-413

This page relates to the year -413 Calendrier Julien proleptic.

Events

Roman world

  • With Rome, Consul At of Aulus Marcus Cornelius Cossus, Lucius Furius Medullinus.

Greek world

  • Peloponnesian War: Disaster of the Athenian forwarding in Sicily.
    • May: Defeat of the Athenian with Plemmyrion.
    • August: The Athenian , initially victorious of night on the plate of the Épipoles, are made drive back by Syracuse and the combat finishes in disaster. Nicias, fearing the reaction of the Athenians, is long in ensuring his retirement. A moon eclipse (August 27th) encourages it to move back its 27 days departure.
    • September: As Nicias endeavors to leave, Syracusains, victorious on sea, succeed in blocking the entry of the wearing of Syracuse, by imprisoning the Athénienne fleet there. The Athenians, superiors of number, try to force the blockade, but having little place to operate, they are harpooned and approached by the ships syracusains, victorious again. The two camps undergo heavy losses, but the Athenians, demoralized, refuse to take again the sea and the retirement is done by overland route. 40  000 exhausted men are divided into two bodies. Démosthène is made encircle and capitulated, while Nicias, overcome in let reads of Assinaros, must go to Gylippe. Nicias and Démosthène are carried out, and the Athenian soldiers finish like slaves in Latomies (stone quarries).

  • Peloponnesian War: occupation of the Dème of Décélie by the Spartans of the king Acted II. Acted devastation since this position all the Attique while the exploitation of the mines of the Laurion is stopped, which adds to the financial embarrassments of Athens.

  • Endios is named éphore Sparte (fine in -412).

  • Tissapherne is named satrap Lydie and of Carie.
  • Fall: Darius requires the tribute of the Ionian cities again.

  • Athens supports the revolted Persian satrap of Sardes, Pissouthnès, then his/her son Amorgès.

  • Winter:
    • Sent of Tissapherne to Sparte.
    • the Athenians name a commission of 10 probouloi , of which made party Sophocle, to reform the institutions and to try to improve the situation.

  • Beginning of the reign of Archélaos, king of Macedonia (fine in -399).

    • Archélaos undertakes important innovations for the development of the trade (roads), the letters and arts in Macedonia. It builds fortresses and equips its kingdom with powerful military means.

Economy & company

  • military and economic Weakening of Athens: in Sicily, Athens with lost 50  000 men, of which 12  000 Athenians (3000 Hoplites) and more than 200 ships. The military power of Athens is reduced on ground as on sea.
  • occupation of Décélie by Sparte prohibited with Athens agriculture in Attic as well as the exploitation of the money mines of the Laurion. 20  000 slaves, for the majority craftsmen, pass to the enemy. The tributes return badly, east are replaced until in -410 by a tax of 1/20 on the trade of the empire. The ultimate reserve of 1000 talents, consisted Périclès, is used to rebuild the fleet.

Births

  • Diogène de Sinope (approximate date)

Death

  • Perdiccas II, king of Macedonia, which had practiced during the Peloponnesian War a policy of rocker (slightly favorable to Sparte however) in order to increase its states.

  • Nicias
  • Démosthène

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