The Étrurie was the territory of the Étrusques. It corresponds approximately to current the Toscane, extending during the period from its maximum expansion, beyond the Apennin Tosco-Émilien to the plain of the Po and its mouth, with Hadria, ancient port which gave its name to the Adriatic Sea. To the south, the Etruscan territory extended beyond Rome (including), until Capoue.

Cities

A dozen confederated cities, forming a nation, and correspondent with as much of Lucumonies formed the Etruscan Ligue or dodécapole: Véies, Caere, Tarquinia, Vulci, Volsinii novi, Clusium, Perugia, Cortone, Arretium, Volaterrae, Vetulonia, Rusellae.

To each city as many corresponded districts including/understanding of the smaller cities, of the boroughs and the villages. Each one of cities was managed by a Lucumon , governor resulting from the Aristocratie. However, there were other magistrates: the term Zilath for example, appears on several occasions in the epigraphy and was relative to a Magistrature, but one does not know exactly of what this one consisted.

The Etruscan cities were many, most important were:

• in the south of Tuscany: Caere, Tarquinii, Vulci, Veji, Volsinies;
• in the center: Clusium, Cortona, Arezzo, Perugia, Roselle, Vétulonia, Populonia (the only city with being also a port);
• in north: Pisae, Fiesole, Volterra.
• And also Populonia, Volsinii

The first Etruscan cities did not present a characteristic plan, but the later cities were arranged according to an orthogonal plan: two axes, North-South (Cardo) and East-West (Decumanus) forming an intersection from which ordered the city, drawing small islands assigned to various functions (public space, crowned space, dwellings). Sewer, water conveyance, “central” heating we would say today, count among the inventions taken again later on by the Romans.

Operation of the cities

These cities were initially controlled each one by a king, then by a Oligarchie, emanating from the big families of the Aristocratie. These cities gathered sometimes in confederations or leagues of religious nature. While growing rich with time thanks to the agricultural produce by the grounds around, in particular the Corn, and with a flourishing breeding, the exploitation of the mines and the trade, the Etruscan cities succeeded in being affirmed quickly. The Etruscan people knew an expansion between the VII {{E}} and the O C in the plain of the Po, in north, where the cities of Felsina opened out (Bologna), and Marzabotto, connected to Spina, on the Adriatic Sea, city collecting the influence of the Greek world, and supporting the lucrative trade of the Ambre and the tin with North, with the south, in the Latium, and with a strong presence in Campanie, in Corsica finally with Alalia (today Aléria). On sea on the other hand, competition with the Carthaginian and Greek fleets was tight. Rome was an Etruscan field during one century, and the dynasty of the Tarquin S, kings of Etruscan source, reflects the superiority and the importance of the southernmost Etruscan cities, which left ineffaceable traces in the religion, the uses, the institutions and the buildings of Rome, largely confirmed by the Archéologie.

According to the Roman historian Tite-Live, Lucumon was besides the original first name of Tarquin Old the, the first Etruscan king of Rome, first name Latinized thereafter in Lucius.

Government

The religious center of the Etruscans was with Voltumna, meadows of Volsinies. After festivals and plays pariétrusques, representatives of Dodécapole elected magistrate federal ( zilath meχl rasnal , sacerdos or rex of Latin) which had a role religious and undoubtedly economic, but far from political.

In VIIe and VIe centuries, these cities knew a monarchical mode. Certain monarchs (or lucumon ) appear legendary (Mézence of Caere, Properce de Véies or Thybris), others are attested by the texts and archeology (the Tarquins, Servius Tullius, Mastarna of Rome, Porsenna of Clusium). Resulting from the aristocracy, their capacity seems absolute, although to be supervised by a princely oligarchy, and was exerted in the political arena, monk and soldier. Initially elective, the royalty quickly became hereditary by the women. There is no trace of assembly comparable with the Roman Senate.

Between the end of the 6th century and the middle of the 5th century, an oligarchical republican mode based on tyranny was established in the majority of the Etruscan cities where a quasi levelling company in a single class developed. The capacity went to the princeps (according to the Latin transcription), oligarchs exerting of the magistratures ( zilath , purth , macstrevc ). The same families, rivals between them, exerted the power with continuity.

Economy

The base of the economy of the Étrurie was consisted the Agriculture, the fishing and the Chasse but also of piracy. The layers of Copper, of tin, Iron, siver-bearing Plomb were exploited as of the worked period villanovienne and ores. The stone of construction used most usually was the pumice tuff.

The Métallurgie caused the development of the trade at the 7th century. The Etruscans exported by means of their own ships of the objects out of bronze (trumpets, rostres) of the Spain to Athens, of Carthage in Great Britain, the Denmark, the Sweden, and by the Gaulle, to the Germany of the South and the Bohemia. The traffic towards Greece was most important (ceramics attic against corn of Large-Greece and metals). Gaulle of the South bought wine and metals and provided skins, furs and tin.

Chronology

• XIII E Arrived legendary of the Lydians in Étrurie, under the control of Tyrrhénos
• civilization villanovienne
• VII E orientalizing culture
• 616 - 578, mythical reign of Tarquin Old the on Rome
• 578 - 534, Reign of mythical of Servius Tullius
• -535, Battle of Alalia, with the assistance of the Carthaginians against the Greeks
• 509 - 506, Expulsion of Tarquins of Rome, Guerre enters the king Porsenna of the Clusium and Rome, Defeat of Porsenna on Aristodème de Cumes with Aricie.
• 477, the forwarding of the Roman people of the Fabiens are made destroy by the Véies
• 474, the demolished of Cumes vis-a-vis Syracuse
• 428, Guerre between Rome and Véies whose king Lars Tolumnus is killed.
• 415, alliance with Athens against Syracuse.
• 396, Véies is taken by the Romans.
• 384, bag of Pyrgi by Denys Old the
• 357 - 354, Rome attacks the Etruscans, sits of Suttri.
• 310, the Etruscans join the Samnites against Rome.
• 311, taken Arretium, capital Etruscan.
• -308, the reigning family Etruscan of the Tarquina is subjected.
• 302, Victoire of Rome on the Etruscan of Roselle
• 295, Demolished of Sentinum vis-a-vis the Romans
• 284, the Sénons beat the Romans
• 280, taken Vulci by the Romans
• 273, foundation of the colony of Cosa close to Vulci
• 265 - 264, Prise and destruction of Volsinies by the Romans.
• 241, catch and destruction of Faléries.
• 205, supports the Roman Armée for the Second Punic War
• 196, revolt of slave
• 186, Répression of the worship of Fufluns
• 183, foundation of Saturnia
• 181, foundation of Graviscae
• 90 - 88, the social Guerre
• 82, Sylla confiscates part of the territory of Clusium , Arretium, Fiésole and Volterra to install colonies of legionaries veterans there.
• 42, Perugia which shelters partisans of Marc Antoine is destroyed by Octave

See too

This old historical province also formed a kingdom instead of the Grand Duchy of Toscane, by the Traité of Lunéville (1801). It was absorbed in 1807 in the Empire French and removed in 1814. See: Kingdom of Étrurie

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