1261

This page relates to the year 1261 Calendrier Julien.

Events

With the Japan, the monk Nichiren must flee Kamakura and leaves to preach in the peninsula of Izu (fine in 1263).

Upon the departure of Kubilai Khan in China, his/her brother Ariq-bögè takes again Karakorum and made face with a new attack of Kubilai. The two armies clash in the Gobi without none carrying it. Alghu, khan of Djaghataï and Qaïdou, chief of the house of Ögödei, join with Ariq-bögè and the forces of the two parties are appreciably equal.

Ariq-bögè, Master of the Mongolian territories, dispossesses Orghana Qatun and makes name khan the grandson of Djaghataï, Alghu (fine in 1266), charging it with going with its army on the Amou-Daria to prevent that the Mongolian khan Perse, Argoun, does not assist from Kubilai. Alghu benefits from the hostilities between the two applicants to reinforce his independence.

After the fall of Baghdad in 1258, an Abbasid line of caliph , of suspect legitimacy, settle in Egypt under the protection of Baybars, which is made invest officially in its functions of sultan.

Baybars considers a punitive forwarding against Bohémond VI of Antioche and the Armenian king Hethoum with the end of the year. It runs up against the Tatars and decides to await another occasion.

January: The pope condemns the movement of the Whipping S
August 29th: Beginning of the Pontificate of Urbain IV (Jacques Pantaléon) (until in 1265).

the king Henri III of England is combined with the pope who unties it of his oath on the Provisions of Oxford.
War of the English barons against Henri III who refuses to apply the Provisions of Oxford (end in 1265).
Failure of a Prussian rising against the teutonic Knights.
the Greenland passes under the control of the Norway.
Creation of the diocese of Saraï, capital of the Horde of Gold.

March 13rd: Treaty of Nymphaeon. Genoa and Byzance makes alliance. Michel VIII Paleologist grants Genoa of the commercial privileges important with Smyrna and Constantinople (Pera and Galata) with the detriment of Venice, which loses the monopoly of the trade with the Black Sea.
July 25th: the basileus Michel VIII Paleologist, helped by Genoa, overcomes Guillaume de Villehardouin and the despot of Epire and enters triumphantly its capital, Constantinople (the general Alexios Stratigopoulos almost takes again the city without engagements in the absence of the Venetian fleet).
August 15th: the Byzantine emperor Michel VIII Paleologist remelts the Byzantine Empire. End of the Latin Empire of the East. It reverses, imprisons and blind man Jean IV Lascaris, the heir legitimates minor and founds the dynasty Paléologue.

Michel VIII is combined with the Mongolian .
Michel VIII Paleologist is excommunicated by the Arsène patriarch to have made burst the eyes of its candidate Jean IV Lascaris (until in 1266).
Génois Counter of Caffa in the Crimea (fine in 1475).
War between Genoa and Venice for the trade in Aegean Sea (fine in 1270).

Construction of the Market of Haakon , Håkonshallen, residence of the king of Norway to Bergen.
Reappearance with Constantinople of a high private education dominated by Georges Akropolitès and Gregoire of Cyprus.
Creation of the library of Kanazawa, with the Japan.

Pézenas becomes a royal seigniory, which gives a new expansion to its three annual fairs, to which the king concedes many advantages, confirming the city in its role of large wool market.
Depreciation of the Byzantine Hyperpère (gold currency) which passes from 24 to 9 carats.
Russia: Saraï becomes until its destruction in 1395 an important shopping mall connecting the roads between the East and the Occident. Venetian tradesmen and génois come to buy furs come from North there as from the slaves Kiptchak whom they resell with the Mamelouks Egypt.
Japan: the Bakufu sends gold in China to buy copper coins (sapèques) which become legal tender for the payment of the tax in Japan. By this massive importation of Chinese currency, the mode of Kamakura knows one inflationary era until in 1300.

Beats-smg: 1261 Be-X-old: 1261 Map-bms: 1261

Random links: