end of the century (1491 - 1492).
• Ivan III of Moscow makes stop his/her André brother, who refused to walk against the Mongolian , and appendix his fields.

France

• January 2nd: Alain d' Albret sign the treaty of Mills with the king of France.
• Mars: Resumption of the hostilities between Brittany and France.
• 19 - March 20th: Alain d' Albret delivers the Château of Nantes to the French.
• Majority of Charles VIII in spring.
• June 21st: The priest Jean Langlois is burned with Paris to have trampled of the hosts with Notre-Dame de Paris.
• June 27th: Louis II of Orleans is released after three years of imprisonment by the king Charles VIII, without informing his/her sister Anne of it of Bourbon (ex-Beaujeu). The two men reconcile themselves.
• July: Sit of Rennes by the French of Louis II of Trémoille.
• Anne of Brittany capitulates but the city is not invested. Cancellation of the marriage of Maximilien of Austria and Anne of Brittany.
• October 27th: with Valves, the States of Brittany decide for the marriage of Anne with Charles VIII.
• November 15th: Engagement with Rennes of Anne and Charles VIII. Treaty which obliges Anne to return her foreign troops and to neutralize Rennes.
• December 6th: Marriage, with Langeais (Indre-et-Loire), of the king Charles VIII of France with the duchess Anne of Brittany. Brittany is temporarily attached to France.
• personal Union of the Brittany to the France by the Marriage of Anne with Charles VIII. The perpetual union will intervene only after the death of the duchess Claude, wife of the king François Ier.

• Winter 1491 - 1492 very rigorous in the South of France. Freezing of olive-trees.
• Meeting of the General states.

Arts & cultures

• Yearly histories of Robert Gaguin.
• Latin Bible published by Johann Froben with Basle.

• Martin Schongauer creates a model of Encensoir.

• Construction of the palate with Facettes (the Kremlin), with Moscow.

Sciences and technology

Economy & company

• Rise relative of the port of Nantes after its annexation to the kingdom of France. The city passes from 15  000 inhabitants at the end of the 15th century with 25  000 at the end of the 16th century. The 2000 boats which attend the port export wine, import salt and cod.
• the Fugger obtain the concession of the money mines of Schwatz, with the the Tyrol. They extract each year 12  000 kg of money and 22  000 quintals of copper. Maximilien of Austria receives 120  000 guilder and avoids the bankruptcy.
• Creation of an English counter with Dantzig.

Births in 1491

• June 28th: Henri VIII of England, king d' Angleterre.
• December 24th: Ignace de Loyola, founder of the Jesuits.
• December 31st: Jacques Cartier, with Saint-Malo, French navigator, “discoverer of Canada”

Death in 1491

• February 2nd: Martin Schongauer, painter and German engraver (born in 1445) celebrates for his a hundred and fifteen stroke engraving on copper signed of monogram M+S.

• William Caxton, the first printer English (born v. 1422).

Be-X-old: 1491 Map-bms: 1491 Simple: 1491

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